Mention the different categories under which Law can be classified.

Some of the categories under which law can be classifies are…Criminal law; Contract Law; Property Law;
International law; Equity and Trust Laws
Write a short note on Lady Justice.
Lady Justice or Justitia is the Roman Goddess of Justice. It is a personification of the moral force that underlies
the legal system. Her blindfolded eyes symbolize equality under the law and impartiality towards all the people
who are governed by it. The weighing scales represent the balancing of people’s interests under the law, and
her sword denotes the law’s force of reason.
Mention some of the common laws that govern us.
Some of the common laws that govern us are… The age at which a person can vote; Specific age for marriage
Laws governing the selling and buying of property
What is a constitution?
A Constitution is a document outlining the basic laws or principals by which a country is governed.
State Article 14 of the Indian constitution
Article 14 – Equality before law. – The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal
protection of the laws within the territory of India.
How was the system of law during ancient times in India?
In ancient India, there were countless and overlapping local laws. Different communities were given the liberty
to enforce the laws according to their need. In some cases, the punishment that two persons received for the
same crime varied depending on their caste. The lower castes were punished more harshly.
When was the Hindu Succession Amendment Act revised?
The Hindu Succession Amendment Act was revised in 2005.
What was the Sedition Act?
According to the Sedition Act of 1870 any person protesting or criticising the British government could be
arrested without due trial.
Write a brief note on the Rowlatt Act.
The Rowlatt Committee was a Sedition Committee appointed in 1918 by the British Indian Government with
Mr. Justice Rowlatt, an English judge, as its president.
The Rowlatt Act, also known as the Black Act, was instituted on the Rowlatt Committee’s recommendations. It
had a significant impact on the political situation of India, placing her on a path of political movement headed
by Gandhi that ultimately dominated the Indian Independence movement for the next 20 years. The Act gave
the Viceroy’s government powers to quell sedition by silencing the press, detaining the political activists
without trial, and arresting without warrant any individuals suspected of sedition or treason. In protest, a
nationwide cessation of work was called, marking the beginning of widespread, although not nationwide,
popular discontent.
In a democracy like ours what can a citizen do to reject the repressive laws framed by the Parliament?
In a democracy like ours, citizens can express unwillingness for the reflection of the repressive laws.
Name the African American woman who played a key role in the starting of the Civil Right Moveme nt.
Rosa Parks was the African American women who Started the Civil Rights Movement.
What does the term Evolution refer to in general?
Evolution refers to the process of development from a simple to a complex form and is often used to discuss the
development of a species of plants and animals.
State the two examples of-Arbitrariness performed by the British.
The two examples are: Sedition Act of 1870; The Rowlatt Act.
When did the Jallianwala Bagh incident take place? This incident took place on 13th April 1919.
Name the two leaders arrested for the protests against the Rowlatt Act.
The two leaders were Dr. Satyapal and Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew.
What does the Hindu Succession Amendment Act 2005 say?
According to this law, sons, daughter and their mother can get an equal share of family property.
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What did the Rowlatt allow the Britishers to perform as arbitrariness?
Rowlatt Act allowed the Britishers to imprison people without due trial.
In which year was the sedition Act was introduced? In 1870.
Who is known to be the incharge of making law? Parliament in incharge of making laws.
On what basis law cannot discriminate between persons?
Law cannot discriminate between persons on the basis of their religion, caste and gender.
What was scenario of local laws in Ancient India?
In Ancient India, there were innumerable and often overlapping local laws.
When does the system of law began to further evolve?
System of law began to further evolve during colonial period.
Who is believed to be the introducer of the rule of law in India?
It is believed that British colonials were the introducers of the Rule of law in India.
Who began to protest and criticize the arbitrary use of authority by the British?
The Indian Nationalists began protesting and criticizing the arbitrary use of authority by the British.
According which new law sons, daughters and their mothers get an equal share of family property?
Hindu Succession Act 2005.
When did standing committee submitted its recommendation for the implementation of Domestic
violence Act? In May 2002.
In which year did the Rowlatt act came into effect? In 1919.
Define the term Repressive.
It means to control severely in order to prevent free and natural development or expression.
What is meant by ‘criticise’? It means to find fault with or disapprove of a person or thing.
Define ‘Sedition’.
This applies to anything that the government might consider as striating up resistance or rebellion against it. In
such cases, government does not need absolute evidence in order to arrest persons. Under the sedition Act of
1870, the British had a very broad interpretation of what constituted sedition, and what this meant was that they
could arrest and detain any person they would under this act.
