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Lecture - 3: Geometric Drawing: Ellipse, Parabola Use of Scale in Drawing Theory of Projection Orthographic Views

The document discusses geometric drawing concepts including ellipses, parabolas, and curved surfaces. It provides methods for drawing ellipses using concentric circles and parallelograms. Scale drawing and types of scales like civil engineering and architect scales are explained. Projection theory including lines of sight, planes of projection, and orthographic, pictorial, and parallel projections are covered. Orthographic views like front, top, and side views are discussed as a way to represent 3D objects in 2D drawings.

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Muhammad Ridwanul Islam
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53 views

Lecture - 3: Geometric Drawing: Ellipse, Parabola Use of Scale in Drawing Theory of Projection Orthographic Views

The document discusses geometric drawing concepts including ellipses, parabolas, and curved surfaces. It provides methods for drawing ellipses using concentric circles and parallelograms. Scale drawing and types of scales like civil engineering and architect scales are explained. Projection theory including lines of sight, planes of projection, and orthographic, pictorial, and parallel projections are covered. Orthographic views like front, top, and side views are discussed as a way to represent 3D objects in 2D drawings.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Ridwanul Islam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CE 100

LECTURE -3

Geometric Drawing: Ellipse, Parabola


Use of Scale in Drawing
Theory of Projection
Orthographic Views
CONSTRUCTION OF CURVED SURFACES
(Circle, Ellipse, Parabola, Hyperbola etc.)

• Concentric circle method


• Parallelogram method
Concentric Circle Method

Exercise -1: Draw an ellipse using i) concentric circle method &


ii) parallelogram method

1. Two circles are drawn with the major and minor diameters of the ellipse

2. Then the circle is divided into a number of equal radial divisions. They
intersect both the inner and the outer circles of minor and major
diameters respectively.
• Now from the intersecting points of the radial lines on the
outer circle and the inner circle, vertical Lines (Red) and
horizontal lines (Green) are drawn respectively.

4. The intersecting points of the vertical and the horizontal lines


give the locus of the ellipse.
5. They are joined to obtain the required ellipse.
Parallelogram Method
1. AB and CD are the major and minor diameters of the
ellipse.
2. A parallelogram PQRS is drawn with the major and minor
diameters
3. Now AB is divided into a number of equal parts and then PQ
and RS are also divided into the same number of equal parts.
They are marked with 1, 2 and 3.
4. Draw lines from C connecting point 1, 2, & 3 on line AP.
4. Similarly connect D with the points 1, 2 and 3 on line AB and
extend.
5. Intersection of the lines D1 & C1, D2 &C2 and D3 & C3 are the
locus of the ellipse (x, y & z).
Exercise-2: Draw a parabola using parallelogram method. The equation
of the parabola y2 = 4ax.

1. Draw a parallelogram PQRS such that PQ = RS = 4a & PS = QR = 2a.


2. Connect midpoints of PQ and RS. Consider O as vertex of parabola,
therefore OA is the major axis of parabola.
2. Now QR is divided into a number of equal divisions, which are
marked with 1, 2, 3 and 4.
QO is divided into the same number of equal divisions and they
are also marked with 1, 2, 3 and 4.
3. Then the points 1, 2, 3 and 4 on QR are joined with the point
O.
4. From the points 1, 2, 3 and 4 on OQ lines are drawn parallel to
OA. They intersect with the respective lines from QR (a,b,c,d
etc.).
USE OF SCALE IN DRAWING

Types of Scales:

• Civil Engineering Scale


• Architect’s Scale
• Metric Scale etc….
Civil Engineer’s Scale

• Full Divided Scale


• 1” is divided into equal decimal units of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60
and 80 divisions.
• For example, 1” = 100’ is a typical scale used for Civil
Engineering Drawings. This means that 1” on the drawing
represents 100’ in the real world.
Architect’s Scale
• Architects are involved in large scale projects as well as smaller
scale projects.

