Chapter 3: Partial differentiation and Euler’s theorem

dy
To differentiate a function of single variable like y = f(x) we use ordinary derivative that is
dx
or f ( x ) but in case of the functions of two or several variables like z = f(x,y) or u = f(x,y,z) or
u = u(x,y,z,…) we use partial derivative with respect to x, partial derivative with respect to y or
partial derivative with respect to z etc. Partial derivatives with respect to x are denoted by
z f u z
, , fx , or Dxu etc. Partial derivatives with respect to y are denoted by , Dy z , f y
x x x y
u u
or etc. and or f z is the partial derivative of u or f with respect to z.
y z

[Note: Never use the wrong symbol (delta) instead of (del) to denote partial derivatives.
Doing so will cause the reduction of marks in the examination.]

3.1 Definitions of a partial derivatives

The increments or very small changes in x are denoted by x, h or x where x = h = x and
increments of y are denoted by y, k or y where y = k = y.
z = f(x, y) then partial derivative of z with respect to x is defined as

z lim f ( x x, y ) f ( x, y )
x x 0 x
lim f ( x h, y ) f ( x, y )
h 0 h
provided that the above limit exists. Partial derivative of z with respect to y is defined as
z lim f ( x, y y) f ( x, y )
y y 0 y
lim f ( x, y k ) f ( x, y )
k 0 k

z
[Note: when we calculate we consider the other independent variable y as a constant and in
x
z
the case of calculating the other independent variable x is considered as a constant.]
y

1
- by Dr. Alim
 Partial differentiation and Euler’s theorem

3.2 Notations
2
u u u
1. If we differentiate again with respect to x, then we get f xx ( x, y ) .
x x x x2
Which may simply be written as u xx or f xx .

u
2. Similarly, if we differentiate again with respect to y, then we get
y
2
u u
f yy ( x, y ) or simply u yy or f yy .
y y y2

2
u u u
3. If we differentiate again with respect to y, then we get f yx ( x, y )
x y x y x
which is written as u yx or f yx for brevity.

To get the partial derivative of the higher order like uyzx , differentiate the function u(x,y,z) with

respect to x first then w. r. to z and finally w. r. to y .

3.3 Examples
Ex 1. If u = 4xyz + x3 - z3 + 5z2y

u u u
Then 4 yz 3x 2 , 4 xz 5 z 2 , 4 xy 3 z 2 10 zy
x y z

2
u
u xx 6 x , u yx 4z and u yy 0 , u yz or 4 x 10 z etc.
y z

2 2
u u
Ex 2. Verify that where
x y y x

xy y
(i) u = log(ysinx + xsiny), (ii) u 2 2
, (iii) u ax2 2hxy by 2 , (iv) u log tan x
x y

Ex 3. If u x2 y2 z 2 , prove that uxx u yy uzz 2

u

u 1 2
Hints: (x y2 z2 ) 1/ 2
2x x( x 2 y2 z2 ) 1/ 2
x 2
 Partial differentiation and Euler’s theorem

2
u 1 2
2
x (x y2 z2 ) 3/ 2
2x ( x2 y2 z2 ) 1/ 2
x 2
( x2 y2 z2 ) 3/ 2
x2 ( x2 y2 z2 )

( x2 y2 z2 ) 3/ 2
( y2 z2 )

… and so on.

1
Ex 4. If v , prove that vxx vyy vzz 0
2 2 2
x y z

Ex 5. In polar coordinates x r cos and y r sin , that is x x(r , ) and y y (r , )

( x, y ) xr x
then xr y yr x is known as the Jacobian of x,y with respect to r, .
(r , ) yr y

Q1. Show that in the polar coordinates where x r cos and y r sin , the Jacobian
( x, y )
r
(r , )

Q2. In the spherical coordinates where x r sin cos , y r sin sin and z r cos ,
( x, y, z )
show that the Jacobian r 2 sin
(r , , )

2 2
u u
Ex 6. If u = f(r), where r 2 x2 y2 , then show that 2 2
f (r ) 1
r
f (r )
x y

Solution: r 2 x2 y2 , differentiate both sides with respect to x

r r x r y
2r 2 x or similarly,
x x r y r

u r x
Now, f (r ) f (r )
x x r
2
u f (r ) x r[ f (r ).1 xf (r )( r / x) xf (r )( r / x)
x2 x r r2
 Partial differentiation and Euler’s theorem

