CITY OF MANILA

UNIVERSIDAD DE MANILA
(Formerly City College of Manila)
A.J. Villegas St., Mehan Gardens, Manila

COLLEGE OF NURSING

COMMUNITY HEALTH SITUTIONAL

ANALYSIS
 ORGANIZATIONAL CHART

Barangay 628, Zone 63, District VI, Sta. Mesa, Manila

Amulfo E. Escobedo
Chairman

Jeffrey J. Lambino
Secretary

Albert M. Delgado
Treasurer

Bgy.Kagawad Joseph Jerome G.

Porcuincula
Reynaldo D. Alatiit Jr.
S.K Chairman
Diosdado L. Reyes Jr.
Elpidio O. Mabunga
Angelite A. Sering
Bernard B. Werrazo S.K Members
Alfredo V. Garcia Jr.
Ryan M. Aguilus

Bgy.Tanod
 INTRODUCTION

According to Maglaya, Community health nursing is a field of nursing that is a blend of

primary health care and nursing practice with public health nursing. The philosophy of care is

based on the belief that care directed to the individual, the family, and the group contributes to the

health care of the population as a whole.

A community is a group of people sharing common geographic boundaries and common

values and interests. It functions with a particular socio cultural context, which means that no two

communities are alike. The people are different from each other, thus the dynamics in one

community differs from that of the other. A community is regarded as an organism with its own

stages of development. Just like a person, if subjected to different situations, a community matures

through time.

Nursing, one of the helping professions, join forces in a practice aimed at promoting and

protecting the general health of the community. As embedded on the conceptual framework of the

community health nursing practice. This practice emphasizes various levels of prevention,

identifies public health problems, and mobilizes the community resources including human

resources in an effort of intervention to prevent, eliminate and control the public health problems

which inhibits each citizen enjoyment of optional health and an adequate standard.

Health is considered as the goal of public health in general, and community health nursing,

in particular. Health as defined by WHO is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-

being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. It emphasizes high-level wellness which

is defined as integrated method of functioning which is oriented toward maximizing the potential

which the individual is capable. It requires that the individual maintain a continuum of balance
and purposeful direction within the environment where he is functioning. Everyone in the

community is responsible in creating a habitable and healthy community. There is no exact

definition of health in terms of a community- however, according to Maglaya, there are guidelines

that describe what a ‘healthy community’ is. These are: awareness that 'we are community’,

conservation of natural resources, recognition of, and respect for, the existence of sub-groups,

participation of sub-groups in community affairs, preparation to meet crisis, ability to problem

solve, communication through open channels, resources are available to all, settling of disputes

through legitimate mechanisms, participation by citizens in decision-making, and wellness of a

high degree among its members. Many factors present in the community can affect one’s health

and wellness. To assess these factors, a community diagnosis is a valuable tool.

A community diagnosis, also known as community assessment, helps the nurse gain an

understanding of a community. It obtains the general information about the community for the

nurse to determine the community’s strengths and weakness. The nurse must recognize those

dynamic patterns in order to anticipate community responses to health action and to influence the

direction of health programming and therefore ensure the delivery of effective health services.
 RATIONALE

The student nurses will eventually be nursing professionals and some of them may choose

to practice as community health nurses in the future. Nurses who practice community-based

nursing needs to understand the community within which they practice. How health problems are

assessed and solved within the community is the first step in carrying out their unique

responsibilities in the promotion and maintenance of health of the population. Conducting a

community diagnosis will enable the student nurses to explore the different aspects of community

life and discover the different factors that contribute to its health condition. It will also provide

them the opportunity to work with people in the community and collaborate with other members

of the health care team towards the effective implementation of appropriate health care programs

and services.

Hence, this activity will enable the student nurses to apply the essential concepts and

principles of community health nursing process and consider the community as the locus of

service of a community health nurse.