Describe the incident that led to the of Civil Rights Movements and the Civil Rights Act in 1964 in the U.S.A.
Rosa Parks an African – American woman refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man on December
1,1955. She was protesting against the law on segregation that divided up all public spaces, including the
streets, between the whites and the Africans – Americans.
Her refusal was a key event that marked the start of the Civil Rights Movement that led to the Civil Rights Act
in 1964 prohibiting discrimination on the basis of race, religion or national origin in the U.S.A.
Why is it more important to refer women who face violence as survivors rather than as victims?
Often women who face violence or are abused are seen as victims. But women struggle in several different ways to
survive these situations. Therefore, it is move accurate to refer to them as survivors rather than as victims.
Describe the process after which Domestic Violence Act came into effect in 2006.
In December 2002, the Standing Committee submitted its recommendations to the Rajya Sabha and these were
also tabled in the Lok Sabha. The Committee’s report accepted most of the demands of the women’s, groups.
Finally a new bill was reintroduced in Parliament in 2005. After being passed in both the house of the
Parliament, it was sent to the president for his assent. The protection of women from Domestic violence came
into effect in 2006.
How can we say that Parliament has an important role in making laws?
The Parliament has an important role in making laws. There are many ways through which this takes place and
it is often different groups in society that raise the need for a particular law. An important role of Parliament is
to be sensitive to the problems faced by the people. The issues are brought to the attention of the Parliament
and the issues to become law.
What do your understand by domestic violence? Explain how Domestic Violence Act 2005 helps in
understanding the term ‘Domestic’ better.

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Domestic violence refers to the injury or harm caused by an adult male, usually the husband, against his wife.
Injury might be caused by physically beating up the woman or by emotionally abusing her. Abuse of the
women can also include verbal, sexual and economic abuse.
The protection of women from Domestic violence Act 2005 extend the understanding to the term ‘domestic’ to
include all women who ‘live or have lived together in a shared household’ with the male member who is
perpetrating the violence.
Starting from the Rowlatt Act to Jallianwala Bagh massacre, briefly explain the events, also mentioning the dates.
The British passed the Rowlatt Act which allowed the British government to imprison people without due trial.
Indian rationalists including Mahatma Gandhi were vehement in their opposition the Rowlatt Act. Despite the
large number of protests, the Rowlatt Act came into effect on 10th march 1919.
In Punjab, protests against this act continued quite actively and on April 10 two leaders of the women, Dr.
Satyapal and Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew were arrested. To protest these arrests, a public meeting was held on 13th
April at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar. General Dyer entered the park with his troops to fire. Several hundreds
of people died in this gunfire and many more were wounded including women and children.
When did the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act come into effect? ` 2005
A bill finally becomes an Act after the assent of______. President
When was the Sedition Act passed? 1870
Abuse of the woman includes……………. Economic abuse, Sexual abuse, Verbal abuse
When did Jallianwala Bagh’s massacre take place? 13 April
Where is Jallianwala Bagh located? Amritsar
When did the Rowlatt Act come into effect? On 10th March, 1919
Who gave the order to fire in Jallianwala Bagh on innocent people protesting calmly? General Dyer
What is the violence free relationship where husband and wife are equal with each other and they enjoy
equal rights? Equal relationship
Law on Domestic Violence was made in this year 2005
Who was the Afro-American woman who refused to give her seat to a white man in 1955? Rosa Parks
Fill in the blanks:
….. activities are done against the law. Illegal
Evolution is the process of ……………… from a simple to complex form. development
The Parliament is the ……………… which makes the new rules. Institution
The Court has the power of ……………… to modify or cancel laws. judicial review
Dr. Satyapal and Dr. Saifuddin Kichlew were ……………… on 10 April 1919. arrested
The Parliament consists of Rajya Sabha and ……………… Lok Sabha
All persons in independent India are……….. before the law. Equal
The colonial law was…………. arbitrary
Indian judges began to play a greater role in making…………… decision
The role of citizens is crucial in helping the……frame different concerns that people might have into laws.
