DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL SAIL TOWNSHIP,DHURWA RANCHI-4

NOTES FOR CLASS 11th CHAPTER-7 SUB: PHYSICAL EDUCATION

TEST, MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION IN SPORTS

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DEFINATION OF TEST, MEASUREMENT AND EVAULATION IN SPORTS

TEST: A test is a procedure to check the quality, performance or reliability of something.

ACCORDING TO WEBSTERS DICTIONARY: A test is a tool to evaluate the skill, knowledge, capacities or
aptitudes of an individual or a group.

ACCORDING TO BARRY L JOHNSON AND JACK NELSON: Test is the form of questioning or measuring used
to access retention of knowledge, capacity or ability of some endeavor.

MEASUREMENT: Measurement is the use of tests and techniques to collect information or data about a
specific skill or fitness level of an individual.

ACCORDING TO H M BARROW: Measurement refers to the process of administrating a test to obtain

quantitative data.

ACCORDING TO BARRY L JOHNSON ANDF JACK NELSON: Measurement aids evaluation process in which
various tools and techniques are used in collection of data.

EVALUATION: It is a technique by which we come to know at what extent the objective are being achieved.

It is a decision making process which assist to make grade and ranking.

ACCORDING TO BARROW AND MC GEE: It is the process of education that involves collection of data from
the products which can be used for comparison with preconceived criteria to making judgement.

IMPORTANCE OF TEST, MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION IN SPORTS:

a. FOR GETTING KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE PROGRESS: With the help of test, measurement and
evaluation, physical education teachers or coach can get appropriate knowledge about the
progress of students. If students are not informed, they will be in dark. without appropriate
knowledge of their progress, they cannot come to know where they stand. coaches or teachers
cannot improve programmes related to physical education, if they don’t know the level of
achievement of progress.
b. FOR PREPERATION OF EFFECTIVE PLANNING: Without test, measurement and evaluation, a good
planning can be completely useless. Teaching or coaching method can be changed on the basis
of test, measurement and evaluation.
 c. FOR KNOWING THE ABILITIES AND CAPACITIES: with the help of test, measurement and
evaluation, teachers of physical education can assess and understand the abilities and capacities
of students which ultimately help in conceiving a programme.
d. FOR DISCOVERING THE NEED OF PARTICIPANTS: These identify the strengths and weakness of
participants or students. The curriculum can be prepared accordingly.
e. FOR MOTIVATION: Individual tries to compare his/her current performance with his/her previous
performance. He/she puts maximum effort to achieve better results.
f. FOR CLASSIFICATION OF SPORTSPERSONS: The training load is given according to the individual
capabilities or capacities. We are also aware that individual differences exist among
sportspersons. test, measurement and evaluation help in proper classification of sportspersons
on the basis of physical, mental and psychological capacities and capabilities.
g. FOR KNOWING THE ACHEIVEMENT IN FUTURE: Present performance can be examined with the
help of test, measurement and evaluation and on the basis of present performance the future
achievements can be predicted.
h. FOR RESEARCH AND EXPERIMENTATION: These are also important for the development of
physical education profession because without research and experimentation no profession can
be improved and taken forward.

CALCULATION OF BODY MASS INDEX (BMI) AND WAIST-HIP RATIO

CALCULATION OF BODY MASS INDEX:

it is also known as Quetelet Index because it was invented by Adolphe Quetlet. BMI can be defined as
the individuals body weight divided by the square of his height.

According to National Institute Of Health: “A healthy weight is considered to be the one that is between
19 and 25 (BMI). If the BMI is between 25 to 29 an adult is considered overweight. If the BMI is 30 or
greater, the person is considered to be obese.
Method to calculate BMI (body mass index)

Body mass index = weight in kg / height × height

Healthy BMI for both men and women

The WHO criteria for underweight, healthy or normal weight, overweight and obesity by BMI are as
follows:

Category BMI
Underweight <18.5
Normal Weight 18.5-24.9
Overweight 25-29.9
Obesity Class 1 30-34.9
Obesity Class 2 35-39.9
Obesity Class 3 >40
Precautions during measurements:

a. The body weight must be taken on a reliable and perfect weighing machine.
b. While taking body weight, one must wear minimum required clothes.
c. While measuring height one should be bare-footed and his her body should be in a straight
position.