 STATEMENT OF OBJECTIVES

General Objective

After conducting a community health situational analysis in Brgy. 628, Zone 63, District VI

in Sta. Mesa, Manila, the nursing students will be able to obtain general information about the

community dynamics that will enable them to anticipate community responses to health action

and influence the direction of health programming in the community.

Specific Objectives:

At the end of three weeks related learning experience, the nursing students will be able to :

1. Establish a working relationship with the community.

2. Asses the health status of the community using subjective and objective data.

3. Identify health problems that are present in the community.

4. Prioritize identified health problems that are present in the community.

5. Plan appropriate health action programs based on identified health problems that are

present in the community.

6. Implement planned health action program together with the members of the

community.

7. Evaluate outcomes of community health action program implementation.

 METHODOLOGY

This study employs a descriptive method of research because it aims to obtain

information that describe the current health status of the community. It utilizes quantitative

design because it involves collections of quantitative information that can be tabulated along in

numerical form and are subjected to statistical analysis. It also utilizes qualitative design

approach to examine, analyze and interpret the quantitative data that are used. A qualitative

design deals with the question WHY which guide the study toward the target output.

Methods of Data Gathering

Instruments or tools facilitate the data-gathering activities. For this study, the common

methods and tools for data collection are used:

Windshield Survey/Ocular Observation - This is a method of data collection wherein

student nurses use their senses to gather relevant information about the families and the

community. This methodology is useful in spot mapping and initial assessment of the community.

Home Visit - This is the practical face to face contact of a student nurse with the families in

the community. It gathers relevant information through physical inspection, interviews, and

observation of their household and environment.

 Key Informant Interviews - It is a mode of gathering data wherein the student nurse makes

use of open-ended questions to retrieve relevant information from the key informants who are

knowledgeable about significant information relevant to the study.

Surveys -Surveying necessitates the use of the documents with questions and pre-formed

answers where participants can choose responses most applicable to their situation. These

methods serve as primary source of information regarding the families.

Spot Mapping - This is a process that involves an ocular survey of the community and

visually illustrates the observations to map the location of the boundaries, institutions, roads,

streets , resources and relevant subsystems in the community.

Review of Secondary Data –may be obtained by reviewing those that have been compiled

by health or non health agencies in the government. This include databases from schools,

department of health, at the local levels, private foundations, and state universities. Secondary

data provides the statistics that are the vital indicators of the community status.

Tools in Data Gathering

Survey Forms -These are pre-inscribed documents containing the relevant questions to be

asked to the families in the community. This study utilizes the survey form developed by the

Manila Health Department since its format is patterned to assess communities located in the

urban area.

Interview Guide - Structured interview questions are formulated and put together into an

interview guide. The guide enables the students to explore subjective data that are relevant to the

study.
 Observation Checklist - Data that cannot be gathered through survey or interview are put

together in an observation checklist. Those who worked in the part of ocular survey use this tool.

SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

This study focuses on the analysis of all the significant information gathered. The methods

of the acquisition of the data is stated but not further elaborated here in this study. It is not

discussed here because the methods and processes of the data gathering does not affect the

quality and quantity of the data. This study is concerned with the processing of the data acquired.

The community diagnosis includes the determining of the different problems encountered in the

community. After knowing the existing problems in that certain community, the researchers will

proceed to scoring all their problems. Besides scoring, the problems will be ranked and the group

will provide adequate plan and actions to give solution to these problems. It is the researchers

task also to provide program to the community but is not in the scope of this study for the group

to implement the actions suggested. It is also the groups task to help improve the community’s

way of dealing with their problems especially those that affect the people’s health, in order for the

community to know how to progress in their condition, the researcher must also provide and give

out actions that will help them discover the solutions to their problem.

The locale of the study was chosen due to its inclusion within the catchment area of

Esperanza Health Center in Sta. Mesa, Manila. The entire population was not considered as

population of the study due to time constraints of the barangay. The study focuses only on

depressed families as their conditions are often associated with various health related problems.

