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Math113 F15 Hw8sols

This document contains solutions to homework problems from a linear algebra course. It includes proofs of several statements about operators on inner product spaces. Some key points proven include: - A normal operator P is self-adjoint if and only if there exists a subspace U such that P=PU. - If T is a normal operator with eigenvalues 3 and √4, then there exists a vector v with norm √2 such that the norm of Tv is 5. - If T is a normal operator, then the range of T is equal to the range of its adjoint T*.

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arvind lakshmi ranjan
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106 views

Math113 F15 Hw8sols

This document contains solutions to homework problems from a linear algebra course. It includes proofs of several statements about operators on inner product spaces. Some key points proven include: - A normal operator P is self-adjoint if and only if there exists a subspace U such that P=PU. - If T is a normal operator with eigenvalues 3 and √4, then there exists a vector v with norm √2 such that the norm of Tv is 5. - If T is a normal operator, then the range of T is equal to the range of its adjoint T*.

Uploaded by

arvind lakshmi ranjan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Math 113 Homework 8 Solutions

Solutions by Guanyang Wang, with edits by Tom Church.


Exercises from the book.
Exercise 7.A.11 Suppose P ∈ L(V ) is such that P 2 = P . Prove that there is
a subspace U of V such that P = PU if and only if P is self-adjoint.
Proof. First suppose there is a subspace U of V such that P = PU . Suppose
v1 , v2 ∈ V . Write
v1 = u1 + w1 , v2 = u2 + w2 ,
where u1 , u2 ∈ U and w1 , w2 ∈ U ⊥ (see 6.47). Now
hP v1 , v2 i = hu1 , u2 + w2 i
= hu1 , u2 i + hu1 , w2 i
= hu1 , u2 i
= hu1 , u2 i + hw1 , u2 i
= hv1 , u2 i
= hv1 , P v2 i

Therefore P = P ∗ . Hence P is self-adjoint.


To prove the implication in the other direction, now suppose P is self-adjoint.
Let v ∈ V , because P (v − P v) = P v − P 2 v = 0, we have
v − P v ∈ null P = (range P ∗ )⊥ = range P ⊥ ,
where the first equality comes from 7.7(c). Writing
v = P v + (v − P v).
We have P v ∈ range P and v − P v ∈ range P ⊥ . Thus P v = Prange P v. Since this
holds for all v ∈ V , we have P = Prange P . 

Exercise 7.A.12 Suppose that T is a normal operator on V and that 3 and√4


are eigenvalues of T . Prove that there exists a vector v ∈ V such that ||v|| = 2
and ||T v|| = 5.
Proof. Let u and v be eigenvectors of T corresponding to the eigenvalues 3 and 4.
Thus,
T u = 3u and T w = 4w.
u w
Replacing u with ||u|| and w with ||w|| , we can assume that
||u|| = ||w|| = 1.
Because T is normal, 7.22 implies that u and w are orthogonal. Now the Pythagoream
Theorem implies that
p √
||u + w|| = ||u||2 + ||w||2 = 2.
Using the Pythagoream Theorem again, we have
p √
||T (u + w)|| = ||3u + 4w|| = 9||u||2 + 16||w||2 = 25 = 5.
√
Thus taking v = u + w, we have a vector v such that ||v|| = 2 and ||T v|| = 5. 
1
2

Exercise 7.A.16 Prove that if T ∈ L(V ) is normal, then


range T = range T ∗

Proof. By Prop 7.20 in the book, T is normal implies that ||T v|| = ||T ∗ v|| for all
v. Thus, if v ∈ null T then ||T v|| = 0 implies that ||T ∗ v|| = 0, thus v ∈ null T ∗ . As
(T ∗ )∗ = T , this means that v ∈ null T iff v ∈ null T ∗ . So the kernels of T and T ∗
are equal.
By Prop 7.7, null T ∗ = (range T )⊥ and null T = (range T ∗ )⊥ . As null T =
null T ∗ , this implies that
(range T )⊥ = (range T ∗ )⊥
If U is a subspace of V , then (U ⊥ )⊥ = U . Taking the orthogonal complement of
both sides of the above equation give us range T = range T ∗ . 

Exercise 7.B.1. True or false (and give a proof of your answer): There exists
T ∈ L(R3 ) such that T is not self-adjoint (with respect to the usual inner product)
and such that there is a basis of R3 consisting of eigenvectors of T .

Proof. The statement above is true. To produce the desired example, note that
(1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (1, 1, 1) is a basis of R3 and consider the operator T ∈ R3 such
that
T (1, 0, 0) = (0, 0, 0)
T (0, 1, 0) = (0, 0, 0)
T (1, 1, 1) = (1, 1, 1)

here we have used 3.5 to guarantee the existence of an operator T with the properties
above.
The vector (1, 0, 0) and (0, 1, 0) are eigenvectors of T with eigenvalue 0; the
vector (1, 1, 1) is an eigenvector of T with eigenvalue 1. Thus there is a basis of R3
consisting of eigenvectors of T .
However, 7.22 tells us that T is not normal (and thus not self-adjoint) because
the eigenvectors (1, 0, 0) and (1, 1, 1) correspond to distinct eigenvalues but these
eigenvectors are not orthogonal. 