CALCULATION OF WAIST-HIP RATIO;

It is defined as the measurement of waist circumference divided by hip circumference. waist-hip ratio is
used as a risk factor assessment tool for heart diseases, hypertension and type II diabetes. excess body
fat is considered a risk factor for the degenerative diseases, particularly abdominal fat, and waist hip ratio
is used to determine this risk.

ADMINISTRATION:

To determine if you have a healthy waist hip-ratio or not, use a measuring tape to measure the
circumference of your hips at the widest part of your buttocks. After that, measure your waist, just above
the belly button. For determining the waist hip ratio, compute the measurements as given in the following
equation:

Waist-hip ratio= {waist circumference/ Hip circumference}

The measurement can be taken in inches or centimeters.

BMI Waist-hip ratio (males) Waist hip ratio (females)

<0.85 0.85-1.0 >1.0 <0.70 0.70-0.85 >0.85

20 to <25 Very low Low Moderate Very low Low Moderate
25 to <30 Low Moderate High Low Moderate High
30 to <35 Moderate High Very high Moderate High Very high
35 to <40 High Very high Very high High Very high Very high
>40 Very high Very high Very high Very high Very high Very high

SOMATOTYPES OR BODY TYPES (ENDOMORPHY, MESOMORPHY AND ECTOMORPHY)

CLASSIFICATION BY HIPPOCRATES:

Hippocrates was a famous Physician of Greece. He classified individuals into four main groups, which are
stated below:

1. PHLEGMATIC: These types of individuals are usually weak. They are ideal, passive, lethargic and
spiritless. These individuals perform work very slowly.
2. SANGUINE: These individuals are physically fit and powerful. They lead a healthy life and always
remain elated and happy. they have optimistic views about life.
 3. CHOLERIC: These individual have a very aggressive behavior. They are physically string and
powerful but emotionally weak. They have high aspiration and are hard workers.
4. MELANCHOLIC: These persons are physically and mentally weak. Their point of view towards life
is pensive and pessimistic.

CLASSIFICATION BY ERNEST KRETSCHMER

1. PYKNIC: These individuals are short statured with a round head and face. They are stocky and
fatty. These people tend to interact with other persons easily.
2. ASTHENIC: They are tall enough and slim. They have weak body structure. They are self-centered.
They talk less to other individuals. They want to lead a lonely life. They have less number of
friends. They are intelligent and their behavior is completely introvert.
3. ATHLETIC: These individuals have broad shoulders, strong body structure and powerful muscles.
They are active and agile. Such individuals believe not in words but in action. they have keen
interest in physical activity, games and sports.

CLASSIFICATION BY WILLIAM HERBERT SHELDON:

Classification of William Herbert Sheldon: Success of an athlete or sportsperson comes from a

combination of athletic ability and physique or body build. W H Sheldon classified personality of
individuals into the following categories which are stated subsequently:

1. Endomorph: These individuals have short arms and legs. They have rounded physique. Their limbs
seem to be shorter because of excessive deposits of adipose tissue. It is hard for them to loose
weight. They have underdeveloped muscles. They have a capacity for high fat storage and become
fat easily. Sports and games, which require strength like weightlifting and power-lifting, are most
suitable for weightlifters.
2. Mesomorph: They have athletic physique and balanced body composition. They are able to
increase their muscle size quickly and easily. They have well developed rectangular body shaped.
They have thick bones and muscles. Their chest and shoulders are larger and broader in
comparison to their waistline. They have enough strength, agility and speed.
3. Ectomorph: They have weak constitution of body and usually face great difficulties in gaining
weight. They have flat chest and have less muscle mass. They have a quick metabolism to burn
fat. Their light body constitution makes them suited for aerobic activities.