Residents in Road 12 and Panagniban St. of Brgy 628 selected as the respondents of this study.
 The study also includes the formulation of short-term health action plan based on the

identified problems from the community diagnosis. Documentation of the implementation

activities and evaluation of the health action plan concludes the study.

CHAPTER I

SETTING OF THE COMMUNITY

Santa Mesa, one of the 6 districts of the City of Manila, which is primarily a residential,

commercial and educational district. Santa Mesa is bounded by several districts and cities. To its

north is Quezon City, San Juan City to its northeast, Mandaluyong City to its east,  Santa Ana to its

south,  Pandacan  to its southwest and the district of Sampaloc  to its west.

The town of Santa Mesa was situated in the alluvial deposits of Pasig and San Juan Rivers.

It was owned by a religious order during the Spanish times, contemporary to what was described

as where Santa Mesa got its name. The naming of Santa Mesa has different origins but similar to

one thing: Santa Mesa got its name as Holy or somewhat influenced by religion. Santa Mesa was

best known for the Philippine–American War, in which the hallowed ground became a battlefield.

The conflict started when Pvt. William W. Grayson shot a Filipino soldier. The National Historical

Institute discovered in the late 2003 that the conflict did not happen on San Juan Bridge, but in

Sociego and Silencio Streets. The town used to be small and manageable but expanded on all

directions after World War II where the town became the hospital to treat the wounded. After the

creation of the legislative districts of Manila, Santa Mesa was separated from Sampaloc after

falling to the jurisdiction of District 6. Santa Mesa is also the home of the Polytechnic University of

the Philippines and the main headquarters of the National Statistics Office of the Philippines. Santa
Mesa received critical damage when Typhoon Ondoy, international name Ketsana battered the

Philippines. Half of Santa Mesa was submerged in floods, mostly the northeastern part facing

the cities of San Juan and Mandaluyong.

Baranggay 628 is within Zone 63 of the District of Sta. Mesa. It is bounded by Brgy. 633,

632, 631, 626, 627 an 629 in the North, the PUP Main Campus in the East, Bgry 635 an 636 in the

west and the Pasig River in the South . The land area of the barangay is 7 hectares with an

estimated 11, 000 population. The Pasig River serves as its geographical boundary in the south

while paved streets separate the baranggay from other barangays in its north and west sides. The

concrete perimeter fence of the PUP main campus and the PNR station serves as human made

boundaries to its east side. The main point of entry to the baranggay is via Teresa St., a busy

pedestrian (mostly PUP students) road leading to the main campus of PUP. Turning right from

Teresa St. alongside the PNR railway is Anonas St. that runs through the center of Barangay 628.

The barrangay is very accessible to all kinds of land transportation including the PNR train.

Pedicabs and tricycles is the common mode of transportation within the baranggay.

The baranggay is considered to be a residential, educational, commercial and industrial

area. There are medium rise low cost residential buildings like the GSIS condominium,

apartments, townhouses and bungalow type houses along Anonas St., Road 4, 5, 6 and 11. The

depressed area of the Barangay are concentrated in Roads 3,2,1, 12,13 and Panaganiban St. Most

of the residents there are considered informal settlers. There are old industrial establishments

situated within the barangay that are often frequented by delivery trucks. Their product ranging

from food, textiles, junk materials to heavy equipments. There are small scale commercial

establishments such as water refilling stations, Laundromat, carwash, computer shops and mini

grocery stores. Some of the annex campuses of PUP, such as the PUP-College of Mass
Communication and PUP-NDC compound is situated within the baranggay. Groups of PUP

students are often seen walking along Anonas St.

The Baranggay Hall is located along Anonas St. in the heart of the baranggay. It is a two

storey structure made of concrete building materials. The barangay chairman holds office in the

second floor. Also located in the second floor are two multi-purpose halls equipped with

monoblock chairs and tables and audiovisual equipments. In the ground floor is a Daycare center,

a Senior Citizen Affairs Office and Cooperative, the office of the Baranggay Secretary and the

Investigation Room where the BaranngayTanods hold their office. The barangay is equipped with

four CCTV camera installed in various points of the baranggay. A separate office building for the

SanguniangKabataan (SK) is located along Road 4.

