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Buenavista Community College: M (X, Y) DX + N (X, Y) Dy 0

This document provides an overview of differential equations of the first order and first degree. It discusses various methods for solving such equations, including separation of variables, homogeneous differential equations, and exact and linear differential equations. Examples are provided to illustrate each method. Students are asked to find the general solutions to 8 specific differential equations as an application of the concepts learned.

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Oliver Estoce
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54 views

Buenavista Community College: M (X, Y) DX + N (X, Y) Dy 0

This document provides an overview of differential equations of the first order and first degree. It discusses various methods for solving such equations, including separation of variables, homogeneous differential equations, and exact and linear differential equations. Examples are provided to illustrate each method. Students are asked to find the general solutions to 8 specific differential equations as an application of the concepts learned.

Uploaded by

Oliver Estoce
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BUENAVISTA COMMUNITY COLLEGE

Cangawa, Buenavista, Bohol


Telefax: (038)5139169/Tel.: 513-9179

Differential Equations of First Order and First Degree


I. Overview:
A differential equation of first order and first degree is in the form of
M(x,y) dx + N(x,y) dy = 0
II. Specific Objectives: After studying the material presented in the text(s), lecture,
computer tutorials, and other resources, the student should be able to complete all
behavioral/learning objectives listed below with a minimum competency of 70%:

a) Identify homogeneous equations, homogeneous equations with constant


coefficients, and exact and linear differential equations.
b) Solve ordinary differential equations and systems of equations using:
b.1) direct integration
b.2) separation of variables
b.3) homogeneous equations
c) Determine general solutions to differential equations
III. Learning Session:
Any differential equation of the first order and first degree can be written in the form
dy
= F (x,y) or M(x,y) dx + N(x,y) dy = 0
y
where M and N are functions of x and y.

Illustration. The differential equation


dy x−3 y
y
= 2 y −x
can also be written as
(x - 3y)dx + (x - 2y)dy = 0
 Methods of solving differential equations of the first order and first degree
A. Separation of variables. If an equation
             M(x, y) dx + N(x, y) dy = 0
can be brought into the form by algebraic process
             M1(x) dx + N1(y) dy = 0,
where M1 and N1 are functions of one variable as indicated, we say that the
variables have been separated. The general solution is then given by
Math 401 - Differential Equation (Module 2) 1
∫ M1 (x) dx + ∫N1(y) dy = C where C is an arbitrary constant.

Example 1. Solve
             (1 + x2)dy - xy dx = 0
Solution. Dividing by y(1 + x2) and transposing we get
dy xdx
=
y 1+ x2
Integrating both sides, we get
              ln y = ½ ln (1 + x2) + ln C or ln y = ln C(1 + x2)½
Taking exponentials
             y = C(1 + x2)½
The arbitrary constant was added in the form “ln C” to facilitate the final
representation.

B. Homogeneous differential equations. A differential equation of the form


             M(x, y) dx + N(x, y) dy = 0
is said to be homogeneous if M and N are homogeneous functions of the same
degree in x and y. In this case we can write the equation in the form
dy M y
dx
=- N
= f( ).
x
This follows from the fact that M/N is a homogeneous function of degree zero
in x and y.
Such an equation can be transformed into an equation in which the
variables are separated by the substitution  y = vx (or x = vy), where v is a
new variable.

Note. Differentiating y = vx gives dy = v dx + x dv, a quantity that must be


substituted for dy when vx is substituted for y.

Example 2. Solve
             (x2 - y2)dx + 2xy dy = 0
Solution. We cannot separate the variables, but M(x, y) and N(x, y) are
homogeneous functions of degree 2. Substituting
              y = vx             and      dy = v dx + x dv
we get
             (1 - v2)dx + 2v(v dx + x dv) = 0
Separating the variables gives

2 vdv dx
=-
v 2+1 x

Math 401 - Differential Equation (Module 2) 2


Integrating we get
              ln(v2 + 1) = - ln x + ln C
Taking exponentials we obtain
             x(v2 + 1) = C
Finally, since v = y/x, this becomes
             x2  + y2  = Cx

Reminders: Reason why the substitution y = vx transforms the equation


into one in which the variables are separable. The reason the substitution
y = vx transforms the equation into one in which the variables are separable
can be seen when the given equation is written in the form
dy M ( x , y)
=-
dx N (x , y)
If M(x, y) and N(x, y) are homogeneous functions of the same degree and one
substitutes vx for y one finds that the x’s all cancel out on the right side of
equation and the right side becomes a function in v alone i.e. the equation
takes the form
    dy/dx = g(v)
Substituting dy = v dx + x dv then gives
  v dx + x dv = g(v) dx
where the variables can be separated as
dv dx
=
g ( v )−v x

IV. Application of Learning: Find the general solution of the following differential
equations.
1. (y + 2)dx + (x- 2)dy = 0 5. (x + y )dx – xdy = 0

2. tan y dx + (x + 1)dy = 0 6. (y2 – xy) dx + x2dy = 0

3. dx + 3x2y2dy = 0 7. (x + y)dx + (x – y)dy = 0

4. y(1 – x)dx + x2dy = 0 8. dx – dy = y2dx + x2dy.

Math 401 - Differential Equation (Module 2) 3


Note: Write your answer in a yellow paper. In submitting your outputs, either you take a
picture and send it privately to my messenger account or you will pass a hardcopy and pass
it on the guardhouse. This will serve as your quiz.

Math 401 - Differential Equation (Module 2) 4

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