• Many Structural Engineering detail drawings are read using the


Architect’s scale.
• Architect’s scale always reads
X” = 1’- 0”
For example, ½” = 1’- 0” or
3” = 1’- 0”

• The scale designations of 1/8 inch 1/4 inch 1/2 inch and 1 inch are
the increments that represent 12″ in real world dimensions..
• Full Size 12” = 1’- 0”

• 3”= 1’- 0” = Quarter Size (divide 3”/12” = ¼)

• 1-1/2” = 1’- 0” = 1/8 size

• 1” = 1’- 0” = 1/12 size

• 3/4” = 1’- 0” = 1/16 size

• 1/2” = 1’- 0” = 1/24 size…..


THEORY OF PROJECTION
 The figure or view formed by joining, in correct sequence, the
points at which these lines meet the plane is called the Projection
of the object

 3-D objects and structures are represented graphically on 2-D


media

 All projection theory are based on two variables:


1. Line of sight
2. Plane of projection
Line of sight/ Projectors:
The lines or rays drawn from the object to
the plane are called Projectors.

Plane of projection:
A flat plane upon which the image created by the line of
sight is projected is known as Plane of Projection.
Projection Methods
• Projection methods are very important techniques in engineering
drawing.
• Two projection methods used are:
1. Pictorial and
2. Parallel

Pictorial Projections
Perspective Projections
Isometric Projections
Oblique Projections

Orthographic Projections
Pictorial Projection
The Projection in which the description of the object is
completely understood in one view is known as Pictorial
Projection

The pictorial projections have the advantage of conveying an


immediate impression of the general shape and details of the
object, but no its true dimensions or sizes.
Perspective Projection
If any transparent plane is introduced such that the object is in
between the observer and the plane. The image obtained on the
plane/screen is as shown. This is called Perspective View of the object.

Here straight lines (rays) are drawn from vanishing point (observer) on
the contours of the object to meet the transparent plane, thus the
object is said to be projected on that plane
Oblique Projection
a projection made by parallel lines drawn from every point of a figure and
meeting the plane of projection obliquely.

The word “oblique” means “slanting” i.e., positioned or directed in a sloping


direction other than perpendicular or horizontal.

There are three axes-vertical, horizontal and oblique.


The oblique axis, called receding axis is drawn either at 30o or 45o. Thus an
oblique drawing can be drawn directly without resorting to projection
techniques
Isometric Projection
“Iso” means ‘equal’ and “metric projection” means ‘a
projection to a reduced measure’.

An Isometric Projection is one type of pictorial projection in


which the three dimensions of a solid are not only shown in
one view, but also their dimension can be scaled from this
drawing.

30o 30o
Parallel vs Perspective Projection

Parallel projection
• Distance from the observer to the object is infinite,
• projection lines are parallel – object is positioned at infinity.
• Less realistic but easier to draw.

Perspective projection
• Distance from the observer to the object is finite and the object is
viewed from a single point
• Projectors are not parallel.
• Perspective projections mimic what the human eyes see, however,
they are difficult to draw.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION

• ‘Ortho’ means ‘right-angle’ and ‘Ortho-graphic’ means ‘right-


angled drawing.’

• When the projections are perpendicular to the plane on which the


projection is obtained, it is known as Orthographic Projection.

• Orthographic Projection is a way of drawing an 3D object from


different directions.

• Usually a front, side and plan view are drawn so that a person
looking at the drawing can see all the important sides.
Vertical Plane:

• Vertical Plane (V.P) is located behind the object. Parallel projectors touching
the front side contours of the object meet the plane, in correct sequence. The
resulting view (Fv) is called the Front View of the object.

• Front view shown only two dimensions of the object i.e. Length (L) and
Height (H). It does not show the breadth (B).
• Thus one view or projection is insufficient for the complete description of the
object.
• Look at the object from the top. The projection of the top surface T is TH.
TH is the Top View of the object. Both T and TH are of exactly the same
shape and size.
• Thus TH gives the Length (L) and Breadth (B) of the block but not the
Height (H).
• When we draw an Orthographic view
of the front of an object it is called a
Elevation or Front Elevation.
• When choosing which face to use as
the Elevation you choose the longest
Vertical face
When we draw an Orthographic view
of the top of an object it is called a
Plan or Top view
When we draw an Orthographic
view of one side of an object it is
called an End Elevation

We usually draw left end elevation


and right end elevation and define
as left side view or right side view
respectively.

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