2
u r[ f (r ).1 xf (r )( x / r ) xf (r )( x / r )
or, 2
x r2
2
u 1 2 x2
or, rf x f f
x2 r2 r

2
u 1 y2
similarly, rf y2 f f ,
y2 r2 r

2 2
u u 1 ( x2 y2 )
2rf x2 y2 f f
x2 y2 r2 r
1 r2
Adding, 2rf r2 f f
r2 r
1 1
f f f (r ) f (r )
r r

u u u
Ex 7. If u x3 y3 z3 then show x y z 3u
x y z

u u u
Ex 8. If u 4x2 y 6xyz 3 yz 2 , then show x y z 3u
x y z

In the above examples (Ex 7 and 8) both the functions are homogeneous functions of degree 3.

3.4 Homogeneous Functions

Ex 9. If u( x, y, z) x4 y4 z 4 is a homogeneous function of degree 4. Then we get

4 4 4
u (tx, ty , tz ) tx ty tz t 4 x4 y4 z4 t 4u ( x, y , z )

Ex 10. Show that u( x, y, z) 4x2 y 6xyz 3 yz 2 is a homogeneous function of degree 3.

Solution:

u (tx, ty, tz ) 4(tx) 2 (ty ) 6(tx)(ty )(tz ) 3(ty (tz ) 2 t 3 4 x 2 y 6 xyz 3 yz 2 t 3u ( x, y, z )

If u is a function of two variables only then we can use the 2nd method as well
 Partial differentiation and Euler’s theorem

Method2

y 2 y 3 y
u( x, y) 4 x 2 y 6 xy 2 4 y3 x3 4 xy 6 x
4 x
x3 F y
x
x3 F v where v
x
and F(v) is a function of one variable v .

3.5 Euler’s Theorem on Homogeneous Functions

u u
Statement: If u(x,y) be a homogeneous function in x and y of degree n, then x y nu .
x y

In general if u = u (x1, x2, x3, … , xn) is a homogeneous function in x1, x2, x3, … , xn of degree n,
u u u u
then x1 x2 x3  xn nu
x1 x2 x3 xn

Q. State and proof Euler’s Theorem on Homogeneous Functions.

Proof: As u(x,y) is a homogeneous function in x and y of degree n, so we can write u as

y
xn F .
x

y
Let u( x, y) xn F (v) where v then
x

u v y y
x n F (v) nx n 1F (v) x n F (v) nx n 1F (v) ,  v
x x x2 x

u ….…….. (i)
x yx n 1F (v) nx n F (v)
x

u v
Again xn F (v) x n F (v) x n F (v) 1x
y y y

u ……….. (ii)
or y yxn 1F (v)
y

Adding (i) and (ii), we get

u u
x y nxn F (v)
x y
 Partial differentiation and Euler’s theorem

u u
or x y nu
x y

In general if u = u (x1, x2, x3, … , xn) is a homogeneous function in x1, x2, x3, … , xn of degree n,
u u u u
then x1 x2 x3  xn nu (proved)
x1 x2 x3 xn

Ex 11. Verify Euler’s theorem for the function u( x, y) ax2 2hxy by 2

Solution: Here u( x, y) ax2 2hxy by 2 is a homogeneous function of degree 2. Therefore

u u
we have to prove that x y 2u
x y

u u
Now 2ax 2hy , 2hx 2by
x y

u u
x y x(2ax 2hy) y(2hx 2by) 2(ax 2 2hxy by 2 ) 2u
x y

which verifies Euler’s theorem in this case.

u u u
Ex 12. If u x3 y3 z3 4xyz ; then show that x y z 3u
x y z

Solution: Here u is a homogeneous function in the variable x, y and z of degree 3. So by Euler’s

u u u
theorem we have, x y z 3u (proved)
x y z

x5 / 2 y5 / 2 u u
Ex 13. If u ; then evaluate x y
x y x y

Solution: Here u is a homogeneous function in the variable x and y of degree 52 1 23 . So by