MEASURING SOMATOTYPE OR BODY TYPE:

It is measured by using Health-Carter measurement system in which ratings for Endomorphy,

Mesomorphy or Ectomorphy are calculated using various anthropometric measurements. In each of the
three categories an individual is usually classified on a scale of 1 to 7. 1 is the minimum rating and 7 is the
maximum. These three numbers together give a body type or Somatotype number in which Endomorphy
scores first, then Mesomorphy and finally Ectomorphy. All the individuals or sportspersons are made up
of three extreme body types. So, we are partly endomorph, partly Mesomorph and partly Ectomorph.

For example, 272 means: 2 (Low endomorphy); 7 (High mesomorphy) and 2 (Low ectomorphy).

MEASUREMENT OF HEALTH-RELATED FITNESS

1. CARIOVASCULAR ENDURANCE: It is the ability to exercise the entire body for long period of time.
It requires a strong heart, healthy lungs and clear blood vessels to supply the body with oxygen.
There are various tests to measure the cardiovascular endurance such as VO2 max test, Harvard
step test, 12 minute cooper test etc.
2. MUSCULAR STRENGTH: It is the amount of force a muscle or muscle group can exert. There are
various tests to measure the muscular strength. Pull ups, pushups, partial curl up etc.
3. MUSCULAR ENDURANCE: It is the ability of muscles to perform repeated exercises for longer
period of time under the condition of fatigue. There are various tests to measure the muscular
endurance such as push ups, sit ups, running on a treadmill etc.
4. FLEXIBILITY: Range of motion of joints called flexibility. there are various tests to measure the
flexibility such as sit and reach test, toe touch test, floor test etc.
5. BODY COMPOSITION: It is the percentage of lean body mass, i.e., bones, tendons, muscles, water,
ligaments etc., in comparison to body fat. body composition can be measured by using an
instrument called skin fold calipers.

HARVARD STEP TEST

Harvard Step Test is a cardiovascular fitness test. It is also called Aerobic Fitness Test. It was developed
by Brouha and others in 1943. It is used to measure the cardiovascular fitness or aerobic fitness by
checking the recovery rate.

Equipment Required: A gym bench or box of 20 inches high for men and 16 inches for women, a
stopwatch and cadence tape.

Procedure

The athlete stands in front of the bench or box. On the command ‘Go’ the athlete steps up and down
on the bench or box at a rate of 30 steps per minute (one second up one second down) for 5 minute
(150 steps). Stopwatch is switched on simultaneously at the start of the stepping. After that the
athlete sits down immediately after completion of the test, i.e., after 5 minutes. The total number of
heartbeats are counted between 1 to 1.5 minutes after completion of the last 30 second after the
finishing of the test. After that, for the third time, the heartbeats are noted after 3 minutes of
completion of the test for 30 second period. The same foot must start the step up each time, and an
erect posture must be assumed on the bench.
 Calculation of the Score. The athlete’s fitness index score is calculated with the help of following
formula.

Fitness index score =(100 × test duration in seconds) divided by (2 × sum of heartbeats in recovery
periods).

For example, if the total test duration was 300 seconds and the number of heartbeats between 1 to
1.5 minutes was 90, between 2 to 2.5 minutes was 80 and between 3 to 3.5 minutes was 70 then the
fitness index score will be;

100×300/2×240=62.5

(Here, the sum of the heartbeats are 90+80+70=240 which are counted for 30 second each time i.e.,
between 1 and 1.5 min, 2 and 2.5 min and 3 and 3.5 min after completion of the test.)

Fitness index score Fitness index score

Male Female Rating
<90 >86 Excellent
80.0-90.0 76.0-85.9 Good/above average
65.0-79.9 61.0-75.9 Average
55.0-64.9 50.0-60.9 Below average
<55 <50 poor

Advantages

1. Minimum equipments are required for conducting this test.

2. It requires minimum cost.
3. It is simple to set up and conduct.

Disadvantages

There are differences in bio-mechanical characteristics among individuals. But the hight of the
box or bench remains same for tall individuals and short individuals. It will be easy for tall individuals
and difficult for short individuals. The same difference can be seen in case of body weight. Those
individuals who are overweight, it will be difficult for them. So, it is not implemented equally to all
individuals.

• Push Ups (Boys)

Purpose: To test or measure the upper body strength and endurance.

Equipment Required: A floor mat and a paper to record basic information such as age, gender and total
number of push ups performed.

