FLOWATCH Doc.

: MT-198
Rev. C
MULTIPHASE FLOW METER

Fluid and PVT properties Sh. 1 of 12

Fluid and PVT properties to be entered as

input on the MPM calculation program.

C General review 16-02-10 M. Tonizzo

B Added data table 13-11-08 F. Lucchini S. Bernardi

A First version 10-02-07 F. Lucchini S. Bernardi

REV. DESCRIPTION DATA PREPARED APPROVED

 FLOWATCH Doc.: MT-198
Rev. C
MULTIPHASE FLOW METER

Fluid and PVT properties Sh. 2 of 12

INDEX
1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................... 3

2. FLUID PROPERTIES PARAMETERS .................................................................................................... 3

2.1 Oil Density ...................................................................................................................................... 4

2.2 Oil Permittivity ................................................................................................................................ 5

2.3 Water Density ................................................................................................................................. 5

2.4 Water Conductivity ......................................................................................................................... 6

2.5 Gas Specific Gravity ....................................................................................................................... 6

3. PVT PARAMETERS ................................................................................................................................ 7

3.1 Oil Shrinkage Factor ...................................................................................................................... 8

3.2 Gas Compressibility ....................................................................................................................... 9

3.3 Gas in Solution ............................................................................................................................... 9

3.4 Reference Conditions (P&T) ........................................................................................................10

4. APPENDIX – FLUID AND PVT PROPERTIES TABLE ........................................................................10

C General review 16-02-10 M. Tonizzo

B Added data table 13-11-08 F. Lucchini S. Bernardi

A First version 10-02-07 F. Lucchini S. Bernardi

REV. DESCRIPTION DATA PREPARED APPROVED

 FLOWATCH Doc.: MT-198
Rev. C
MULTIPHASE FLOW METER

Fluid and PVT properties Sh. 3 of 12

1. INTRODUCTION

Scope of this Manual is to describe fluid and PVT properties required as input during commissioning to
operate FloWatch Multiphase FlowMeter (now on: FloWatch).
This manual provides:
• description of fluid parameters, again with correction gradients for pressure and temperature,
necessary for FloWatch commissioning.
• table for Fluids properties to be compiled.
• table for PVT data to be compiled.
Fluid and PVT properties should be available to Pietro Fiorentini Commissioning Engineer before
commissioning and start-up of FloWatch.
A different set of fluid and PVT properties should be provided for each well, as per table in Appendix, in order
to properly set each Well Profile file, as described in the HMI Software Manual MT-155.

2. FLUID PROPERTIES PARAMETERS

The following fluid properties are required to commissioning FloWatch:

• Oil Density;
• Oil Permittivity;
• Water Density;
• Water Conductivity;
• Gas Specific Gravity.

These values must be provided at reference temperature and pressure. It means that fluid properties values
must be provide with an indication of conditions at which measure was taken (e.g.: oil density = 810 kg/m3
@ 90°C and 12 bar).
Reference temperature and pressure are NOT standard or normal conditions.
The closest the reference conditions to FloWatch operating temperature and pressure, the most accurate the
output provided by FloWatch.
A temperature and pressure linear gradient for each property is also required to enhance FloWatch
accuracy.
These gradient should be intended as incremental variation of fluid properties with unit variation of
temperature and pressure. As an example, following calculations are provided:


 @  

 @ 


 
   
  


 @  

 @ 


 
   
  

The “Property gradient with P” gives change in property value if pressure is increased/decreased by 1 bar
(or 1 psi if psi is selected as units). Likewise the “Property gradient with T” gives change in property if
temperature is increased/decreased by 1degC (or 1degF if degF is selected as units). “TG-Ref
Temperature” and “PG-Ref Pressure” are temperature and pressure at which each property is measured.
These gradient values are different from temperature and pressure gradient with depth, i.e. ∆T/∆z and ∆P/∆z,
values commonly used in reservoir engineering and field calculations.
A screenshots of Fluid properties dialog box with gradients, used to input these properties through HMI, is
provided below.
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Fluid and PVT properties Sh. 4 of 12

2.1 Oil Density

Oil density at a given pressure and temperature, as well as pressure and temperature gradients are entered
through this menu:

These values are used as an input in flow rates calculations.

