History of Medical Technology

What is Medical Technology?

• Iron Age
✓ It is also known as Clinical Laboratory Science/Medical Galen
Laboratory Science Greek physician
✓ It is the collection, receipt, preparation, investigation and Practice medicine under Aristotelian
laboratory analysis of samples of human biological philosophy
material Dissections
✓ It deals with the diagnostic or therapeutic applications of Human & animal anatomy
science and technology -describe diabetes as diarrhea of urine
✓ It deals with the study and practice of diagnostic
Aristotelianism is a school or tradition of
laboratory medicine philosophy from the Socratic (or Classical) period of ancient
Greece, that takes its defining inspiration from the work of
History of Medical Science and Technology on a global the 4th Century B.C. philosopher Aristotle.
context
Vivian Herrick
• Stone Age Traces the beginning of MT back to 1550 BC
TAENIA and ASCARIS were mentioned in early
Belief of unknown → Foundation of superstition writings
Diseases→ Works of evil spirits Ebers Papyrus have descriptions of three stages of
Treatment: hookworm infections.
Prayers & Rituals
Febrile conditions Ruth Williams
Introduction of Medical Technology
Purgation, Sweating, Blood donation & Diet
Urinalysis was fad during the Medieval period
Restrictions (1096-1438)
Urinalysis (oldest laboratory procedure)
Hindu doctors
• Bronze age
Urine attracted ants and has sweetish taste
Priest were known as Healers & exorcists
No clear knowledge about anatomy Anna Fagelson
Known about heart beat • Believed that Medical Technology begins during the
14th Century
Mysticism, magic & supernatural beliefs dominated this
• Allesandra Giliani by Mondino de’ Liuzzi to perform
period tasks now under the domain of the MT profession
Diseases were seen as punishments from the gods • Died from a laboratory acquired infection

• Iron Age

Hippocrates (460BC – 370 BC)

“Father of Medicine”
Hippocratic Oath
Four "humors" or body fluids in man
1. blood
2. phlegm
3.yellow bile
4. black bile

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)

Father of Microbiology
Iron Age→Disease prevention were Invented the Compound Microscope
practiced→Environmental sanitation, draining of swamps & First one to describe blood cells
fumigation First one to see protozoa
Romans→Existence of microorganisms First to classify bacteria according to shape
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History of Medical Technology
Marcelo Malpighi (1628-1694) School of Salermo – first school organized medical
the “Greatest of the Early Microscopists” school in Europe
works in embryology and anatom, marks him as the China’s most effective means of treatment
“Founder of Pathology” Acupuncture
Discovered the capillaries Arabic science
Field optics that led to specialization in the treatment
Edward Jenner (1798) of eye disease
CROSS-IMMUNITY of smallpox and cowpox

Dr. William Occam Era of Scientific and Industrial

Searched and found answer to the diagnosis of his Revolutions
patients by several means
Investigation in a laboratory Scientific revolution
Major era of transition
Baronkarlwilhelm von Humboldt (1815) “modern science”
Through his leadership medicine brought itself in a Scientific method → logical reasoning,
complete revolution experimental observations and rational induction
Anatomical Pathology and Bacteriology Industrial revolution
Mechanical devices
Jules Duboscq
1854-developed the first visual colorimeter based
18th – 19th Century
on Beer’s Law th
18
1902- introduced in the clinical laboratory
Still associated with charlatan, quackery &
superstition
Rudolf Virchow
Improvement of Medical educations
One of the youngest of the medical specialist
Schools were founded in Vienna, Edinburgh and
Founded the Archives of Pathology in Berlin in 1847
Glasgow
“Age of Enlightenment
Vital capacity of lungs-spirometer

19th (Era of rapid discoveries)

Spirometer
Sphygmomanometer
Creation of industrial research laboratories

With the production of Aniline

Dyes about the middle of 19th
century, it became possible to
stain bacteria and to study them
better under the Microscope

Karl Landsteiner (1900)

Noted for having first distinguished the ABO blood
group system
Blood typing

Middle Age (450 AD- 1450 AD)

Urinalysis were practiced
Herbal medicines – widely used
Therapeutic benefits were not scientifically proven

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History of Medical Technology