Procedure: After proper warming up, ask the subject to take position. In a push up position hands and
toes should touch the mat/floor. Hands should be shoulder width apart. The upper body and legs shold
be in a straight line. Elbows should be fully extended keeping the back and the knees straight, the subject
lowers the upper body so that elbows may bend to 90 degrees or chest may touch the mat/floor, then
returns back to the starting position with the arms extended. This is one repetition. The same action is
repeated and the test continues until exhaustion or until the subject can do more in rhythm. Count the
total number of push ups performed.

• Modified Push Ups (Girls)

A modified version of the test is used for girls.

Purpose: To measure the upper body strength and endurance.

Equipment Required: A mat and paper to record the basic information such as age, gender and a total
number of push ups performed.

Procedure: After proper warming up, the subject is asked to take starting position for modified push ups.
In a modified push up position, hands and knees should touch the mat/floor. Both the hands should be
shoulder-width apart and elbows fully extended. The body from the knees, to the hips and to the
shoulders should be in a straight line. While keeping this position, the subject should lower her upper
body, so that elbows may bend to 90 degree. Then the subject returns back to the starting position. This
is one repetition. The same action is repeated and the test continues until exhaustion or until she can do
no more in rhythm. Count the total number of modified push ups for record.

• Partial Curl Up

Purpose: To test the strength and endurance of abdominal muscles. In fact, strong abdominal muscles are
significant for maintaining good posture, hip alignment and in preventing low back pain.

Equipment Required: A flat clean and cushioned surface, recording sheet and pen.

Procedure: First of all, the complete test procedure is explained to the subject. After that the subject lies
in supine position on cushioned surface. The knees should be flexed and feet should be 12 inches from
the buttocks. Both the feet should be slightly apart. The arms are extended and are rested on thighs. The
head should be in neutral position. This is the starting position. Then, the subject curls up with a slow
controlled movement, until his/her shoulders come off the cushioned surface or mat two inches then back
down again. One complete curl-up is completed every three seconds. These are continued until the
subject feels unable to maintain the rhythm. There should not be any pause in the up or down position. It
should be a continuous process.
Scoring: Record the total number of partial curl ups. Curl up should not be counted if the shoulder is not
raised up by 2 inches.

Advantages

1. This test is simple and quick to perform.

2. It requires minimum equipment
3. A number of subjects/students may be tested at a time.
• Sit and Reach

The sit-and-reach test was first propounded by Wells and Dillon in 1952. This test is widely used as a
normal test to assess flexibility.

Purpose: The sit-and-reach test is a significant test to measure the flexibility of hip region including the
lower back and hamstring muscles. Generally, it is noted that owing to the lack of flexibility in this region,
there is a greater risk of injury. It is also entangled with lumbar lordosis and lower back pain.

Equipment Required: Sit-and-reach box or a makeshift ruler and a box may be used in which the zero
mark can be adjusted for each individual according to their sitting reach level because there is a variation
of lengths of individual’s arms and legs.

Procedure: First of all, shoes and socks should be removed. Then sit down on the floor with legs stretched
out straight ahead. The soles of the feet should be kept flat against the box. Both the knees should be
locked and pressed flat to the floor. An assistant may hold the knees down. Palms should be facing
downwards. Hands should be on the top of each other or side by side. The individual, whose flexibility is
to be measured rise to extend his both hands forward along the measuring line on the box as far as he
can extend. His fingertips of both hands should remain equal and at the same level. He should not jerk or
bounce to reach maximum distance. He should hold the full reach position for two seconds and the score
(distance) should be recorded. Generally, in such test, warm-up is not allowed, however, the best results
can be attained after suitable warm-up. In case of a sliding ruler or a makeshift ruler, the zero mark should
be at the fingertips. If it is not available or simple marking is there then zero mark should be 9 inches
before the feet.

Scoring: The score is recorded to the nearest centimeter or half inch based on the distance reached by
the fingertips of both hands.

Advantages

1. It is a simple test to know the flexibility.

2. It is an easy test to perform.

Disadvantages: This test is good for flexibility of joints of lower back and hamstring and not related to the
flexibility of other joints of the body.