Exercise 7.B.2 Suppose that T is a self-adjoint operator on a finite-dimensional


inner product space and that 2 and 3 are the only eigenvalues of T . Prove that
T 2 − 5T + 6I = 0

Proof. If v is an eigenvector of T with eigenvalue 2, then


(T 2 − 5T + 6I)v = ((T − 3I)(T − 2I))v
= (T − 3I)((T − 2I)v)
= (T − 3I)0
=0
3

Similarly, if v is an eigenvector of T with eigenvalue 3, then


(T 2 − 5T + 6I)v = ((T − 2I)(T − 3I))v
= (T − 2I)((T − 3I)v)
= (T − 2I)0
=0

By the Complex Spectral Theorem, there is an orthonormal basis of the domain


of T consisting of eigenvectors of T . The equations above show that T 2 − 5T + 6I
applied to any such basis vector equals 0. Since a linear map is determined by its
values on a basis, T 2 − 5T + 6I = 0. 

Exercise 7.B.7 Suppose V is a complex inner product space and T ∈ L(V ) is


a normal operator such that T 9 = T 8 . Prove that T is self-adjoint and T 2 = T .
Proof. By the Complex Spectral Theorem(7.24), there is an orthonormal basis
e1 , ..., en of V consisting of eigenvectors of T . Let λ1 , ..., λn be the correspond-
ing eigenvalues. Thus
T ej = λj ej
for j = 1, ..., n. Applying T repeatedly both sides of the equation above, we get
T 9 ej = λ9j ej and T 8 ej = λ8j ej . Thus λ9j = λ8j , which implies that λj equals 0 or
1. In particular, all the eigenvalues of T are real. The matrix of T with respect
to the orthonormal basis e1 , ..., en is the diagonal matrix with λ1 , ..., λn on the
diagonal. This matrix equals its conjugate transpose. Thus T = T ∗ . Hence T is
self-adjoint, as desired. [Alternate argument: we know from class that “self-adjoint”
is equivalent to “normal and all eigenvalues are real”.]
Applying T to both sides of the equation above, we get
T 2 ej = λ2j ej
= λj ej
= T ej ,
where the second equality holds because λj equals 0 or 1. Because T 2 and T agree
on a basis, they are equal. 

Question 1.
a) Given an example of two self-adjoint operators S ∈ L(R2 ) and T ∈ L(R2 ) whose
product is not self-adjoint.
Let V be a finite-dimensional inner product space, and assume that S, T ∈
L(V ) are self-adjoint.
b) Prove that ST + T S is a self-adjoint operator.
c) Prove that ST is self-adjoint iff ST = T S.
Proof. a) Let T, S : R2 → R2 s.t.
T (x, y) = (x + 2y, 2x) and S(x, y) = (y, x + y)
Their matrices with respect to the standard basis (which is orthonormal) are
   
1 2 0 1
M (T ) = and M (S) =
2 0 1 1
4

These operators are self-adjoint because the matrices are equal to their conjugate-
transposes. The product of these matrices is
 
2 3
M (T )M (S) =
0 2
This matrix is not equal to its conjugate transpose. As the standard basis is
orthonormal, this implies that T S is not self-adjoint.
b) We expand the following expression, using the fact that S, T are self-adjoint:
h(ST + T S)v, wi = hST v, wi + hT Sv, wi
= hT v, S ∗ wi + hSv, T ∗ wi
= hT v, Swi + hSv, T wi
= hv, T ∗ Swi + hv, S ∗ T wi
= hv, T Swi + hv, ST wi
= hv, (T S + ST )wi
Therefore, h(ST + T S)v, wi = hv, (T S + ST )wi so ST + T S is self-adjoint. 
c) If ST = T S, then ST + T S = 2ST . Since 2ST is self-adjoint, and 2 is a real
number,
2hST v, wi = h2ST v, wi
= hv, 2ST wi
= 2hv, ST wi
Since our field is either R or C, we get that hST v, wi = hv, ST wi, so ST is
self-adjoint.
Suppose ST is self-adjoint. Then
hST v, wi = hv, ST wi
and,
hST v, wi = hv, (ST )∗ wi
= hv, T ∗ S ∗ wi
= hv, T Swi because T, S are self-adjoint.
Since
hv, ST wi = hv, T Swi for all v, w ∈ V ,
hv, (ST − T S)wi = 0 for all v, w ∈ V , so setting v = (ST − T S)w,
||(ST − T S)w||2 = 0 for all w ∈ V , therefore,
ST − T S = 0
So ST = T S. 

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