Published by : International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)

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Vol. 6 Issue 04, April-2017

Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregate with

Palm Kernel Shell in Concrete
Sachin Kumar Gupta Shahbaz Ahmad
Student, Civil Department Student, Civil Department
Shri Ramswaroop Memorial College of Engineering and Shri Ramswaroop Memorial College of Engineering and
Management Management
Lucknow, India Lucknow, India

Saurabh Singh Vijay Laxmi Ambedkar

Student, Civil Department Senior Lecturer, Civil Department
Shri Ramswaroop Memorial College of Engineering and Shri Ramswaroop Memorial College of Engineering and
Management Management
Lucknow, India Lucknow, India

Abstract— This research paper is focused on the experiment Palm kernel is a material which can be easily found and
done for the partial replacement of coarse aggregate with palm have a lot of uses both commercially and industrially. In
kernel shell (PKS) in concrete and therefore production of Industries it is used for the production of Palm Oil. (In India
lightweight concrete. Palm kernel shell is a waste and thus by Palm oil industry is situated in Kerala and is continuously
using it environment-friendly concrete is produced. For the growing).So, we can found Palm Kernel shell as
construction of concrete, the materials which used are cement, commercially and Industrial waste.
sand, coarse aggregate and palm kernel shell. The ratio of these The main aim of this experiment is to produce lightweight
materials are 1: 1.5: 3 by volume batch and the dimension of the concrete and economical concrete by using the
cube is 150mm x 150mm x 150mm and the size of coarse
environmentally friendly method and thus contributing to the
aggregate which is used are passed by 16 mm sieve and retained
on 12.5mm sieve. Then the partial replacement of coarse
safety of the environment.
aggregate is done by 10%, 13%, 15%, 20%, and 25% and the II. MATERIALS AND METHOD
testing of the cube is done on 7days, 14days, and 28days. This
experiment gives the idea about the possible amount of weight The materials used in this experiment are Cement, Sand,
reduction of concrete without heavily affecting the strength of
Coarse Aggregate, Palm kernel shell (PKS).
concrete.

Key Words—Partial Replacement; Coarse Aggregate; Palm CEMENT: The cement is used in this experiment is ordinary
Kernel Shell; Cement; Concrete. Portland cement and is locally available and is as per the
requirement of Indian Standard Code.
I. INTRODUCTION COARSE AGGREGATE: Granite is used as coarse
India is Developing country, and for the continuous aggregate and it is available in local market and of size 16mm
growth, we need continuous development and the leading is used for the experiment.
factor for the development is infrastructure. Civil engineering
is about constructing, managing and maintaining the SAND: Sand is available locally and used.
infrastructure that supports modern society including
buildings, bridges, roads, tunnels, dams, etc. This entire PALM KERNEL SHELL: Palm kernel shell is a waste,
Infrastructure involves a large amount of concrete which is which is available locally and for the large amount it is
very costly and its cost is increasing day by day. So, in this available in Kerala in Indian.
research paper, we show the production of Lightweight
Concrete and Cost effective Concrete.
As construction sector is leading the development and at
the same time we also are the leading cause of environment
disturbance and pollution, so we also have to be a leader in
saving the environment by using the waste material for
construction purposes. By using this it causes less harm or no
harm to the environment. So, this research paper discusses
the use of palm kernel shell as partial replacement of coarse
aggregates. The concrete which is produced is Cost effective
as the specific gravity of palm kernel shell is low as
compared to other available coarse aggregate [1] and can be
used in building construction also, it is also lightweight
concrete [2,3].

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Published by : International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
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Vol. 6 Issue 04, April-2017

III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Testing of materials is done for checking the standard of
materials and whether it is according to Indian standard or not
and suitability of materials for experiments.
A. Testing of Cement
Following test are performed on the cement:
1) Fineness of Cement
The result of the fineness test performed on the cement is
shown in table 1.

TABLE I. FINENESS OF CEMENT

Weight of Weight of fineness percentage
S No.
Sample (g) residue (g)
1 100 4.2 0.042 4.2%
Fig. 1. Palm kernel shell. 2 100 3.7 0.037 3.7%
A. Testing of Materials 3 100 3.2 0.032 3.2%
Testing is done on the materials which are used like
cement, sand, and aggregate to check the standard [4, 6]. The average value of fineness of cement is 3.7%.
B. Casting of Cubes 2) Consistency Value
The result gets by this test is shown in Table.
The Cube is being cast in the dimension of 150mm x
150mm x 150mm and the volume-batched mix of 1: 1.5: 3 of TABLE II. CONSISTENCY OF CEMENT
cement, sand and aggregate is used, as batched by volume
performed better than batched by weight [3] and the coarse S No.
Weight of
% of water
Quantity of Penetration
aggregate of 16mm size is used. Cement water of plunger
1 400 g 28 112 7
C. Testing of Cubes 2 400 g 26 104 6

The mold is open after24 hours of casting and kept for 7,

14, and 28 days for curing. The testing of the cube is done on B. Testing of Aggregate
the compression testing machine in the laboratory of civil
engineering department, SRMCEM, Lucknow and all the 1) Water Absorption Test
reading should be recorded [5]. Water Absorption of coarse aggregate is done and the result
is shown in table 3.

TABLE III. RESULT OF ABSORPTION TEST

Water
Weight of Dry Weight of Saturated
S No. Absorption gm
Aggregate gm(W1) Aggregate gm (W2)
(W2-W1)
1 2000 2010 10

2) Impact Value Test

Result gain by this test is shown in table 4.