The public basic educations institutions are located within the neighboring baranggays,

though, there are some day care centers catering to pre-school children within Baranggay 628.

There is a church called “Nuestra Senora de “ located beside the Baranggay Hall that holds masses

every Sunday and special church holidays. The nearest health institution is the Esperanza Health

Center and Lying-In Clinic situated along Teresa St., just walking distance away from the

Baranggay. The health center provides free medical, dental, nursing and laboratory services. It

also has a lying-in clinic that caters to normal deliveries 24/7 and a community reference

infirmary catering to minor surgeries. There are two ambulances stationed at the health center to

be used for emergencies. The nearest tertiary hospital is the Ospital ng Sampaloc and Lourdes

Hospital. Small private clinics can also be found within the baranggay.

A fire truck is stationed near the Barangay Hall, ready to respond in case of fire. There are

improvised amphibian vehicles ready to be used in times of disasters especially during

flashfloods. The barangay employs street sweepers that maintain the cleanliness of the major
streets of the baranggay. A DPS truck collects garbage and trash everyday on a regular basis.

BaranggayTanods patrol the vicinity 24 hours a day in shifts to maintain peace an order. There are

some children’s playground sporadically located within the baranggay. Some are well maintained,

others are not. Improvised basketball courts are seen along side streets and vacant lots.

The barangay has also its depressed areas where the environmental conditions are

contrary to the progressive impression the baranggay projects in the outside world. These

depressed families are concentrated in the interior streets in various points of the baranggay.

Environmental and housing conditions are unfavorable and detrimental to the health of the people

residing there. Residents in Road 13 are at high risks for accident/fall hazards and spread of

communicable diseases due to the dark, slippery and narrow alley that serve as the single

passageway in an out of their dwellings. The houses are made of light materials and someare

makeshift. Almost all the houses are overcrowded and poorly ventilated. Residents in Roads 1,2,3,

and 12 as well as Panaganiban St. share the same health hazards minus the dark alley. Presence of

breeding sites for vectors are observed such as stagnant water, unkept garbage and litters and old

broken furnitures and appliances that are considered junks are all over the place. There is no

adequate drainage and water used from doing their laundry, washing dishes and doing other

chores are stuck, making the passage way slippery and pungent. Children are seen playing outside

without slippers, some unattended by parents. Some adults and by-standers are seen gossiping,

playing bingo games and caracruz. Others are busy with income generating activities such as

tending their small sari-sari stores and small carinderia. In Panganiban St., most of the families

there are engage in street food vending that most of them are seen busy skewing “isaw” and

preparing calamares.
 Pets and other domestic animals such as cats, dogs, love birds, doves, chickens and even

ducks are present in the depressed community. Some of them are kept, others are left roaming

freely around the area.

Barangay 628 presents two sides of a coin. One side projects a developing and progressive

community while the other side pictures the distressing living conditions of some of its people.

CHAPTER II

POPULATION

I. POPULATION INDICATOR

Population of the Barangay: 11,000 (estimated)

Total households of the Barangay: 3,000 (estimated)

Total depressed families of the Barangay: 1,000 (estimated)

Total Families Surveyed: 149

Total Population of Individuals Surveyed: 743

TABLE 1

Age and Sex Distribution of Individuals among Families Surveyed In Brgy. 628, Zone 63, Dist. VI,
Sta. Mesa, Manila as of September 2011
 Age Male % Female % Total %
<1 11 1.48 11 1.480 22 2.96
1-4 25 3.36 45 6.057 70 9.42
5-9 53 7.13 48 6.460 101 13.59
10-14 63 8.48 43 5.787 106 14.27
15-19 26 3.50 31 4.172 57 7.67
20-24 30 4.04 21 2.826 51 6.86
25-29 29 3.90 35 4.7 11 64 8.61
30-34 41 5.52 42 5.653 83 11.17
35-39 33 4.44 25 3.365 58 7.81
40-44 19 2.56 28 3.769 47 6.33
45-49 21 2.83 14 1.884 35 4.71
50-54 11 1.48 14 1.884 25 3.36
55-59 7 0.94 4 0.538 11 1.48
60-64 5 0.67 3 0.404 8 1.08
<65 4 0.54 1 0.135 5 0.67
Total 378 50.87 365 49.125 743 100

