PirMehr Ali Shah

Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi

Office of the controller of Examinations
Mid Exam / FALL 2020 (Paper Duration 24 hours)
To be filled by Teacher

Course No.: …AGR-401…………Course Title: ……Winter Crop…………………………………………

Total Marks: …12….………………Date of Exam:……09-12-2020…………......................................
Degree: …B.Sc (Hons.) Agriculture………….Semester:…3 rd … Section:………B……………………………
Marks
Q.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Obtained/
TotalMarks
Marks
Obtaine
d
Total Marks in Words:
Name of the teacher: Dr. Muhammad Naveed Tahir
Who taught the course:Signature of teacher / Examiner:

To be filled by Student

Registration No.: ……19-arid-4551…… Name:…esha rani …..

Q.No.1. Write short answers of the following questions? (0.5 x 12 = 6)

I. Write three most sensitive/critical stages of wheat crop

the most three crictical stages of wheat crop are:

1. Crown root initiation----- This coincides with 3 or 4 leaf stage of wheat plant.
2. Tillering------- What Plant starts producing crown and branch out into tillers from their base
at soil surface
3. Booting------- The upper most wheat leaf swells out into flag holding the spike into it.The
leaf sheath containing the fully developed head is called the “boot”

II. How the introduction of legumes are beneficial in crop rotation?

 The ability of legumes to fix atmospheric N2 and thereby add external N to the crop-soil

ecosystem is a distinct benefit of legume culture.

 The quantity of N biologically fixed each year by legumes varies greatly from zero to several

hundred kg N per ha. Many grain legumes are efficient at N fixation. Variables affecting quantity
 of N fixed include not only legume species and cultivar, but also such factors as soil type and

texture, pH, soil nitrate-N lever, temperature and water regimes, availability of other

nutrients, and crop (especially harvest) management. 

 There are other benefits from using a legume on a cropping system that should be figured into any

comparison with fertilizer-N.

 Usually, yields of a grain crop grown in rotation are at least 10 to 20 percent greater than those

for continuous grain, regardless of the amount of fertilizer applied to the continuous grain

 legume rotations, compared to continuous grain cropping, result in enhanced soil organic

master content and mineralizable N. This provides not only better control of N availability, but

also improved soil structure, less energy for cultivation, and less erosion

III. What is the most effective temperature range for Vernalization?

The most effective temperature range for vernalization for many species is between 5 and 8
°C.

IV. Write scientific name of one tetraploid and one hexaploid wheat.

Tetraploid wheat : Triticum durum

Hexaploidy wheat: Triticum aestivum

V. Enlist different uses of Barley crop

 The primary uses of barley are as animal feed, seed, and for malt production.

 Apart from being the key ingredient in beer and whiskey.

 the uses for barley malt include extracts, syrups, and flavorings.

 Barley is used as a thickening and flavoring agent in soups, stews, gravy,

casseroles, baby foods, baked goods, and ice cream.

 It can be used in recipes that need to rise by combining barley flour with wheat

flour.

VI. How legumes fix Nitrogen?

Legumes (peas, vetches, clovers, beans and others) grow in a symbiotic relationship with soil-

dwelling bacteria. The bacteria take gaseous nitrogen from the air in the soil and feed this nitrogen to

the legumes , in exchange the plant provides carbohydrates to the bacteria. This is why legume cover

crops are said to "fix" or provide a certain amount of nitrogen when they are turned under for the next

crop or used for compost.

VII. What are the advantages of Moldboard plough in rainfed areas?

Many farmers find the moldboard plow a vital tool in farm maintenance. It helps to prepare the soil
before seed is sown. The plow is also very useful when you need to prepare the ground for grass
seeding. 
 When well-adjusted, the plow automatically seeks the desired depth. There is need not apply
extra weight to the plow to attain desired depth. This results in lower levels of fatigue.
 The plow also enhances the soil drainage properties.
 The plow thoroughly inverts the soil which inhibits the growth of weeds until the following
season.
 The plow helps get rid of many of the pests that dwell on farmland. When these pests are
eradicated, it provides plants with a more conducive environment for healthy growth.
 The plow buries crop residues deeper into the ground which enables decomposition to take
place. The reduction of crop residues on the soil surface enables the soil to warm up
faster.