History of MT in the US “Courses in Medical Technology for Clinical and

It was in United States of America that this science Laboratory Technicians”
was highly developed to a very great extent due to its first to offer a degree level program believed to be in
financial capabilities, manpower & interest is more 1923
emphasized to cope with the modern world.
In 1923, the American Society of Clinical
Pathologists (ASCP) was organized.
Dr. Silas Douglas
• started the first laboratory instruction
1936
• University of Michigan- first chemical laboratory in
American Board of Pathology
the USA (1844).
• Became the largest and best equipped chemical
1939, the American Medical
laboratory opened to student
Technologists (AMT) was formed.
Dr. William H. Welch
World War II (1939-1945)
• The Father of American Pathology
Marked effect on lab medicine; the use of blood
• Set up the first pathology laboratory in America at
increased & the “closed system” of blood collection was
Bellevue Hospital in 1878
widely adopted.
• 1st professor of Pathology at Johns Hopkins
Instrumentation was advanced, with these
University
instruments, the measurement of the intensity of color
production, dozens of new chemical tests became
JOHN SCOTT BURDON-SANDERSON (1887)
possible.
• concluded that the use of laboratory methods in
Clinical Medicine elucidates pathological problems.
ERA OF SOPHISTICATION
Dr. William Osler
• 1896 - first clinical laboratory at the John Hopkins 1900
Hospital. In census, 100 technicians, all male were
• routine examination was carried out, special employed in the United States.
attention being given to the search for malarial
parasite in the blood 1911
Insurance Act was approved
A clinical laboratory was also opened at the
University of Pennsylvania in 1986 (William Pepper 1915
Laboratory) Stated legislature of Pennsylvania, all hospital and
institutions to have an adequate lab to employ a full-
Dr. Simon Flexner time technician
• 1st pathologist of John Hopkin’s Hospital
1914-1918
In 1900 census, 100 technicians, all male were employed in World War I was an important factor in the growth
the United States. This increases to 3,500 in 1920 where in of the clinical laboratory and produced a great demand
roughly 60% was females. Two years later, 3035 hospitals for technicians
had clinical laboratories.
1921
DR. JAMES C. TODD Denver Society of the Clinical Pathologist was
• 1908 - wrote “A Manual of Clinical Diagnosis”; organized
retitled “Clinical Diagnosis by Laboratory Methods”
• the standard reference for laboratories. 1940
Two-year collegiate education and a twelve-month
World War I (1914-1918) actual training
An important factor in the growth of the clinical
laboratory with a demand for medical personnel in the 1950
military as well as civilian hospitals. Standard curriculum was formalized

State of Pennsylvania (1915) 1967

passed a law that required all hospitals be Clinical Laboratory Improvement Act of 1967
equipped with adequate laboratories employing trained
technicians. 1975
Medical Technologists were required to have a
University of Minnesota (1923) bachelor’s degree or the equivalent
One of the first schools for training workers

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History of Medical Technology
1977 Aquino Administration
National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards Health related laws were passed:
(NCCLS) The maternal Code
The Milk Code
1999 The Generics Law (RA 6675) a.k.a Generics Act of
Clinical Laboratory Science (term was adopted) 1988
The Magna Carta of Public Health Workers (RA 7305)
PHILIPPINE MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY The National Health Insurance Act of 1995 (RA 7875)
The Organ Donation Act of 1991 (RA 7170)
Spanish Colonial
1578 San Lazaro Ramos administration
Established to cure leprosy EO 29: Philippine National AIDS Council as the
national policy and advisory body on control and
1596 Hospital de San Juan de Dios prevention of HIV-AIDS
First laboratory in the Philippines The National Blood Services Act of 1994 (RA 7719)

1641 Hospital De San Jose in Cavite Medical technology practice was introduced by the
26th Medical Laboratory of the 6th US Army
1887 Laboratorio Municipal de Manila
Established by the government to analyze water First clinical laboratory in the Philippines at
and food on clinical specimens Quiricada Street, Sta. Cruz, Manila where the Manila
Now the Bureau of Science, engaged in Public Health Laboratory is presently located.
pathological studies of infectious diseases
June 1943
Epidemics infectious diseases US Army left and endorsed the clinical laboratory to
Cholera, plague, smallpox, dysentery and typhoid the National Department of Health
The laboratory rendered non-functional for some
Medicine and pharmacy time
Most developed health related field
February 1944
American Regime The laboratory offered training programs to high
school graduates.
1908 University of the Philippines
College of Agriculture in Los Banos Dr. Alfredo Pio De Roda (October 1, 1945)
Organized Manila Public Health Laboratory
Bureau of Science Dr. Mariano Icasiano – Manila City Health Officer
principal government research laboratory and
training institution for future scientist 1947 Dr. Pio De Roda and Dr. Sta.Ana
Top foci research includes: Training of high school graduates as medical
Cholera, malaria, tuberculosis, leprosy, technician
dengue fever, beriberi, diphtheria, amoebic No period of training
dysentery No certificate

World War II Era-Postwar to 1972 1954 Dr. Prudencia Sta.Ana

Health was given the highest priority by the Prepared syllabus for the training program
government 6 months laboratory training
DOH was reorganized Certificate is given
National health problems: schistosomiasis, malaria &
malnutrition 1953 Willa Hilgert Hedrick
The founder of the Medical Technology Education
Martial Law course in the Philippines.
Tertiary hospital was established:
Philippine Heart Center 1954 Philippine Union College
Lung Center of the Philippines Now known as the Adventist University of the
National Kidney and Transplant Institute Philippines
Offered the first four-year B.S. degree in Medical
Primary Health Care System was adopted Technology with Manila Sanitarium (Manila Adventist
Emphasized the importance of promotive and Medical Center)
preventive care
1956 Dr. Jesse Umali
PUC-1st Medical Technology graduate
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History of Medical Technology
OB-Gyne practitioner and was an owner of Omega
Laboratories

1957 University of Sto. Tomas

Dr. Antonio Gabriel and Dr. Gustavo Reyes
June 17, 1957 – Fr. Lorenzo Rodriguez decided to
offer it as a course
June 1960 – a temporary permit was issued by the
DOE
June 14, 1961 – full recognition of the 4-year B.S.
Medical Technology course

1960 Centro Escolar University

Mrs. Purification Sunico-Suaco who was granted
by the University President Carmen de Luna
Their first graduate was in 1962

1961 Far Eastern University

Dr. Horacio A. Ylagan and Dr. Serafin J. Juliano
It produced its first graduates in 1963.

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