Grammar Note?-Module 1
Grammar Note?-Module 1
MODULE 1 单元一
Present Simple and Present Continuous – 现在式
We use present simple for:
Facts and permanent states. 事实及永久性的事情
My mother works as an accountant in my grandfather’s company.
我妈妈在我外公的公司工作 。
(这是事实所以我们要用 present simple)
General truths and laws of nature. 无法改变的事实
Italians drive on the right.
The sun rises in the east. (自然规律)
Habits and routines 习惯 (with always, usually, etc).
I often play at school.
Timetables and programmes (with future reference).
Our plane leaves at 10 o’clock.
Sporting commentaries 运动节目, reviews and narrations.
He smashes the ball over the net and wins the point.
Feelings and emotions.
My family loves getting together in the holiday.
Adverbs of Frequency
These include: always, frequently, often, once, twice, sometimes, never, usually, ever,
hardly ever, rarely, occasionally, etc.
Adverbs of frequency are normally placed before the main verb.
However, adverbs of frequency are placed after the verb be and auxiliary/modal verb
(if there is more than one modal/auxiliary verb, the adverb is generally placed after
the first).
Verbs which express feelings and emotions (like, love, hate, prefer, detest, want,
etc).
And some other verbs (be, contain, include, belong, fit, need, matter, cost, own,
want, weigh, wish, have, keep, etc).
Some of these verbs can also be used in continuous tenses, but with a difference in meaning.
Present Simple Present Continuous
THINK
I think he is a very good athlete 运动员. I’m thinking of going to the cinema. (= am
(= believe 我相信) considering 正在想着要不要去)
HAVE
He has a fabulous 很好的 cottage 小屋. I’m having a problem with my best friend.
(= own 拥有) (= am experiencing 正在体验)
He is having a nap 午觉.
(= is taking)
My sister is having breakfast.
(= is eating)
SEE
You can see the entire city 整个城市 from I’m seeing my friend this afternoon at the
the top of the tower 塔. mall.
(= it is visible 可以被看到的) (= am meeting 将会去见他)
Do you see what I’m talking about?你明白 *Use for future 未来 preference
我在说什么吗? (这个下午是之后的事)
(= understand 明白)
TASTE
My mum’s pudding 果冻 tastes amazing! Dad is tasting the sauce to see if it is ready.
(= has the flavor 味道) (= is testing 正在尝着)
SMELL
The dish smells delicious. She is smelling the perfume.
(has the aroma 气味) (= is sniffing 正在嗅着)
APPEAR
The children appear to be having fun. He is appearing in a new film 电影.
(= seem 好像) (= is performing 正在表演)
FIT
That dress fits you perfectly. He is fitting a new carpet 地毯 in the living
(= it’s the right size 对的尺寸) room 客厅.
(= is attaching 正在铺地毯)
LOOK
This scarf looks expensive. (=appears to be She is looking at her photos.
看起来) (= is taking a look 正在看着)
FEEL
This shirt feels like silk 丝绸. (= it has the He is feeling his forehead 额头 to see if he is
texture of 有那份手感/感觉像) running a fever 发烧.
(= is touching 正在摸着)
BE
She is a good-natured 性情温和的 person. She is being very selfish.
(character 性格 - permanent 永久的 state) (= behaviour 行为 – temporary state)
NOTE:
Although the verb enjoy expresses a feeling, it can be used in continuous tenses.
Present Perfect
We use the present perfect (have/has 已经 + past participle) for:
An action that happened at an unstated time in the past. The emphasis 重点 is on the
action. The time when it happened is unimportant or unknown.
My boyfriend has painted a picture of me.
He has visited London three times.
An action which started in the past and continues up to the present, especially with
stative verbs (see above) such as be, have, like, know, etc.
An action which happened within a specific time period which is not over at the time
of speaking (with time words/phrases such as: today, this
week/morning/evening/month/year etc).
NOTE:
For an action which started in the past and lasted for some time. It may still be
continuing or has finished already, with the result visible in the present.
NOTE:
With verbs live, work, teach and feel we can use the present perfect or the present perfect
continuous with no difference in meaning.
Past Simple
We use the past simple:
For an action that happened at a definite time (stated or implied) in the past.
For actions that happened immediately one after the other in the past.