FIGURE 1

PYRAMIDAL REPRESENTATION

Age and Sex Distribution of Families Surveyed in Brgy. 628, Zone 63, District VI

Sta. Mesa, Manila

Analysis:

The most important demographic characteristic of a population is its age-sex structure, and

the use of a population pyramid, is considered the best way to graphically illustrate the age and

sex distribution of a given population. There are generally three types of population pyramids

created from age-sex distributions: expansive, constrictive and stationary. Expansive population

pyramids show larger numbers or percentages of the population in the younger age groups,

usually with each age group smaller in size or proportion than the one born before it. These types

of pyramids are usually found in populations with countries where birth rates are high, but

conditions are harsh, and life expectancy is short. Many Third World countries like the Philippines

would probably display expansive population pyramids. Constrictive population pyramids display

lower numbers or percentages of younger people with a slow population growth rate. The age-sex

distributions of the United States fall into this type of pyramid. This growth rate is reflected in the

more square-like structure of the pyramid. As the population ages and climbs up the pyramid,
there will be a much greater demand for medical and other geriatric services. Stationary or near-

stationary population pyramids display somewhat equal numbers or percentages for almost all

age groups although smaller figures are still to be expected at the oldest age groups. The age-sex

distributions of some European countries will tend to fall into this category.

The above population pyramid of Branggay 628 shows an irregularly shaped pyramid. It

shows an erratic population growth trend as shown in various age groups .The population

pyramid shows that ages 1 or the <1 years old is low and slowly bulging as it passes through the

middle age group and then goes narrower as it reaches the older age group 64 years of age,.

therefore the graph is considered as a constricted at the same time expanding pyramid.

As what we can see on the data presented on the population pyramid, it is very noticeable

that majority of the population surveyed belongs to the economically dependent population. They

are also known as a group of the school age population. And because they have their school or

studies, they have to depend in terms of food, shelter, clothing and other needs, on their parents or

to the occupational groups or the middle age population in the community. These dependent

populations are considered at risk of acquiring nutritional and other health related problems due

to their independence with regards to the food they choose coupled by immaturity of their

immune system. Because of the blown-up population number of the younger age, there are some

aspects of the society that will be affected such as housing, health care, the job opportunities

available for them, and the sorts of things that people will be able to buy.

In the data above, the rate of the population of the males and females of the ages below 1

year old is moderately low. This data may imply a high mortality rate among infants, although no

record in the community prove this. On the other hand, it also implies the effectiveness of family

planning program being implemented by the health center as one of the thrust program of the

DOH. In the age level of 1 to 14 years old, the population pyramid forms a bilateral bulge or
having a great difference in size as compared with the age bracket of below 1 year old. It can be

correlated to the leadership style of the previous local government, wherein the Mayor of the City

of Manila was a Pro-life advocate, thereby, Family Planning Program was not advised causing the

increase in population.

The 10 to 14 years age bracket signifies a high percentage of individuals at high risk for

various health problems because it is the stage of puberty. Those risk factors include reproductive

problems, peer pressure, malnutrition and mental disorders. Smoking and alcoholism are common

social problems brought about by peer pressure.

The age bracket 15 to 39 years old or also known as the middle age group, are also

considered high risk individuals as they belong to the sexually active population at the same time

economically productive population. These will make them more at risk to health related

problems such reproductive, mental, and nutritional disorders. Exposure to workplace hazards,

communicable diseases and lifestyle related illnesses can also pose a threat to their well-being.

