DEFINING SPORT TOURISM(ST)

 What is sport tourism (ST)?

 The relationship between sport and tourism

 Models of sport tourism

 Intensity of involvement in sport tourism

 Learning Outcomes

At the end of this lecture, students should be able to:

1. Define sport, tourism and sport tourism.

2. Discuss the relationship between sport and

tourism.

3. Explain the forms and types of sport tourism.

4. Explain the models of sport tourism.

 Here are the QUESTIONS

What is sport??

What is recreation?

What is tourism ????

What is sport tourism?

What is tourism sport?

1. “all forms of physical activity which, through informal
or organized participation, aim at expressing or
improving physical fitness and mental well-being,
forming social relationships or obtaining results in
competition at all levels” (The council of European ,
2001)

2. “institutionalized competitive activities that involved

rigorous physical exertion or the use of relatively complex
physical skills by individuals whose participation is
motivated by a combination of personal enjoyment and
external rewards” (Coakley et al., 2009)
 SPORT Is Defined by
Some Scholars As Activities That Are

 Physical
 Competitive
 Motivated by a combination of internal &
external rewards
 Institutionalized (conditional)
 Institutionalization
Occurs When

 Rules become standardized

 Official agencies enforce rules

 Organizational & technical aspects of the activity

become important

 Learning game skills becomes formalized

 What is RECREATION??

 Activities that do not follow formalized rules and

that are noncompetitive are usually described in
North America as recreation (Coakley, 1990).

 It means spending time to refresh and revitalize the

body and mind by indulging in activities which have
no monetary benefits (Roday, Biwal & Joshi, 2009).
 What is tourism ????

 The activities of persons travelling to and staying in

places outside their usual environment for not more
than one consecutive year for leisure, business and
other purposes

 Tourism also includes all activities undertaken

during the stay. It includes day visits and
excursions.
 What is SPORT TOURISM?

 Sport tourism is defined as sport-based travel

away from the home environment for a limited
time. (Hich & Higham, 2004)
 Leisure-based travel that takes individuals
temporarily outside of their home communities to
participate in physical activities (active ST), to
watch physical activities (passive or event ST), or
to venerate attractions associated with physical
activity(nostalgia ST) (Gibson, 1998).
 Active Sport Tourism

 Individuals who travel to participate in sporting

events comprise the active sport tourism
Passive Sport Tourism (Sport Event tourism)

 Individuals who travel to watch sporting events

includes hallmark events such as the NBA, the
Olympic Games and the FIFA World Cup
 Nostalgia Sport Tourism

 Nostalgia sport tourism includes traveling to famous

sport-related attractions.
 What is TOURISM SPORT?

“Persons travelling to and / or staying in places outside

their usual environment and participating in, actively
or passively, a competitive or recreational sport as a
secondary activity” (Gammon & Robinson, 1997)
 Sport-Tourism Relationships

 Sport has been defined in many ways. It typically refers to physically

orientated activity guided by an organized body that represents the
sport.

 The goals of the sport are usually to beat an opponent, compete against
a standard of performance, or achieve a predetermined goal.

 A broader definition of sport is required upon addressing sport

tourism.

 According to this definition, sport is any activity, experience, or

production for which the primary focus is athletics or physical
recreation. For example, an enthusiastic fisher may enter a contest to
catch the biggest fish under rules of time and specific area to fish.
 Cont’d

 According to the first definition, people engaged in a sport by virtue of

the rules and the competition.

 While, the second version of sport, people are no less involved in sport
if they decide to drive 100 miles to engage in fishing for the enjoyment
of catching fish.

 Thus, the links between sport and tourism have generated tremendous
interest among the ranks of academics, sports practitioners,
administrators, spectators, tourism entrepreneurs and travelers.
 Intersection of sport and tourism

The confluence of sport and tourism (Hinch & Higham, 2004)

 Confluence of sport and tourism

 A significant convergence of interests in tourism and

sport (Diagram).

 Sport is an important activity within tourism, and

tourism and travel are fundamentally associated with
many types of sport.

 The specific confluence of the two concepts varies

according to the perspective of stakeholders and
their particular interests in sport tourism.
 Models of Sport Tourism

Several sport tourism models have been used to explain the

phenomenon/occurence.

