The online of midterm-tests of Fluid Mechanics 1

1) The information on a can of pop indicates that the can contains 460 mL. The mass of
a full can of pop is 3.75 lbm while an empty can weights 80.5 lbf. Determine the
specific weight, density and specific gravity of pop. Express your results in BG unit.

Answer: γ = 107.726 lb/ft3, ρ = 3.345 slug/ft3 and SG = 1.7245.

2) A tank of oil has a mass of 30 slugs. (a) Determine its weight in pounds and in newtons
at the earth’s surface. (b) What would be its mass (in slug) and its weight (in pound)
if located on the moon’s surface where the gravitational attraction is approximately
one-sixth that at the earth’s surface?

Answer: (a) 966 lb and 4290 N, (b) 161 lb.

3) A liquid when poured into a graduated cylinder is found to weight 8 N when occupying
a volume of 500 mL (milliliters). Determine its specific weight, density,
and specific gravity.

Answer: γ = 16 kN/m3 , ρ = 1.63×10 kg/m and SG = 1.63.

3 3

4) Initially when 1000 mL of water at 10 oC are poured into a glass cylinder the height of
the water column is 1000 mm. The water and its container are heated to 70 oC.
Assuming no evaporation, what then will be the depth of the water column (h)
if the coefficient of thermal expansion for the glass is 3.8×10-6 mm/mm per oC?

Let: ρ = 999.7 kg/m3 for 10 oC and ρ = 977.8 kg/m3 for 70 oC.

Answer: h70 C = 1021.9 mm.

5) A space 16 mm wide between two large plane surface is filled with SAE 30 Western
lubricating oil at 35 oC. What force F is required to drag a very thin plate of 0.4 m2
area between the surface at a speed v = 0.25 m/s (a) if this plate is equally spaced
between the two surface? (b) If t = 5 mm?
Let: μat 35 C = 0.81 N s/m2

Answer: (a) 4.5 N (b) 5.24 N.

Fig. 5
6) A piston of weight 21 lb slides in a lubricated pipe, as shown
in Fig 6. The clearance between piston and pipe is 0.001 in.
If the decelerates at 2.1 ft/s2 when the speed is 21 ft/s, what is
the viscosity of the oil?

Answer: μ = 1.36×10-44 lb s/ft2.

7) A piston having a diameter of 5.48 in and a length of 9.5 in slides downward with
a velocity v through a vertical pipe. The downward motion is resisted by an oil film
between the piston and the pipe wall. The film thickness is 0.002 in and the cylinder
weights 0.5 lb. Estimate v if the oil viscosity is 0.016 lb s/ft2. Assume the velocity
distribution in the gap is linear
linear.

Answer: v = 0.00459 ft/s.

8) A 40 lb, 0.8 ft diameter, 1 ft tall cylinder tank slides

slowly down a ramp with a constant speed of 0.1 ft/s
as shown in Fig
Fig. 8.
8 The uniform thickness oil layer
on the ramp has a viscosity of 0.2 lb s/ft2.
Determine the angle θ of the ramp.
Fig. 8
Answer: θ = 7.22o.

9) Assume that the surface tension force

act at an angle θ relative to the water
surface as shown in Fig. 9.
(a) The mass of the double-edge blade
is 0.64×10-3 kg, and the total length of
its sides is 206 mm. Determine the value Fig. 9(a)
of θ required to maintain equilibrium
between the blade weight and the resultant
surface tension force. (b) The mass of the
single-edge blade is 2.61×10-3 kg, and
the total length of its sides is 154 mm.
Fig 9(b)
Fig.
Answer: (a) θ = 24.5o, (b) T sinθ = 0.0113 sinθ.
10) Find the pressure at A, B, C and D in Fig. 9.

Answer: PA = 374 lb/ft2, PB = 125 lb/ft2,

PC = PB and PD = 624 lb/ft2.

11) In Fig. 11 assume the following: atmospheric Fig. 10

pressure = 930 mbar (abs); vapor pressure of
the alcohol = 110 mbar (abs) x =3.3 m and
y = 1.6 m. Compute the reading (a) on the
pressure gage and (b) on the manometer. Fig. 11

Answer: (a) PA, gage = 397 mmHg (vacuum),

(b) Pmanometer = 437 mm.