u u 3u
Euler’s theorem we must have, x y Hence proved.
x y 2

1 x3 y3 u u
Ex 14. If u tan ; then show that x y sin 2u
x y x y

and evaluate x 2uxx 2 xyuxy y 2u yy

 Partial differentiation and Euler’s theorem

1 x3 y3 x3 y3
Solution: Here u tan or tan u v (say).
x y x y

y3 x3
Then v is a homogeneous function in x and y of degree 3 1 2 . So by Euler’s
y x
v v
theorem for v we have, x y 2v
x y
or, x (tan u) y (tan u) 2 tan u , [ v tan u ]
x y
u u
or, x sec2 u y sec2 u 2 tan u
x y
u u 2 tan u
x y 2sin u cos u
x y sec2 u
u u ….…….. (i)
or, x y sin 2u
x y
Differentiating (i) partially with respect to x, we get
2 2
u u u u
x y 2cos 2u
x2 x x y x
2 2
u u u ….…….. (ii)
or, x y (2cos 2u 1)
x2 x y x
Differentiating (i) partially with respect to y, we get
2 2
u u u u
x y 2cos 2u
y x y y2 y
2 2
u u u ….…….. (iii)
or, x y (2cos 2u 1)
y x y2 y
Multiplying (ii) by x and (iii) by y and adding, we get
2 2 2
2 u u 2 u u u
x 2 xy y (2cos 2u 1) (2cos 2u 1)sin 2u
x2 x y y2 x y

x2uxx 2xyuxy y 2u yy (2cos2u 1)sin 2u (Ans)

 Partial differentiation and Euler’s theorem

3.6 Total differential Coefficient

If u = u(x,y) where x = x(t) and y = y(t), then is a function of t alone and the derivative of u is with
du u dx u dy
respect. to t is is the total differential coefficient or total derivative of u and
dt x dt y dt

u u
du dx dy is known as the total differential of u. or simply differential of u.
x y

If u = u(x,y,z) and x = x(t), y = y(t) and z = z(t), then

du u dx u dy u dz
ux x uy y uz z
dt x dt y dt z dt

f
dy x fx
If f(x,y) = c then y is an implicit function of x and f
dx fy
y

f f dy fx
Since df dx dy 0 i.e. f x dx f y dy 0 or
x y dx fy

dy
Ex15. If 12x3 + 3y2 = 2xy find .
dx

Solution. Let f(x,y) = 12x3 + 3y2 - 2xy = 0

Then fx = 36x2- 2y and fy = 6y- 2x

dy fx 36 x 2 2 y 18 x 2 y
So, (Ans)
dx fy 6 y 2x x 3y

3.6.1 Application of total differential in Integration

Ex16. Differential of sinx is d(sinx) = cosxdx

cos xdx d (sin x) sin x

sin 3 x
Ex17. sin 2 x cos xdx sin 2 xd (sin x) c
3
 Partial differentiation and Euler’s theorem

u u u
Ex18. If u xyz then du dx dy dz ( yz)dx ( xz)dy ( xy)dz
x y z

So, yzdx xzdy xydz d ( xyz) xyz c

3.7 Problems on Partial differentiation

1 x2 y2 u u 1
1. If u tan ; then show that x y sin 2u
x y x y 2

1 x2 y2 u u 1
2. If u tan ; then show that x y sin 2u
x y x y 2

3. If u(x,y) is a homogeneous function in x and y of degree n, then show that

x2uxx 2 xyuxy y 2u yy n(n 1)u .
u u
[Hints: If u(x,y) is a homogeneous function in x and y of degree n, then x y nu ;
x y

Differentiate the above partially with respect to x, and then with respect to y to get

xuxx yuxy (n 1)ux and xu yx yu yy (n 1)u y then multiply these with x and y
respectively and add to get x 2uxx 2 xyuxy y 2u yy (n 1)( xux yu y ) (n 1)nu ]

2 2
u u
4. Transform the equation 0 into polar form and show that
x2 y2
u ( Ar n Br n )sin n satisfies the polar form of the above equation.

5. If u = u(x,y) and x r cos , y r sin then show that

2 2 2 2
u u u 1 u 1 u
.
x2 y2 r 2
r r r2 2

Solution:
(for Q5. or first part of Q4.)