Parliament
Defense and foreign relations are subjects in the ________ List. Union
The courts have interpreted the Right to Livelihood as being a part of the Right to ____ Life
A bill is put to vote after the _________ reading. Third
Once a bill is passed by both the houses, it is sent to the _________. President
When the two houses are not in agreement about a bill, the President summons a ______session Joint
True and False
The important provision in our constitution is all persons in independent India are equal in the eyes of law. True
Our law gives special treatment for government officers and wealthy persons. False
Colonial law was arbitrary. True
Hindu Succession Amendment Act, 2005 gives priority to daughter over son. False
Prime Minister can make new laws. False

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Sedition Act, 1870 was an example of arbitrariness existing in British India. True
Rosa Park, an African-American woman protested for being unseated by the white man on Dec 1, 1995. True
Girls can inherit father’s property. True
The British government was good to the Indian people. False
The Indian Constitution served the Indians with the laws which are equal to all without any discrimination. True
The Parliament does not have any role in making laws. False
A constitutional amendment bill may be introduced only in the Lok Sabha. False
Parliament can make laws on subjects in the State List under special circumstances True
The laws made by a state legislature are applicable only in the state. True
The Right to Information Act may be used only by a public official. False
The Prevention of Terrorism Act was repealed because of widespread criticism True
People cannot change their religion in a secular country False
Religious processions and meetings are not allowed in India because religion is a personal affair. False
In India, certain laws are relaxed to make room for religious practices True
Secularism has nothing to do with discrimination within a religious community. False
In a secular country, people are free not to follow any religion false
Match the following:
Column A Column B
Domestic Violence Quarrel between Husband and Wife
Colonies Country under Foreign Ryles
Convict Guilty of criminal offense
Protection of women from Domestic Violence Act – 2006
Rowlatt Act – 1919
Controversial Laws – Lead to conflict
Criticise Disapprove of a Person or thing
The Sedition Act – 1870
What is controversial law?
The law that favours one group and disregards the other is known as controversial law.
What do you mean by the rule of law?
Rule of law means that all laws apply equally to all citizens of the country and no one can be above the law.
What are the different ways to criticise the unpopular laws?
The different ways to criticise the unpopular laws are- newspapers, TV, protests, meetings etc.
Explain the Hindu Succession Amendment Act, 2005.
The Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act, 2005 was enacted to remove gender discriminatory provisions in the
Hindu Succession Act, 1956. According to the Hindu Succession Amendment Act, 2005 sons, daughters and
their mothers can get an equal share of family property after the death of their father.
Laws are required to:
Prevent people from several unjust social practices.
Prohibit the practice of untouchability which was the cause of suffering for millions of people.
Ensure equality among the citizens of India.
Laws on matters included in the Concurrent List can be made by the Union and the state legislatures
A money bill can be introduced only in the Lok Sabha by a member of the government
A joint session of the two houses is summoned by the President
Whose signature is required for a bill to become a law? President
The Armed Forces Special Powers Act is aimed at controlling terrorism
What do we mean when we say that the Constitution is the foundation of all laws?
When we say that the Constitution is the foundation of all laws, we mean that all laws must abide by the spirit
of the Constitution
What are the three types of bills?
The three types of bills are ordinary bills, money bills and constitutional amendment bills
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What do you understand by the 'residuary powers' of the Union legislature?
The residuary powers of the Union legislature allow it to enact laws on any subject that is not covered under the
three lists
Name two subjects that are in the Concurrent List. Education and drugs
Name any law that was made in response to the people's demand. The Right to Information Act
Describe briefly the procedure that is followed before a bill is sent to the President for his assent.
A bill is first introduced in a house by a member and copies of the bill are distributed among all the members.
This is called the first reading of the bill. During the second reading, the members discuss the bill and suggest
changes. The final form of the bill is put to vote during the third reading. If the majority of the members
support the bill, it is sent to the other house, where the same procedure is followed. If the bill is passed by the
other house, it goes to the President. If the second house suggests changes, the bill goes back to the first house.
If the two houses disagree, the bill is put to vote in a joint session of the two houses
What role does the President play in the enactment of a law?
If the two houses are in disagreement over a bill, the President summons a joint session of the two houses.
Once a bill is passed by both the houses, it is sent to the President. The President may suggest changes and send
the bill back. However, the President has to sign the bill if the legislature does not accept the changes and
returns the bill to the President
How is the procedure followed in the case of a money bill different from that followed in the case of other bills?
A money bill is introduced in the Lok Sabha by a member of the government. Other bill scan be introduced in
either house by any member. When a bill introduced in one house is sent to the other house, the other house
may suggest changes and send it back. If these changes are not accepted by that house, the President summons
a joint session of both the houses. In the case of a money bill, however, the suggestions of the Rajya Sabha are
not binding on the Lok Sabha, so a joint session is not summoned
What role can the people play in making laws? Give an example.