12) The cylindrical tank with hemispherical ends

shown in Fig. 12 contains a volatile liquid
and its vapor. The liquid density is 800 kg/m3,
and its vapor density is negligible. The pressure
in the vapor is 120 kPa (abs),
and the atmospheric pressure is 101 kPa (abs).
Determine (a) the gage pressure reading on
the pressure gage and (b) the height h of the
mercury manometer.

Answer: (a) P gage = 26.9 kPa, (b) h = 0.202 m. Fig. 12

13) A closed cylindrical tank filled with

water has a hemispherical
p dome and
is connected to an inverted piping
system as shown in Fig. 13. The liquid
in the top part of the piping system has
a specific gravity of 0.8, and the
remaining parts of the system are
filled with water. If the pressure
p
gage reading at A is 60 kPa, determine:
(a) the pressure in pipe B, Fig. 13
(b) the pressure head (in mmHg) at the top of the dome (C).

Answer: (a) P B = 103 kPa, (b) hC = 230 mmHg.

14) The inclined differential manometer of Fig. 14
contains carbon tetrachoride. Initially the
pressure differential between pipes A and B,
which contain a brine (SG = 1.1), is zero as
illustrated in the figure. It is desired that the
manometer give a differential reading of 12 in
(measured along the inclined tube) for a pressure Fig. 14
differential of 0.1 psi. Determine the required angle
of inclination θ.

Answer: θ = 27.8o.

15) Gate AB in Fig. 15(a) is 16 ft long and 8 ft wide. Neglecting the weight of the gate,
(a) compute the water level h for which the gate will start to fall, (b) recomputed the
level h by including the weight of the 2 in thick steel which SGsteel = 7.85.

Answer: (a) h = 11.7 ft, (b) h = 10.7 ft.

Fig. 15(a) Fig. 15(b)

16) The common type of irrigation head gate shown in Fig. 16 is a plate that slides over
tthee opening
ope g to a cu culvert.
ve t. Thee coe
coefficient
c e t oof friction
ct o betwee
between the
t e gate and
a d its
ts sliding
s d g
ways is 0.6. Find the force required to slid open this 600 lb gate if it is set
(a) vertically, (b) on a 2:1 slop (n=2), as is common.

Answer: (a) T = 8990 lb, (b) T = 8310 lb.

Fig. 16(a) Fig. 16(b)

17) A tank with vertical ends contains water and is 6 m long
normal to the plane of Fig. 17. The sketch shows a portion
of its cross-section where MN is one-quarter of an ellipse
with smilaxes b and d. If a = 1.0 m, b = 2.5 m and d = 4 m,
find, for the surface represented by MN, the magnitude and
position of the line of action of (a) the horizontal component
of force, (b) the vertical component of the force, Fig. 17
(c) the resultant force and its direction relative to the horizontal.

Answer: (a) hcp = 3.44 m below surface, (b) xcg = 1.107 m, (c) FR = 933 N and θ = 40.8o.

18) The rigid gate, OAB, of Fig. 18 is hinged at O and

rests against a rigid support at B. What minimum
horizontal force, P, is required to hold the gate
closed if its width is 3 m? Neglect the weight of
the gate and friction in the hinge. The back of
the gate is exposed to the atmosphere.
Fig. 18
Answer: P = 436 kN.

19) Three gates of negligible weight are used to hold back water in a channel of width b
as shown in Fig. 19. The force of the gate against the block for gate (b) is R.
Determine (in term of R) the force against the blocks for the other two gates.

Answer: FB (a) = 1.17R, FB, (c) = 0.875R.

Fig. 19
 20) The hydrometer shown in Fig. 20 has a mass of 0.045 kg
and the cross-section area of its stem is 290 mm2.
Determine the distance between graduations (on stem)
for specific gravities of 1.0 and 0.9.

Answer: Δh = 17.2 mm.

Fig. 20

21) A velocity field is given by V = Axi – Ayj, the units

of velocity are m/s; x and y are given in meters; A = 0.3 s.
(a) Obtain an equation for the streamlines in the xy plane, (b) Plot the streamline
passing
i through
th h the
th pointi t (x
( 0, y0) = (2,
(2 8),
8) ((c)) D
Determine
t i the
th velocity
l it off a particle
ti l
at the point (2,8), (d) If the particle passing trough the point (x0, y0) is marked at
time t = 0, determine the location of the particle at time t = 6 s, (e) What is the
velocity of this particle at time t = 6 s, (f) Show that the equation of the particle
path (the pathline) is the same as the equation of the streamline.