In polar coordinates x r cos , y r sin

y
r2 x2 y 2 and tan 1
x

Differentiating we get,
 Partial differentiation and Euler’s theorem

r r x r cos
2r 2 x or cos
x x r r
r r y r sin
or cos similarly, sin
x y r r

1 y y r sin sin
Also, =- or
x 1 ( y / x) 2 x2 x2 y 2
r2 x r

1 1 x r cos cos
and x = or
y 1 ( y / x) 2 x2 y 2
r2 y r

u u r u u u sin
Now we know, (cos )
x r x x r r

u u sin u ….…….. (i)

cos
x r r
sin
Now (u ) cos (u ) (u )
x r r
2
u u u sin u
cos
x2 x x r x r x
2
u u sin u sin u sin u
or cos cos cos
x2 r r r r r r

substituting from (i) the polar equivalent of u/ x

2 2
u 1 u sin u u 1 u
cos cos sin sin cos sin
r2 r r r r r r

2
u 1 2u 1 u
cos cos 2
sin
r r r r2
2 2
sin u u 1 u u
sin cos sin 2
cos
r r r r

2 2 2
u u 2sin cos u sin 2 2
u sin 2 u 2sin cos u …..
or cos2 (ii)
x2 r2 r r r2 2
r r r2
similarly,
 Partial differentiation and Euler’s theorem

2 2 2
u 2 u 2sin cos u cos 2 2
u cos 2 u 2sin cos u …..
sin (iii)
y2 r 2
r r r2 2
r r r2
2 2 2 2
u u u 1 u 1 u
Adding (ii) and (iii) we get,
x2 y2 r2 r r r2 2

2 2
u 1 u 1 u
Hence the required transformed equation is 0
r2 r r r2 2

x, y z u u u
6. If u u (r , s, t ) and r y s z, t x ; then show that x y z 0
x y z

u u r u s u t 1 u z u
[ Hints:
x r x s x t x y r x2 t

u x u z u ….…….. (i)
or , x
x y r x t

and so on.]

7. If z = z(u,v) and u e x cos y, v e x sin y , then show that

2 2 2 2
z z 2 2 z z
2 2
(u v ) 2 2
.
x y u v
Chapter 4: Tangent and Normal in the case of Cartesian and
polar co-ordinates

Normal Curve
y = f(x)

Tangent
P(x,y)

Figure 4.1: Tangent and Normal to the curve y = f(x) at the point P(x,y)

4.1 Definition
Let P and Q be two neighbouring points on a curve. As Q tends to P (i.e. Q approaches P) along
the curve, the straight line joining P and Q tends to a definite straight line PT, called the tangent
to the curve at P.

Curve

Q(x+h, y +k)

P(x,y)
T

Figure 4.2: Tangent at P as the limit of chord PQ

4.2 Equation of Tangent and Normal

Equation of tangent at the point P(x1,y1) of the curve y = f(x)
y y1 m( x x1 ) , where m is the slope of the tangent at P(x1,y1) of the curve y = f(x)

dy
m at P(x1,y1) or m f ( x) at P(x1,y1) or m f ( x1 ) .
dx
1 1
If the slope of normal at P(x1,y1) is m then mm 1 or m dy
m dx

So, equation of normal at the point P(x1,y1) to the curve y = f(x) is y y1 m ( x x1 )

12
- by Dr. Alim
 Tangent and Normal

Example 1

If f(x) = x2 + x – 6, find the equation of the tangent and normal to the curve of f(x) at the point x
= 1. Sketch the graph of the curve, tangent and normal at the given point x = 1.
Solution: Given, f(x) = x2 + x – 6 or f ( x) 2x 1
At the point x = 1
f ( x) f (1) 2(1) 1 3
slope of the tangent m f (1) 3
y = f(1) = 12 + 1 – 6 = – 4 the point is P(1, – 4)
Equation of tangent at P is y y1 m( x x1 ) or y 4 3( x 1) or y 3x 7 (Ans)
Slope of the tangent m f (1) 3
1 1
Slope of the normal at P is m
m 3
1
Equation of normal at P is y y1 m ( x x1 ) or y 4 ( x 1) or x 3 y 11 0 (Ans)
3

4.3 Tangent and Normal for implicit function

dy fx
For implicit function like f(x,y) = 0, m . Then
dx fy

fx
Equation of tangent is: y y1 m( x x1 ) or y y1 ( x x1 ) or f x ( x x1 ) fy (y y1 ) 0
fy
1 fy
and, m Therefore equation of normal is
m fx
fy ( x x1 ) y y1
y y1 m ( x x1 ) or y y1 ( x x1 ) or
fx fx fy