The high percentage rate of middle aged population has also a positive implication to the

community because it signifies a high percentage of economically independent population that

will support their dependents. Looking at the rate of the older age or also considered as the ages

of 50 years old and above, it is really obvious that there is a drop or narrowing of the number of

population. This data signifies the shortened life expectancy of the population. These shortened

life expectancy can be correlated to the poor environmental sanitation, negative lifestyle habits,

low economic status of the community.

Sex ratio :

= male / female x 100

= 378 males / 365 females x 100

= 103.6 males and females

Interpretation:

The 149 surveyed families comprise 743 individuals with 378 males and 365 females. The

sex ratio is 103.6 males for every 100 females or 1.03:1. The sex ratio at birth(0-1 y/o)is 1:1, the

tertiary sex ratio (15-64 y/o) is 1.02:1 and the quartenary sex ratio (>65 y/o) equates to 4:1

Analysis:
 Sex ratio is the ratio of males to females in a population. The sex ratio varies according to the

age profile of the population. The primary sex ratio is the ratio at the time of conception,

secondary sex ratio is the ratio at time of birth, tertiary sex ratio is the ratio of mature sexually

active organisms and quarternary sex ratio is the ratio in post-reproductive organisms. Males

usually exceed females at birth but subsequently experience different mortality rates due to many

possible causes such as differential natural death rates, war casualties, and deliberate gender

control. Some of the factors suggested as causes of the gender imbalance are warfare; sex-selective

abortion and infanticide; and large-scale migration, such as that by male laborers unable to bring

their families with them. Economic factors such as male-majority industries and activities like

the petrochemical, agriculture, engineering, military, and technology also have created a male

gender imbalance in some areas dependent on one of these industries.

Women tend to have a lower mortality rate at every age. In the womb, male fetuses have a

higher mortality rate (babies are conceived in a ratio of about 124 males to 100 females, but the

ratio of those surviving to birth is only 105 males to 100 females). Among the smallest premature

babies (those under 2 pounds or 900 g) females again have a higher survival rate. At the other

extreme, about 90% of individuals aged 110 are female. In the past, mortality rates for females in

child-bearing age groups were higher than for males at the same age. This is no longer the case,

and female human life expectancy is considerably higher than those of men. The reasons for this

are not entirely certain. Traditional arguments tend to favor socio-environmental factors:

historically, men have generally consumed more tobacco, alcohol and drugs than females in most

societies, and are more likely to die from many associated diseases such as lung

cancer, tuberculosis and cirrhosis of the liver. Men are also more likely to die from injuries,

whether unintentional (such as car accidents) or intentional (suicide, violence, war).]Men are also

more likely to die from most of the leading causes of death than women. Some of these are cancer
of the respiratory system, motor vehicle accidents, suicide, cirrhosis of the liver, emphysema, and

coronary heart disease. These far outweigh the female mortality rate from breast cancer and

cervical cancer etc. Some argue that shorter male life expectancy is merely another manifestation

of the general rule, seen in all mammal species, that larger individuals tend on average to have

shorter lives. This biological difference occurs because women have more resistance to infections

and degenerative diseases.

The over-all sex ratio of the surveyed population in Bgy 628 shows that there are more males

than females. Though, it can be observed in the age and sex distribution table as well as in the

population pyramid that the secondary sex ratio or the sex ratio at birth is equal to both genders.

The data has a positive implication to the community because it implies a gender balance among

the age group (0-1 y/o). Furthermore, no recent record of mortality is reported in that particular

age group.

The tertiary sex ratio of the surveyed population shows an increase in the number of males

over females. It is not safe to assume that the high mortality rate of females in the 15-64 y/o age

group is the reason for the increased sex ratio as there is no record that will support the

assumption. On the other hand, it can be assumed that the gender disparity in this age group is

brought about by urban migration of mostly male individuals looking for job opportunities in the

city. Likewise, the quaternary sex ratio also implies the above reason, although it can be observed

that there is a significant increase in the ratio. It shows that females have shorter life expectancy

than males.