If no oil density value is available, stock tank oil gravity in API will be used as starting value to calculate oil
density at FloWatch conditions with empirical correlations available in literature.
 FLOWATCH Doc.: MT-198
Rev. C
MULTIPHASE FLOW METER

Fluid and PVT properties Sh. 5 of 12

2.2 Oil Permittivity

Oil permittivity (dielectric constant) at a given pressure and temperature as well as pressure and temperature
gradients are entered through this menu:

Oil permittivity is used as an input in phase fraction calculations.

If no value of oil permittivity is available, the default value of 2.35 should be entered, with no reference to
temperature or pressure gradient.

2.3 Water Density

The water density at a given pressure and temperature as well as pressure and temperature gradients are
entered through this menu.

This value is an input to calculations of flow rates.

If no value of water density is available, the default value of 1040 kg/m3 should be entered. Water density is
less dependent on gradients than oil, so a constant value introduce a smaller error in calculation.
If water salinity is available, in term of TDS (Total Dissolved Salts), empirical correlations are applied to
estimate water density.
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Fluid and PVT properties Sh. 6 of 12

2.4 Water Conductivity

Water conductivity at a given pressure and temperature is entered through this menu
.

Water conductivity is used as an input in phase fraction calculations.

A known correlation exist between conductivity and temperature and pressure variations, given the
conductivity at reference temperature and pressure. Therefore, temperature and pressure gradients are not
required in this menu.
Water conductivity is mainly a function of salinity. If no water conductivity value is available, an empirical
value can be inferred from salinity (in TDS) or density
.

2.5 Gas Specific Gravity

Specific gas gravity at stock tank conditions is entered through this menu:

Gas density at a given pressure and temperature is calculated by FlowComputer using specific gas gravity
as input with internal correlations.
If no gas specific gravity value is available, a default value will be calculated using empirical correlations.
Gas isentropic coefficient is used to correct gas density at given condition. If no value is available, the default
value of 1.31 (natural gas isentropic coefficient) should be entered.
 FLOWATCH Doc.: MT-198
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Fluid and PVT properties Sh. 7 of 12

3. PVT PARAMETERS

The following PVT properties are required to commission FloWatch:

• Oil Shrinkage;
• Gas Compressibility;
• Gas in solution;
• Reference Conditions (P&T).

These values must be provided at reference temperature and pressure. It means that fluid properties values
must be provide with an indication of conditions at which measure was taken (e.g.: oil shrinkage = 1.125 @
90°C and 12 bar).
Reference temperature and pressure are NOT standard or normal conditions.
The closest the reference conditions to FloWatch operating temperature and pressure, the most accurate the
output provided by FloWatch.
A temperature and pressure linear gradient for each property is also required to enhance FloWatch
accuracy.
These gradient should be intended as incremental variation of fluid properties with unit variation of
temperature and pressure. As an example, following calculations are provided:


 @  

 @ 


 
   
  


 @  

 @ 


 
   
  

The “Property gradient with P” gives change in property value if pressure is increased/decreased by 1 bar
(or 1 psi if psi is selected as units). Likewise the “Property gradient with T” gives change in property if
temperature is increased/decreased by 1degC (or 1degF if degF is selected as units). “TG-Ref
Temperature” and “PG-Ref Pressure” are temperature and pressure at which each property is measured.
These gradient values are different from temperature and pressure gradient with depth, i.e. ∆T/∆z and ∆P/∆z,
values commonly used in reservoir engineering and field calculations.
PVT Reference Conditions (P&T) represent Standard conditions and are different from reference
temperature and pressure to be provided for each fluid and PVT property.
A detailed explanation is given in next sections.
A screenshot of PVT properties dialog box, use to input these values through HMI is provided below:
 FLOWATCH Doc.: MT-198
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Fluid and PVT properties Sh. 8 of 12

3.1 Oil Shrinkage Factor

Oil Shrinkage Factor is a black oil property that correlate volume of oil at reference pressure and temperature
(i.e., at FloWatch conditions), with volume of same amount of oil at stock tank conditions.
Due to gas evolution, black oil reduces its volume going from reservoir to separator.
Shrinkage Factor is the parameter that measure this reduction in volume. By definition:
@,
 
@. .
This parameter provides reduction in volume as pressure and temperature of oil phase is reduced to stock
tank conditions.
Oil shrinkage factor at a given pressure and temperature as well as pressure and temperature gradients are
entered through this menu.
This value is used as input to calculate oil flow rate at stock tank conditions.
A shrinkage factor value is usually provided with a PVT study.
 FLOWATCH Doc.: MT-198
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Fluid and PVT properties Sh. 9 of 12

PVT study also provides shrinkage factor gradient with temperature and pressure.
If Oil Shrinkage Factor is not available, a default value can be calculated from empirical correlations.