Tangent and normal in 3D

In case of function like f(x,y,z)=0 , which is a surface in three dimensional space, for example
x2 y2 z2 1 is the equation of sphere of radius 1 centered at the origin (0,0,0).
Tangent plane is: f x ( x x1 ) fy (y y1 ) f z ( z z1 ) 0 and
( x x1 ) y y1 z z1
Normal line is :
fx fy fz
Tangent at any point (x,y)
Equation of tangent at any point (x,y) of the curve y = f(x) is
dy
Y y m( X x) or Y y (X x)
dx
 Tangent and Normal

or f x ( X x) f y (Y y) 0

(The original variables (x,y) are replaced by (X,Y) in the equation of tangent )
Example 2
x2 y2
Find the equation of tangent to the ellipse 2 1 at the point (x1,y1) and at any point (x,y).
a b2
x2 y2 x2 y2
Solution: Given, 1 , Let f 1
a2 b2 a2 b2
2x 2y
or f x and f y
a2 b2
At the point (x1, y1)
2 x1 2 y1
fx and f y
a2 b2
Equation of tangent is f x ( x x1 ) fy (y y1 ) 0

2 x1 2 y1
or 2
( x x1 ) ( y y1 ) 0
a b2
xx1 yy1 x12 y12
or
a2 b2 a2 b2
x2 y2 x12 y12
The point (x1,y1) lies on the given curve 1 so, 1
a2 b2 a2 b2
xx1 yy1
the equation of tangent becomes 1 (Ans)
a2 b2
At the point (x,y)
Equation of tangent is f x ( X x) f y (Y y) 0

2x 2y
or (X x) (Y y) 0
a2 b2
Xx Yy x2 y2
or
a2 b2 a2 b2
Xx Yy
or 1 (Ans)
a2 b2
Example 3
2/3 2/3
x2 / 3 y2/3 x y
Find the equation of tangent to the curve 2 / 3 1 or 1 at the point
a b2 / 3 a b
(x1,y1) and at any point (x,y).
 Tangent and Normal

Example 4
xm ym
Find the equation of tangent to the curve 1 at the point (x1,y1) and at any point (x,y).
am bm
xm ym …………….. (i)
Solution: The given curve is, m 1
a bm
xm ym
Let f 1
am bm
mx m 1
my m 1
fx and f y
am bm
At the point (x,y)
Equation of tangent is f x ( X x) f y (Y y) 0

mx m 1 my m 1
or (X x) (Y y) 0
am bm
Xx m 1
Yy m 1 xm ym
or
am bm am bm
xm ym
From (i) we know m 1
a bm
xm 1 X y m 1Y
The required equation is 1 (Ans)
am bm
m 1 m 1
X x Y y
or, 1
a a b b

Example 5
2
Find the equation of tangent at the origin to the curve x y2 ax by 0.
Ans. ax by 0.
Tangent and normal for parametric equation x = x(t), y = y(t)

dy dy dx y (t )
If x = x(t) and y = y(t) then m
dx dt dt x (t )
The equation of tangent to the curve represented x = x(t) and y = y(t) at (x,y) or at the point t is
Y y m( X x) or Y y(t ) m( X x(t ))
Example 6
Find the equation of tangent and normal to the curve at the origin to the curve
x e t cos t , y et sin t at the point t = . [ Ans. y e2 ( x e ) ]
 Tangent and Normal

4.3 Angle of intersection of two Curves

The angle between the intersection of two curves is determined by the angle between the
tangents drawn to each curve at the point of their intersection.

If is the angle of intersection of curve1 and curve2 then

Curve1
Tangent 1

Tangent 2
Curve2

If slope of tangent 1 is m1 and slope of tangent 2 is m2 then angle between them can be
calculated from
m1  m2 dy dy
tan , m1 for curve1 and m2 for curve2 at the point of intersection.
1 m1m2 dx dx

If the angle between the tangents is 900 the curves are said to intersect orthogonally.

Example 7
Find the angle of intersection of the curves 2 y 2 x 3 and y 2 32 x .
Solution:
Point of intersection
We have 2 y 2 x 3 and y 2 32 x

2(32 x) x3
or , x( x 2 64) 0
x 0, 8
So, points of intersections are (0,0), (8,16) and (8,-16) [For x = -8, y is imaginary]

Let f ( x, y ) 2 y2 x 3 and ( x, y ) y 2 32 x

2 fx 3x 2
Then, f x 3x , f y 4 y, m1
fy 4y
 Tangent and Normal

x 32 16
And, x 32, y 2 y, m2
y 2y y
At the point (0,0): m1 and m2 does not exit.