Answer: (a) ln y = -ln C (b) xy = x0y0 = 16 m2, (c) V = 0.6i

ln x – C, 0 6i – 2.4j
2 4j m/s,
m/s
(d) x = 12.1 m and y = 1.32 m, (e) V = 3.63i + 0.396j m/s,
(f) eAt = y0/y = x/x0.

22) The velocity in a certain two-dimensional flow field is given by the equation
V = 2xt i + 2yt j, where the velocity is in ft/s when x, y and t are feet and seconds,
respectively. Determine expressions for the local and convective components
of acceleration in the x and y directions. What is the acceleration at the point
x = y = 2 ft at the t = 0 s?

Answer: ax, local = 2x, ax, convect = 4xt2, a = 5.66 ft/s2.

23) For the solid-propellant rocket in Fig. 23,

compute the rate of mass loss of the
propellant, assuming the exit gas has
a molecular weight of 30.

Answer: dm/dt = -16.4 kg/s. Fig. 23

24) The open tank in the Fig. 24 contains water at 20 C.
For incompressible flow, (a) derive an analytic
expression for dh/dt in terms of (Q1, Q2, Q3),
(b) If h is constant, determine V2 for the given data
if V1 = 3 m/s and Q3 = 0.01 m3/s.

Answer: (a) dh/dt = [Q1 + Q2 + Q3] / [πd2/4], (b) V2 = 4.13 m/s. Fig. 24

25) Consider the steady flow in a water pipe joint

shown in the diagram. The areas are:
A1 = A2 = 0.2 m2 and A3 = 0.15 m2. In addition,
fluid is lost out of a hole at point 4, estimated at
a rate of 0.1 m3/s. The average speeds at sections
point 1 and 3 are V1 = 5 m/s, V3 = 12 m/s,
respectively. Find the velocity at section point 2. Fig. 25

Answer: V2 = 4.5 m/s.

26) Water at 20 C flowa through a 5 cm diameter pipe

which has a 180o vertical bend, as in Fig. 26.
The total length of pipe between flanges 1 and 2
is 75 cm. When the weight flow rate is 230 N/s,
Fig. 26
P1 = 165 kPa an pp2 = 134 kPa. Neglecting
g g pipe
pp
weight, determine the total force which the flanges
must withstand for this flow.

Answer: Fx, flange = 750 N and Fy, flange = 14 N.

27) Determine the magnitude and direction of the x and y

components of the anchoring force required to hold
in place the horizontal 180o elbow and nozzle
combination shown in Fig. 27. Also determine the
magnitude and direction of the x and y components
of the reaction force exerted by 180o elbow and
nozzle
l on the
h flowing
fl i water.

Answer: FAx = 1890 lb, FAy = 0, Fx = 1890 lb, Fy = 0. Fig. 27

28) A 20 oC water jet strikes a vane on a tank with
frictionless wheels, as shown. The jet turns and
falls into the tank without spilling. If θ = 30o,
estimate the horizontal force F needed to hold
the tank stationary.
Fig. 28
Answer: F = 106 lb.

29) Water at 20 oC exits to the standard sea-level atmosphere through

the spit nozzle in Fig. 29. Duct areas are A1 = 0.02 m2 and
A2 = A3 = 0.008 m2. If P1 = 135 kPa (abs) and the flow rate
is Q1 = Q3 = 275 m3/h, compute the force on the flange bolts
at section 1
Fig. 29
Answer: Fbolt = 3100 N.

30) A metal container 2 ft high, with an inside

cross-sectional area of 1 ft2, weight 5 lb when empty.
The container is placed on a scale and water flows
in through an opening in the top and out through
the two equal-area openings in the sides as shown in
the diagram . Under steady flow conditions,
the height of the water in the tank is h = 1.9 ft. Fig. 30
What does the scale indicate?

Answer: Fy = 143 lb.

31) A small lawn sprinkler is shown in the sketch below. At an inlet gage pressure of
20 kPa, the total volume flow rate of water through the sprinkler is 7.5 lpm and
it rotates at 30 rpm. The diameter of each jet is 4 mm. Calculate the jet speed relative
to each sprinkler nozzle. Evaluate the friction torque at the sprinkler pivot.

Answer: Tf = 0.0718 N m.
Fig. 31

Good Luck: By Dr. Bundit Krittacom