The people can put pressure on the legislature to enact a law. They can hold meetings, organise protests, and
make their voices heard through the media, and so on. The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act
is an example of a law enacted due to pressure from the people.
"Sometimes new laws are needed to protect the weaker sections of the society." Do you agree with this
statement? Justify your answer with an example. Answer: Under our Constitution, every citizen is equal and
enjoys the right to freedom and the right against exploitation. Any citizen who is deprived of his/her rights can
seek justice in a court of law. In theory, these rights should have been enough to protect every one. However, in
practice, the weaker sections of society are often oppressed and do not have the means to seek justice. This is
why it becomes necessary to make special laws to protect these sections. The Protection of Women from
Domestic Violence Act is an example of a special law. It has made it easier for women to protect themselves
from ill-treatment by family members
Write in your own words what you understand by the term ‘rule of law’. In your response include a
fictitious or real example of a violation of the rule of law.
Rule of law means that the laws apply equally to all irrespective of caste, religion, colour, sex etc.
Two people jump the signal red light and are caught by the traffic policeman. One of them pay a bribe and go
scot-free. Whereas the other, who did not or could not do so, had his license confiscated and a challan issued to
him.The traffic policemen as well the first person both violated the rule of law.
State two reasons why historians refute the claim that the British introduced the rule of law in India.
Historians refute the claim that the British introduced the rule of law in India because colonial law was arbitrary,
and the Indian nationalists played a prominent role in the development of the legal sphere in British India .
Re-read the storyboard on how a new law on domestic violence got passed. Describe in your own words
the different ways in which women’s groups worked to make this happen.
Domestic violence against women was very common in India in the early 1990s. Throughout the 1990s, the
need for a new law was raised in different forums like Public meetings and women’s organizations. In 1999,
Lawyers Collective, a group of lawyers, law students, and activists, after nation-wide consultations took the
5
lead in drafting the Domestic Violence (Prevention and Protection) Bill. This draft bill was widely circulated.
Meetings were held all over the country supporting the introduction of this Act.
The Bill was first introduced in Parliament in 2002, but it was not to the satisfaction of all. Several women’s
organisations, like the National Commission for Women, made submissions to the Parliamentary Standing
Committee requesting changes in the Bill. In December 2002, after reviewing the request made by the National
Commission for Women, the Parliamentary Standing Committee submitted its recommendations to the Rajya
Sabha and these were also tabled in the Lok Sabha. The Committee’s report accepted most of the demands of
the women’s groups.
Finally, a new Bill was reintroduced in Parliament in 2005. After being passed in both houses of Parliament, it
was sent to the President for his assent. The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act came into
effect in 2006.
Work of women groups on getting the law of domestic violence passed:
Hearing complaints by the victims of domestic violence.
Need for new law was raised at different forums.
Lawyers collectively with law students and activities drafted the Domestic violence. (Prevention and
Protection) Bill. This was widely circulated.
Women’s movement for the introduction of the Bill in Parliament.
Introduction of Bill in Parliament.
Opposition to the Bill.
Referred to Parliamentary Standing Committee.
In December 2002, recommendations of the Standing Committee after incorporation of amendments as per
women’s groups.
Reintroduction of Amended Bill.
Passed by both the houses.
Assent of the President of India.
Protection of women from Domestic Violence Act came into effect in 2006
Write in your own words what you understand by the following sentence on page 44-45: They also began
fighting for greater equality and wanted to change the idea of law from a set of rules that they were
forced to obey, to law as including ideas of justice.
The Sedition Act of 1870 was a turning point in the struggle for freedom in India. According to the Sedition
Act any person protesting or criticising the British government could be arrested without due trial. Indian
nationalists began protesting and criticising this arbitrary use of authority by the British. They also began
fighting for greater equality and wanted to change the idea of law from a set of rules that they were forced to
obey, to law as including ideas of justice.
By the end of the nineteenth century, the Indians started asserting themselves in the colonial courts.
The Indian Legal profession began emerging as a force to reckon with and the Indians demanded respect in the
courts. Indians started using law to defend their legal rights.
Indian judges began to play a greater role in making decisions.
Thus the Indians played a major role in the evolution of the rule of law during the colonial period.
The Indian Nationalists advocated for greater equality for Indians before the law.
They also advocated bringing changes in the law which were derogatory and which were forced on Indians.

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Question 4.

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