There might be no record to show the mortality rate of females in the community, but they are

still considered high risk population as they are vulnerable to morbidity and mortality, especially

during their childbearing years.

 The high percentage of males over females has its advantage to their community because

males are more productive than females in terms of providing incomes to their family. In addition,

they have also the knowledge in livelihood and capable of doing some unpleasant tasks like

cleaning those clogged drainage and some other tasks which is considered as unpleasant works.

Furthermore, they are also the one who constructs and repair some parts of the house and fixed

some household stuff and appliances. On the other hand, females are the one who maintains and

monitors the health and hygiene and proper sanitation in the house of their family.

Table 2

Percentage Distribution Showing the Civil Status of Individuals Among Families Surveyed in Brgy
628, Zone 63, Dist. VI, Sta. Mesa Manila

Civil Status f %
Single 116 26.13
Live in 44 9.91
Married 278 62.61
Separated 1 0.23
Widow 5 1.13
Total 444 100
 Civil Status

0%1% 26%

10%
63%

Single Live in Married Separated Widow

FIGURE 2

TABLE 2

Interpretation:

The table above shows the percentage distribution of civil status of individuals 15 years

old and above among families surveyed in Brgy 628, Zone 63, District VI in Sta. Mesa Manila as of

September 2011. The categories used are single, married, live-in, separated, and widowed. It

shows that 116 out of 444 or 26.13 % are single, 44 out of 444 or 9.91 % are living-in, 278 out of
444 or 62.61 % are married, 1 out of 444 or 0.23 % is separated and 5 out of 444 or 1.13% are

widowed.

Analysis:

Civil Status indicates the marital status of an individual. It pertains to whether the personis

bounded by any ties of marriage or not . It can be categorized as single, married, live-in, separated,

divorced and widowed. From the table, it can be observed that majority of individuals of

reproductive age are already married and some of them are living-in couples while lesser

individuals are still single. The high percentage of individuals bonded by ties of marriage can be

correlated to the high percentage of individuals belonging to the Roman Catholic church. The

church strictly upholds the sanctity of marriage among its members who want to procreate a

family. It is also embedded in the Filipino culture and a norm in the society that any couples who

want to cohabitate and have a family should be bonded by ties of marriage.

Since majority of these individuals are already sexually active, they are at risk of having

reproductive health problems. The psychological stress brought about by the demands of

marriage and parenting can also pause a threat on one’s mental stability. Programs on care of

maternal and women’s health, control of sexually transmitted diseases, family planning program,

responsible parenthood, nutrition and mental health programs should be the priority program for

the community.

CHAPTER III

ECONOMIC INDICES

Dependency Ratio:
 no . of population 14 y /o∧below+ no .of 65 y /o an above
DR= × 100
totalno .ofpopulation 15−64 yearsold

304
DR= ×100=69.25
439

Analysis:

The dependency ratio in a population shows the number of economically dependent

individuals per 100 economically independent individuals. The dependent part usually includes

those under the age of 15 and over the age of 64. The productive part makes up the population in

between, ages 15 – 64 years old. The dependency is normally expressed as a percentage.High

dependency ratio can cause serious problem as there may be an increased burden on the

productive part of the population to maintain the upbringing and pensions of the economically

dependent. This results in direct impacts on financial expenditures on things like social security,

as well as many indirect consequences. The largest proportion of a government's expenditure is

on health, social security & education which are most used by old and young population. Also the

increasing expenditure on pension becomes a problem too.

The above data shows a high dependency ratio, specifically on the young dependents. This

ratio may imply potential problems in terms of provision of the basic needs of these individuals

like food, clothing, shelter and basic education.