TABLE IV. RESULT OF IMPACT VALUE TEST

Wt of aggregate
Wt of Aggregate
S No. passing through 2.36 Impact value %
gm w1
mm sieve gm w2
1 700 60 8.57

3) Crushing Test
The crushing value of aggregate is shown in table 5.

TABLE V. CRUSHING VALUE OF AGGREGATE

Wt of Aggregate
Wt of Aggregate Crushing Value
S No. passing 2.36 mm sieve
gm W1 %
gm W2
Fig. 2. Compressive testing machine.
1 2500 575 23

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4) Abrasion Value Test

Abrasion test is done with the help of Los angel’s abrasion
testing machine and the result is presented in Table 6.

TABLE VI. ABRASION VALUE OF AGGREGATE

Wt of dry sample Wt of portion passing Abrasion Value
S No.
gm W1 1.7 mm sieve gm W2 %
1 5000 1635 32.7

C. Testing of Sand
1) Bulking of Sand
The result which is gain by the test is shown in table 7.

TABLE VII. RESULT OF BULKING TEST

Height of Loose Height of Saturated Pore Bulking
S No.
Sand (h) Sand (h’)
1 11 10.8 1.8%

2) Silt Content
The result of Silt content test of sand is shown in table 8.

TABLE VIII. SILT CONTENT OF SAND

Volume of Sample Volume of silt after
S No. (v ) ml three hr (v ) ml Percentage Silt
1 2

1 400 20 5 Fig. 3. Graph of sieve analysis.

Fig. 3 shows the percentage of various particle size of

3) Sieve Analysis
sand present in the sample of the sand used for the testing.
Various composition passing through various IS Sieve is
shown in table 9. By analysis from table 3 to table 9, the result shows that
the aggregate and cement are of Indian standard as per IS
TABLE IX. SIEVE ANALYSIS OF SAND code.
Cumulative Cumulative Cumulative
Weight of
Weight Weight % Passing as D. Compressive Strength
IS Sieve Soil Retained
Retained Retained as % % of Total
(gm) The results which we get from the compression testing
(gm) of Total Sand Sand
machine by crushing the cubes after curing are presented in
2mm 113 113 28.25 71.75 Table 10.

1mm 162 275 68.75 31.25 TABLE X. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

Compressive Strength at different No. of Days in

600u 18 293 73.25 26.75 % Partial Curing Tank (MPa)
Replacement
7 days 14 days 28 days
425u 82 375 93.75 6.25

0 14.3 18.65 22.5

300u 20 395 98.75 1.25

10 12.8 17.5 18.95

150u 2 397 99.25 0.75
20 10.9 14 15.55
75u 1 398 99.55 0.45

Pan 1 399 99.75 0.25

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Vol. 6 Issue 04, April-2017

TABLE XII. WEIGHT ANALYSIS OF CONCRETE BLOCK

Original
% of Weight after
Weight of % Change
Replacement Replacement
Concrete
0 8 7.99 0.0

10 8 7.86 1.7

13 8 7.83 2

15 8 7.80 2.5

20 8 7.73 3.4

25 8 7.67 4.13
Fig. 4. Compressive strength of concrete.
With the increase in the percentage of palm kernel shell in
concrete the weight of concrete gets continuously decreasing.
Fig. 4 shows the compressive strength of concrete block at
Thus producing lightweight Concrete.
different percentage replacement of coarse aggregate with
palm kernel shell. It shows that there is a rapid decrease in CONCLUSION
compressive strength of block with the increase in palm
kernel shell as a replacement of coarse aggregate.  With the increasing, the percentage of palm kernel
shell in concrete, the compressive strength, cost and
E. Cost Analysis weight of the concrete decreases simultaneously.
The partial replacement of coarse aggregate with palm  At around 10% partial replacement of coarse
kernel shell (which is a waste) in concrete can reduce the aggregate with palm kernel shell in concrete gives a
overall cost of the concrete and therefore construction also. significant decrease in cost and weight of the concrete
Cost reduction of concrete with respect to increasing without much affecting the compressive strength of
percentage replacement of coarse aggregate is shown in Table concrete.
11.  There is a large scope of making the construction
environmental friendly by replacing the construction
TABLE XI. COST REDUCTION OF BLOCK material with waste.
Cost of
% of Cost after
Concrete (1 % Change REFERENCES
Replacement Replacement
block) [1] Williams, F.N, Ijigah, E.A, Anum, I, Isa, R.B,"Suitability of Palm
0 33.27 33.27 0.0 Kernel Shell As Coarse Aggregate In Lightweight Concrete
Production," Civil and Environmental Research, IISTE, Volume 6,
10 33.27 33.10 0.5 No.7,2014.
13 33.27 32.95 1 [2] Emiero, c, Oyedepo O.J," An Investigation on The Strength and
Workability of Concrete Using Palm Kernel Shell and Palm Kernel
15 33.27 32.77 1.5 Shell and Palm Kernel Fibre As A Coarse Aggregate," International
20 33.27 32.66 1.8 Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 3, Issue4, April-
2012.
25 33.27 32.51 2.3 [3] Daniel Yaw Osei, Emmanuel Nana Jackson," Experimental Study on
Palm Kernel Shells as Coarse Aggregate in Concrete," International
Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 3, Issue 8,
F. Weight Analysis August-2012.
[4] IS 2386:1963 Methods of test for Aggregate for concrete.
The weight of different cubes made of the different
[5] IS 9013:1978 Method of making, curing and determining the
percentage of palm kernel shell is presented in table 12. compressive strength of cured concrete test specimen.
[6] IS 269:1989 Specification for Ordinary Portland Cement.

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