 The understanding of phenomenon from different perspectives:

1. The sports tourism phenomenon model (Kurtzman & Zauhar,

1997).
2. The sports tourism definition model (Gammon & Robinson, 1997).
3. The sport-event tourism model of supply and demand (Getz,
1998).
4. Intensity of involvement in sport tourism model.
1. The sports tourism phenomenon model
(Kurtzman & Zauhar, 1997)

 Focus sports – the hub of this model – ST being sporting

activities (competitive or recreational, participation, official
or spectator).
 Tourism concepts that involved ST – cruises, tours, resorts,
other attractions, and events.
 Types of environment where ST can occur:
i. Human-made setting – stadium, museum, cruise boats, etc.
ii. Social setting – bars, restaurants, cities, etc.
iii. Economic setting – trade shows and conventions, etc.
iv. Natural setting – mountain, lakes, beaches, river, in the air.
v. Cultural setting – long-house, temple, culture village, etc.
 The sports tourism phenomenon model

 Other types of tourism where ST can occur:

 ecotourism, wilderness tourism, marine tourism, adventure
tourism, heritage tourism, etc.
 The motivations of sport tourists depending on
needs, wants, and desire :
- Informal sports – to participate or spectate for recreational
purposes
- Formalized sports – to participate or spectate at organized
sporting events
- Competitive sports – to participate or spectate at competitions.
- Self-actualization – to participate or spectate for intrinsic
benefits
 The sport tourism model of Gammon and Robinson
(1997) classify various types of sport tourism
activities.
 The classification system describes sport tourists by
i. Motivation to engage in sports
 primary  Sports Tourism
 Secondary  Tourism Sports
ii. The activities they undertake while travelling
 Sporting events  Hard
 Recreational activities  Soft
2. The sport tourism definition model
(Gammon & Robinson, 1997)

 Hard Sport Tourism

 these sports tourists travel outside their usual environment for
the primary purpose of active (participation/organizer/official)
or passive (supporters/spectator) engagement in a competitive
sport. Sport is the prime reason for travel (e.g. Olympic
Games,Wimbledon, New York Marathon).

 Soft Sport Tourism

 these sport tourists travel outside their usual environment for
the primary purpose of active (participation/organizer/official)
engagement in a recreational sport. Active recreational
participation in sporting/leisure interest (e.g.skiing, walking,
hiking, kayaking).
2. The sport tourism definition model
(Gammon & Robinson, 1997)

 Hard Tourism Sport

 these tourists travel outside their usual environment for the primary
purpose of engaging in activities other than sports, but they will
actively or passively engage in sports as a secondary activity.
Competitive or non-competitive sport as an important secondary
motivation that enriches the travel experience (e.g. sport cruises,
health and fitness clubs).

 Soft Tourism Sport

 these tourists travel outside their usual environment for the primary
purpose of engaging in activities other than sports, but they may
actively or passively engage in sports on an incidental basis.
Competitive or non-competitive sport or leisure as a purely
incidental element of the holiday experience (e.g. Mini golf, indoor
bowling)
 Sports Tourism
Tourism Sports

hard soft hard soft

Visitors who
Tourists who
engage in some
Passive or Primarily as a secondary
minor form of
active active reinforcement
sport or
participation at recreational passively or
leisure: their
a sporting participation in actively
participation is
event sport participate in
purely
sport
incidental
 Forms & Types of Sport Tourism

 Sport Tourist
 temporary visitor staying at least 24 hours in the event area
and whose primary purpose is to participate in a sport event
with the area being a secondary attraction (Nogawa,
Yamaguchi & Hagi, 1996).
 people who actively or passively participate in competitive or
recreation sport, while travelling to and / or staying in places
outside their usual environment (sport as the primary
motivation of travel) (Gammon & Robinson, 1997).
 people who visit a destination for the primary purpose of
participating in or viewing sport (Turco, Riley & Swart,
2002).
 Forms & Types of Sport Tourism

According to Standeven and DeKnop (1999), types of ST may

be categorized based on types of participation of sport
tourists. (refer figure 1)

 Sport tourists may be ‘active’ or ‘passive’.

 Active sport tourists

 may engage in sport activity holiday
 sport is a main intention of the trip, or in holiday sport activities, where
sport is incidental.

 Passive sport tourists can also be group according to how important

sport is to the purpose of their trip.
 Non- Passive
holiday sport
business
Active
sport Casual
observer
• Events
Passive Connoisseur • Sports museums
Relevant
Tourism
to sport
sport
Organized
Holiday
Holiday sport
Independent
activity
• Camps
Multiple • Clubs
Figure 1: Types Active sport • Cure
of sport tourism sport activity • Hotels
(Standeven & holiday • Adventure
Sport sports
DeKnop, 1999)
activity
• Sport
holiday Single sport • Adventure
activity sports
holiday • Sporting tours
• Sport festivals