NOTE:
Used to can be used instead of the past simple for habits/repeated actions in the past.
Past Continuous
We use the past continuous (was/were + verb -ing):
For an which was in progress when another action interrupted it. We use the past
continuous for the action in progress (longer action) and the past simple for the
action which interrupted it (shorter action).
For an action which was in progress at a stated time in the past. We don’t mention
when the action started or finished.
To describe the atmosphere, setting, etc and to give background information about a
story.
NOTE:
When there are two past continuous forms in a sentence with the same subject, we can avoid
repetition by just using (-ing form), and leave out the verb was/were.
Past Perfect
We use the past perfect (had + past participle):
For an action which happened before another past action or before a stated time in the
past.
Todd had met Amy by three o’clock.
For an action which finished in the past and whose result was visible at a later point in
the past.
For an action which lasted for some time in the past and whose result was visible in
the past.
We use used to/past simple (NOT ‘would’) for past states. Would cannot be used
with stative verbs.
We use the past simple for an action that happened at a definite time in the past.
Ago (= back in time from now) is used with the past simple.
Since (= from a starting point in the past) is used with the present and
past perfect (simple and continuous)
For (= over a period of time) is used with the present and past perfect
(simple and continuous).
Already is used in statements and questions in the present and past perfect
to show surprise.
Yet is used with the present and past perfect in questions and
Comparisons negations.
Comparative – 比较一个人或一个事物
Superlative – 在一个群体之中的之最
We often use than after a comparative and the before a superlative.
NOTE:
In one-syllable adjectives ending in a vowel (a, e, i, o, u) + a consonant (辅音), we
double the consonant.
Big – Bigger – Biggest
NOTE:
Clever, common, cruel, friendly, gentle, pleasant, polite, shallow, simple, quiet,
can form their comparatives and superlatives either with -er/-est or with more/most.
Irregular forms:
Good – Better – Best; Bad – Worse – Worst; Much – More – Most;
Little – Less – Least; Far – Farther/Further – Farthest/Furthest;
Much/Many/Lots – More – Most
Types of comparisons:
As + Adjective + As (to show that two people or things are similar or different in
some way). In negative sentences we use not as/so…as.
This computer is as reliable as 可靠 that one.
We can use just as + adjective + as instead of as + adjective + as when we want to
put more emphasis 强调.
Laura is as kind as her sister. Laura is just as kind as her sister.
To show that two people or things are almost similar, we can use almost or just
about as + adjective + as.
He is almost as friendly as his brother.
Instead of not as/so…as, we can use not quite as…as or not nearly as…as.
He is not quite as friendly as his brother.
NOTE:
In informal English 日常用语, we can use the comparative phrase nowhere near + as
+ adjective + as instead of not as/so…as.
Norman is nowhere near as creative as his brother. (Norman 不像他哥哥一样有创意.)
The least + Adjective + Of/In (compares one person or thing with two or more
people or things of the same group). The opposite is the most…of/in.
The same as
A / An
A/An are used for singular countable nouns. A is used for consonants 辅音.
An is often used in front of the vowels (a,e,i,o,u).
1. An Umbrella
2. A Unicorn
3. An Hour
4. An apple
5. A pen
6. An honest boy
THE
当我们说到特定的东西(sth specific)
I bought a new car. The car is mine.
特别的名词 ( Unique nouns)
The sun, The moon
(Specific name of countries)
Exp: The United States of America, The Republic of China
*基本后面都会跟着 Republic / United
乐器名字 (Instrument names/dances)
The piano, the trumpet, the waltz 华尔兹
家族名字 (Family names- basically surname)
The Peters, The Potters, The Dutch
Superlative adjectives 形容词 (最)
The most expensive, The coolest, The hottest…..
With the words (morning, afternoon, evening, day…)
In the morning, In the afternoon….
(at the night, at the noon, at the midnight,
历史性事件 (Historical events)
The founding of New China 新中国成立 ,The Korean War
*World War II
发明 (With Inventions)
The bulb, The steam engine 蒸气机
With adj used as nouns to describe groups of people
Exp: The elderly, The rich, The unemployed 无业游民, The poor
当作 adj 来使用 (Words like first, last, only)
The first one, The last person, The only one
IRREGULAR VERBS
Infinitive Past Simple Past Participle
do did done
go went gone