VIII. Write English name of five Legumes crops?

1. Faba bean

2. Kidney bean

3. Guar bean

4. Pigeon pea

5. Lima bean

IX. Which is the most active site for Vernalization?

 metabolic active apical meristem is the site of temperature preception for flower

initiation.

 Younger leaves are more susceptible to vernalization.

  The low temperature stimulus is received by the shoot apex of a mature stem or

embryo of the seed

X. Enlist three main Diseases of Lentil crop

Wilt, Rust, Botrytis Grey mold and Ascochyta blight are the major diseases responsible for

hampering the production of lentil. 

1. Wilt:

The disease appears in the field in patches at both seedling and adult stages. Seedling wilt is

characterized by sudden drooping, followed by drying of leaves and seedling death.

2. rust:

Rust pustules can be seen on leaf blade, petiole & stem. Rust starts with the formation of

yellowish-white pycnidia and aecial cups on the lower surface of leaflets and on pods, singly

or in small groups in a circular form.

3. Botrytis grey mold:

All aboveground plant parts of lentil can be affected by botrytis grey mould. The disease first

appears on the lower foliage as discrete lesions on leaves which are initially dark green, but

turn grayish-brown, then cream as they age, that enlarge and coalesce to infect whole leaflets.

XI. Discuss the Botany of Lentil Crop

Kingdom Plantae

Unranked Angiosperm

Unranked Eudicots

Unranked Rosids

Order Fabales

Family Fabaceae

Sub-family Faboideae

Tribe Fabeae

Genus Lens
 species L.culinaris

XII. Classification of crop based on the origin

On the basis of origin of crop, crops are classified into:

Native crops

 They are grown in their geographical limit of their origin.

 For example rice, barley , black gram, mustard , cotton are grown in india are native

to india.

Exotic crops

 They are introduced from other countries.

 For example, potato, tobacco , maize, etc.

Q. No.2. How Epigeal germination differed from Hypogeal germination? Also draw their
figures. (1)

The main difference between epigeal and hypogeal germination is that in epigeal

germination, the cotyledons emerge out of the soil during germination whereas, in

hypogeal germination, the cotyledons remain inside the soil. This means the hypocotyl

shows a greater elongation in epigeal germination while the hypocotyl is short in hypogeal

germination. 

Hypogeal germination Epigeal germination

Germination takes place below the ground Germination takes place above the ground
Hypocotyl is short. Hypocotyl is long.
Epicotyl is long. Epicotyl is short.
Energy comes from endosperm. Energy comes from cotyledon.
Occurs in coconut, pea, maize. Occurs in beans , castor.

Q. No. 3. How Two row barley differed from Six row barley? (1)

There are two basic types of barley, which are classified based on the number of rows of grain seen
when the heads of the stalks are viewed from above. They are:

 Two-row barley
 Six-row barley

Two row barley Six row barley
 arranged in two rows, on opposite sides  arranged in six rows around the stalk
of the stalk
 larger in kernel size  smaller in kernel size than two-row
barley
 lower in protein content  higher in protein content
 lower in husk content  higher in husk content
 Ithas a fuller, maltier flavor.  produces a grainier flavor in the final
beer
 It is thicker and contains more  it is thinner than two row malt and
carbohydrates. contains less carbohydrate

Q. No. 4. Complete the Table given with respect to the Production worldwide. (1)
Crops Country

Values in metric tonnes

Wheat China: 135,000,000

India: 103,000,000
Russia: 77,000,000
United States: 50,784,000
Canada: 34,000,000

Barley Russia 17,992,517

Germany 10,730,500
France 10,306,008
Canada 8,704,300

Lentil Canada 2,092,136

Us 381,380
Nepal 249,491
Australia 255,185
World 6,333,352

Q. No. 5. Write three names of Recommended Varieties of the each crop given in the

following table (1)

Crops Varieties

Wheat  Akbar-19
 Anaj-17
 Ujala-16
 Faisalabad-08
 Barani-17
 Fatehjang-16
 Fakhar-e-Bhakkar
 FatehJang-16
 Gold-16 and NARC-11 
Barley  DWRB 123
 PL 419
 PL 807
 BH 75
 BH 393
Chickpea  Venhar
 Dashat
 Parbat
 Thal-2006
  CM-2008
 Punjab Noor-2009
Lentil  Masoor-93
 Masoo-06
 Markaz-09