At the point (8,16)

3(8)2 16
m1 3, m2 1
4(16) 16
m1 m2 3 1 1
tan
1 m1m2 1 3 2
tan 1 1 (Ans)
2

At the point (8,-16)

3(8)2 16
m1 3, m2 1
4( 16) 16
m1 m2 3 1 1
tan
1 m1m2 1 3 2
tan 1 1 (Ans)
2
Example 8
Show that the curves x3 3xy 2 2 0 and 3 x 2 y y3 2 cut orthononally.

Hints. Show that tan , 2

4.4 Sub-tangent, sub-normal length of tangent and normal

Let y = f(x) be the curve and P(x,y) be any point on the curve. Let the tangent PT and normal PN
meet the x-axis respectively at T and N. PM perpendicular to the x-axis.

Subtangent TM = the projection of the tangent PT on x-axis.

Subnormal MN = the projection of the normal PN on x-axis.

O T M N X
 Tangent and Normal

dy
Here, tan y1 and as the point P is P(x,y), MP = y.
dx
dy y
Length of subtangent : TM = MP cot = y/ tan = y/
dx y1
dy
Length of subnormal : MN = PM tan = y yy1
dx

Length of Tangent PT:

2 2
2 2 2 y 2 y
PT = TM + MP = y 1 y12
y1 y1
y
Length of tangent PT = 1 y12
y1
Length of Normal PN:
2
PN2 = PM2 + MN2 = y 2 yy1

Length of tangent PN = y 1 y12

Example 9
Show that in the curve by 2 ( x a )3 the square of subtangent varies as the subnormal.

Solution: The given curve is by 2 ( x a )3

1
y2 ( x a )3
b
Differentiating w.r. to x we get,
3( x a) 2
2 yy1
b
3( x a) 2
or, y1
2 yb
y
Now, subtangent, ST and subnormal, SN yy1
y1
2 2 2
(ST) 2
y
y1 y y (2 yb)3 8b by 2 8b by
2
8b
So, 3 2 2
Constant
SN yy1 y13 3( x a) 2 27 ( x a)3 27 by 2 27

(ST) 2 SN
That is, square of subtangent varies as the subnormal (proved)
 Tangent and Normal

Polar Sub-tangent and sub-normal

Polar curve
Tangent
N PT = Tangent, PN = Normal
P OT is polar subtangent and
r ON is polar subnormal
O X

Let r = r( ) be any polar curve. O is the pole and OX is the initial line r = OP is the radius vector.

PT = Tangent, PN = Normal. PN is perpendicular to PT, TN is the straight line through the pole
O and perpendicular to the radius vector OP.

OPT = is the angle between the radius vector and the tangent at P.

OT is polar subtangent and ON is polar subnormal

dr d
Here tan r r r1 or r
d dr

d d
Polar subtangent : OT = OP tan = r r r2
dr dr
dr dr
Polar subnormal : ON = OP cot = r
rd d

r 2
Length of tangent : PT OT 2 OP 2 r r12
r1
Length of normal : PN ON 2 OP 2 r2 r12

4.5 Problems on Tangent and Normal

1. Find the equation of the tangent and normal at (2,-2) to the curve y = x2 -3 x + 2.
n n
x y
2. Show that the curve represented by 2 for the different values of n have a
a b
common tangent at the point (a,b). Hence show that the equation of the tangent is
x y
2
a b
 Tangent and Normal

x y x/a
3. Show that the straight line 1 touches the curve y be at the point where the
a b
curve crosses the axis of y.

4. Find the angle of intersection of the curves x 2 y2 a 2 and x2 y2 a2 2 . (Ans. /4)

5. Find the equation of the tangent and normal to the parabola y2 = 4ax (i.e x = at2, y = 2at) at
the point t = (at2, 2at).
[Hints: m = dy/dx = 2a/y=1/t, or m = -1/m = -t. Equation of tangent is x- ty + at2 = 0 and
the normal is y + tx = 2at + at3]

6. If normal to the curve x 2 / 3 y2 / 3 a 2 / 3 makes an angle with the axis of x, show that its
equation is y cos x sin a cos 2 .

7. Show that in the exponential curve y be x / a , the subtangent is of constant length and the
subnormal varies as the square of the ordinate, y.