3.2 Gas Compressibility

Gas compressibility is a gas property that provides increase in gas volume with pressure and temperature
variations.
Gas compressibility coefficient at a given pressure and temperature as well as pressure and temperature
gradients are entered through this menu:

This value is used as input in gas flow rate calculation at standard conditions.

3.3 Gas in Solution

GOR (Gas Oil Ratio) in solution is a black oil property used to calculate amount of gas released/flashed from
oil phase as the pressure and temperature is reduced to atmospheric pressure and standard temperature.
By definition, GOR in solution is the amount of gas, measured at stock tank condition, released from a
volume of oil that results as one stock tank barrel at standard conditions:
"#$ $  " $% "

! 
& $ %

Gas in solution at a given pressure and temperature as well as pressure and temperature gradients are
entered through this menu.
 FLOWATCH Doc.: MT-198
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Fluid and PVT properties Sh. 10 of 12

Gas in solution measured at FloWatch pressure (P) and temperature (T) is used as input to calculation of
gas flow rate at standard conditions.

3.4 Reference Conditions (P&T)

Standard pressure and temperature used to convert flowrates to stock tank values can be set in Conversion
Reference (P&T) box:

Standard pressure is usually atmospheric conditions (1.01325 barA).

Standard temperature may vary depending on user specifications.
Therefore, no default value is provided and user can set standard temperature from this menu.

4. APPENDIX – FLUID AND PVT PROPERTIES TABLE

In the next pages, a table is provided to collect all parameters required to set up FloWatch fluid and PVT
properties.
 Fluid and PVT Properties Sh. 11 of 12

Value Unit Comments

Oil Density

Temperature Gradient Oil Density is adjusted for pressure and temperature according to the following formula:
TG - Ref Temperature
DensAct = Dens + TG * (T - TGRefT) + PG * (P - PGRefP)
Pressure Gradient

PG - Ref Pressure

Oil Permittivity

Temperature Gradient
Oil Permittivity is adjusted for pressure and temperature according to the following formula:
TG - Ref Temperature
PermAct = Perm + TG * (T - TGRefT) + PG * (P - PGRefP)
Pressure Gradient

PG - Ref Pressure

Water Density

Temperature Gradient Water Density is adjusted for pressure and temperature according to the following formula:
TG - Ref Temperature
DensAct = Dens + TG * (T - TGRefT) + PG * (P - PGRefP)
Pressure Gradient

PG - Ref Pressure

Water Conductivity

Reference Temperature Enter the Conductivity and the corresponding Temperature and Pressure

Reference Pressure

Specific Gas Density

 Fluid and PVT Properties Sh. 12 of 12

Value Unit Comments

Oil Shrinkage
Oil Shrinkage Factor is adjusted for pressure and temperature according to the following
Temperature Gradient formula:
ShrinkageAct = Shrinkage + TG * (T - TGRefT) +
TG - Ref Temperature
PG * (P - PGRefP)
Pressure Gradient
Oil Flow Rate at Standard Conditions = Oil Flow Rate / ShrinkageAct
PG - Ref Pressure

Gas Compressibility

Temperature Gradient Gas Compressibility is adjusted for pressure and temperature according to the following formula:
TG - Ref Temperature
CompressAct = Compress + TG * (T - TGRefT)
Pressure Gradient + PG * (P - PGRefP)

PG - Ref Pressure

Gas in Solution

Temperature Gradient GOR in Solution is adjusted for pressure and temperature according to the following formula:
GORinSolutionAct = GORinSolution + TG * (T - TGRefT) + PG * (P - PGRefP)
TG - Ref Temperature
The Gas Flow Rate from gas in solution is calculated:
Pressure Gradient Gas Flow Rate = GOR * Oil Flow Rat

PG - Ref Pressure

Standard Conditions -
Temperature
Standard Conditions - Pressure