 NCM-209

 NCM-257-2

Q. No. 6. Write three names of Recommended Varieties of the each crop given in the

following table (1)

Crop Seed Rate Row to Row Fertilizer Requirement (Kg/Acre)

(Kg/Acre) distance (cm)
N P K

Barley 30 -35 kg / 22.5cm 25 12 6

acre

Chickpea 15-18 kg / acre 40 cm 13 50 for desi As per soil

for desi variety test
And 100 for kabuli
For kabuli 37
kg/acre

Lentil 12-15 kg /acre 20cm 5 8 -

Wheat 45kg/acre 20-22.5cm 50 25 12

Q.No. 7. Explain the following terms (1)

a). Fertile Crescent

 Fertile Crescent, the region where the first settled agricultural communities of the Middle

East and Mediterranean basin are thought to have originated by the early 9th millennium BCE.

The term was popularized by the American Orientalist James Henry Breasted.

 The Fertile Crescent includes a roughly crescent-shaped area of relatively fertile land which

probably had a more moderate, agriculturally productive climate in the past than today, especially

in Mesopotamia and the Nile valley. Situated between the Arabian Desert to the south and the

mountains of the Armenian Highland to the north, it extends

from Babylonia and adjacent Elam (the southwestern province of Persia, also called Susiana) up

the Tigris and Euphrates rivers to Assyria. From the Zagros Mountains east of Assyria it

continues westward over Syria to the Mediterranean and extends southward to southern Palestine.

The Nile valley of Egypt is often included as a further extension, especially since the short

interruption in Sinai is no greater than similar desert breaks that disturb its continuity in

Mesopotamia and Syria.

 Throughout the region, irrigation is necessary for the best agricultural results and, indeed, is often

essential to any farming at all. Radiocarbon dating has shown that incipient agriculture and village

agglomerations in the Fertile Crescent there must be dated back to about 8000 BCE, if not earlier,

and that the use of irrigation followed rapidly. The ancient countries of the Fertile Crescent, such

as Sumer, Babylonia, Assyria, Egypt, and Phoenicia, are regarded as some of the world’s earliest

complex societies.

b). Enlist the classification of crop based on the agronomic uses

The major agronomic crop plants are grouped according to the way they are used. For example:

 Cereal crops

A cereal is defined as a grass grown for its edible seed. Cereals are also known as grain crops. The
major cereal crops are wheat, maize, rice, barley, oat, rye, triticale, sorghum, and millet.

 Forage crops

Those crops which are grazed by animals or harvested for green chop, hay, silage, or soiling are
classified as forage crops. More technically, forages have been defined as plant material with a dry-
matter fiber content over 25%. When maize, sorghum, or other coarse grasses are harvested as whole
plants and cured for animal feed; they are termed fodder. Most of the forage crops belong either to the
grass family Gramineae or the Leguminoseae, e.g, grasses and clovers, respectively.

 Fiber crops

These are crops which are grown for their fiber and are used in making textiles, ropes, and rugs.
Important fiber crops are cotton, jute, flax, sunkukra, sunhemp, kenati and sisal.

 Sugar crops
Sugar crops include sugarcane, sugar beet, and sweet sorghum.

 Oilseed crops

These are crops which are grown for the purpose of extracting oil from their seed. The main oilseed
crops are rape and mustard, groundnut or peanut, sunflower, safflower. Soybean, sesame, castor bean,
linseed, and flax.

 Pulses or grain legumes

These crops belong to the family Leguminoseae and are grown for their edible seed. Chickpea or
gram, pea, pigeonpea, Cowpea or lobia, mung bean, mash bean, faba bean, field bean, lima bean,

and lentil are major leguminous crops.

 Root and tuber crops

These are vegetable crops grown for under ground parts like roots, bulbs, rhizomes, corms, and stem
tubers, e.g. Carrot, radish, turnip, onion, garlic, calocasia, and potato.

 Narcotic or drug crops

This category includes those crops which have some narcotic or drug value, e.g. poppy. Tobacco, tea,
coffee, and pepper mint. These are also known as medicinal crops.