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Physics Electric Current Magnetic Field Jean-Baptiste Biot Félix Savart

The Biot-Savart law describes the relationship between an electric current and the magnetic field it produces. It states that the magnetic field produced by a short segment of current-carrying conductor at a point in space depends on the current, the length of the segment, its orientation relative to the point, and the distance from the segment to the point. The law can be applied to calculate the total magnetic field produced by a conductor of any shape by summing the contributions from all its segments. Ampere's circuital law relates the magnetic field to the current that produces it by stating that the integral of the magnetic field around a closed path equals the current enclosed by the path.

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55 views5 pages

Physics Electric Current Magnetic Field Jean-Baptiste Biot Félix Savart

The Biot-Savart law describes the relationship between an electric current and the magnetic field it produces. It states that the magnetic field produced by a short segment of current-carrying conductor at a point in space depends on the current, the length of the segment, its orientation relative to the point, and the distance from the segment to the point. The law can be applied to calculate the total magnetic field produced by a conductor of any shape by summing the contributions from all its segments. Ampere's circuital law relates the magnetic field to the current that produces it by stating that the integral of the magnetic field around a closed path equals the current enclosed by the path.

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joseph5689
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BIOT-SAVART Law

Biot-Savart law, in physics, a fundamental quantitative relationship between


an electric current and the magnetic field it produces, based on the
experiments in 1820 of the French scientists Jean-Baptiste Biot and Félix
Savart.An electric current flowing in a conductor, or a moving electric charge,
produces a magnetic field, or a region in the space around the conductor in
which magnetic forces may be detected. The value of the magnetic field at a
point in the surrounding space may be considered the sum of all the
contributions from each small element, or segment, of a current-carrying
conductor. The Biot-Savart law states how the value of the magnetic field at a
specific point in space from one short segment of current-carrying conductor
depends on each factor that influences the field. In the first place, the value of
the magnetic field at a point is directly proportional to both the value of the
current in the conductor and the length of the current-carrying segment under
consideration. The value of the field depends also on the orientation of the
particular point with respect to the segment of current. If the line from the
point to the short segment of current makes an angle of 90° with the current
segment or lies straight out from it, the field is greatest. As this angle gets
smaller, the field of the current segment diminishes, becoming zero when the
point lies on a line of which the current element itself is a segment. In
addition, the magnetic field at a point depends upon how far the point is from
the current element. At twice the distance, the magnetic field is four times
smaller, or the value of the magnetic field is inversely proportional to the
square of the distance from the current element that produces it.

The Biot-Savart law is applied in a specific case by adding up the contributions


to the magnetic field at a given point from the whole series of short current
segments that constitute a specific conductor of whatever shape. For instance,
with a very long straight wire carrying current, the value of the magnetic field
at a point nearby is just directly proportional to the value of the current and
inversely proportional to the perpendicular distance from the wire to the given
point. Compare Ampère’s law.

Example no1.. A circular coil of radius 5 × 10-2 m and with 40 turns is carrying
a current of 0.25 A. Determine the magnetic field of the circular coil at the
center.
Ans: The radius of the circular coil = 5 × 10-2 m
Number of turns of the circular coil = 40
Current carried by the circular coil = 0.25 A

Magnetic field is given as: B=μ0NI2a


= 4π×10−7T.m/A(40)0.25A2.50×10−2m
= 1.2 × 10-4 T
Example no.2. Determine the magnetic field at the center of the
semicircular piece of wire with radius 0.20 m. The current carried by the
semicircular piece of wire is 150 A.
Ans: The radius of the semicircular piece of wire = 0.20 m
Current carried by the semicircular piece of wire = 150 A
Magnetic field is given as: B=μ0NI2a
The differential form of Biot-Savart law is given
as: dB=μ0I4πdIsinθr2 B=μ04πI∫dI×r^r2 =μ04πIr2∫dI =μ04πIr2πr =μ0I4r =4π×10−7T.m
/A(150A)4(0.20m)
=2.4×10-4 T

AMPERE CIRCUITAL Law

Ampere’s Circuital Law states the relationship between the current and the
magnetic field created by it.
This law states that the integral of magnetic field density (B) along an imaginary
closed path is equal to the product of current enclosed by the path and
permeability of the medium.

James Clerk Maxwell had derived that.


It alternatively says, the integral of magnetic field intensity (H) along an
imaginary closed path is equal to the current enclosed by the path.
enclosed by the path.

Example.no.1
Compute the magnitude of the magnetic field of a long, straight wire carrying a
current of 1A at distance of 1m from it. Compare it with Earth’s magnetic field.

Solution

Given that 1 = 1 A and radius r = 1 m

But the Earth’s magnetic field is BEarth  ≈ 10−5 T

So, Bstraightwire is one hundred times smaller than BEarth. 

Example 2: Compute the magnetic field of a long straight wire that has a
circular loop with a radius of 0.05m. 2amp is the reading of the current
flowing through this closed loop.
Solution:
Given
R = 0.05m
I = 2amp
μ0 = 4π×10-7N/A2
Ampere’s law formula is
∮B⃗ dl→=μ0I
In the case of long straight wire

CURL

Curl is an operation, which when applied to a vector field, quantifies the circulation of that field.
The concept of circulation has several applications in electromagnetics. Two of these
applications correspond to directly to Maxwell’s Equations:

1. The circulation of an electric field is proportional to the rate of change of the magnetic
field. This is a statement of the Maxwell-Faraday Equation (Section 8.8), which includes
as a special case Kirchoff’s Voltage Law for electrostatics (Section 5.11).
2. The circulation of a magnetic field is proportional to the source current and the rate of
change of the electric field. This is a statement of Ampere’s Law
Thus, we are motivated to formally define circulation and then to figure out how to most conveniently
apply the concept in mathematical analysis. The result is the curl operator. So, we begin with the
concept of circulation:

“Circulation” is the integral of a vector field over a closed path.

Specifically, the circulation of the vector field A(r)A(r) over the closed path CC is

vector field A(r)A(r) over the closed path CC is

∮CA⋅dl
The circulation of a uniform vector field is zero for any valid path. For example, the circulation
of A=x^A0A=x^A0 is zero because non-zero contributions at each point on CC cancel out
when summed over the closed path. On the other hand, the circulation
of A=ϕ^A0A=ϕ^A0 over a circular path of constant ρρ and zz is a non-zero constant, since
the non-zero contributions to the integral at each point on the curve are equal and accumulate
when summed over the path.

Example. No. 1Find the curl of the vector field F = (2y, 2x + 3z, 3y).

= (3y) -  (2x + 3z), (2y) -  (3y), (2x + 3z) -  (2y)  


 =(0, 0, 0)

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