Table 3

Percentage Distribution Showing the Occupational Status ofIndividuals Among Families Surveyed
in Brgy 628, Zone 63, Dist. VI, Sta. Mesa Manila
 Occupational Status f %
Employed 197 44.9
Self-Employed 54 12.3
Retired 1 0.2
Unemployed 187 42.6

Total 439 100

Ocupational Status

43%
45%

12%

0%
Employed Self-Employed Retired Unemployed

FIGURE 3

TABLE 3

Interpretation:
 In the table showing the percentage distribution of the occupational status among
families surveyed in Brgy. 628, Zone 63, District VI in Sta. Mesa, Manila shows that one
hundred ninety seven (197) out of four hundred thirty nine (439) or 42.87% of the
supposed working population in the community are employed, fifty four (54) out of four
hundred thirty nine (439) or 12.30% are self-employed, one (1) out of four hundred thirty
nine (439) or 0.22% is retired while one hundred eighty seven (187) out of four hundred
thirty nine (439) or 42.60% are unemployed.

Analysis:

Occupation the activities that serves as one's regular source of livelihood or

income.The employment status of families highly influence their economic status. The
families having members that are employed or self-employed have greater capabilities of
having income compared to those unemployed individuals. Various factors affect the
employability of this individuals such as the level of educational attainment.

The above data implies that more than half of the populations in the community
are employed while the other half are unemployed. These unemployed individuals add up
to the already high dependency rate of the community which is an economic burden to the
families. The employability rate among the surveyed population can be correlated to the
data showing the educational status where in majority of them was not able to finished
college.

COMPONENTS OF COMMUNITY DIAGNOSIS

OCCUPATION
 Table 4

Percentage Distribution Showing the Type of Occupation of Earning Individuals among Families
Surveyed in Brgy 628, Zone 63, Dist. VI, Sta. Mesa Manila

Type of Occupation F %
Non-Professional    
Garbage collector 1 0.40
Delivery boy 2 0.80
Sales agents 22 8.76
Electrician 12 4.78
Drivers 30 11.95
Farmer 13 5.18
Factory worker 30 11.95
Technician 1 0.40
Construction worker 18 7.17
Machine Operators 10 3.98
Guards 13 5.18
Vendors 26 10.36
Messengers 5 1.99
Laborer 5 1.99
Janitors 27 10.76
Pedicab drivers 7 2.79
Front desk 1 0.40
Kagawad 1 0.40
Beautician  1  0.40
Sub-total 225 89.64
Professional
Police 1 0.40
Professor 1 0.40
Supervisor 1 0.40
OFW (Caregiver) 3 1.20
Government Employee 20 7.97
Sub-total 26 10.37
Total 251 10.37

35

30

25

20

15

10 Non Professional
Professionals
5

0
 FIGURE IV

TABLE 4

Interpretation:

In the table showing the percentage distribution of the type of occupation of earning

individuals in Barangay 628, Zone 63 District VI Sta. Mesa Manila as of September 2011 shows

that there are 251 working individuals capable of earning wages and income. 26 or 10.37% are

professionals and 225 or 89.64% are non-professionals. Of the 19 individuals working as

professionals, 3 or 1.19% are OFW’s , 1 or 0.39% works as supervisor, 1 or 5.17% is a

government employee, 1 or 0.39% is a professor, 1 or 0.39% is a police officer. Out of 232

individuals with non-professional jobs, 30 or 11.95% are factory workers, same percentage work

as drivers, 27 or 10.75% are in the janitorial services, 26 or 10.35% are vendors, 22 or 8.76% are

sales agents, 18 or 7.17% are construction workers, 13 or 5.17% are farmers an am goes to those

who work as security guards, 12 or 4.78% are electricians, 10 or 3.98% are operators, 7 or 2.78%

are pedicab drivers, 5 or 1.99% goes for messengers and also for laborers, 2 or 0.79% work as

delivery man, and 1 or 1.39% works as front desk receptionist, as garbage collector, and as a

technician.

Analysis:

An occupation is an activity that serves as one’s source of livelihood or income. Occupation

can be categorized as white collar jobs and blue collar jobs. A white-collar worker refers to

a salaried professional or an educated worker who performs semi-professional office,

administrative, and sales coordination tasks, as opposed to a blue-collar worker, whose job

requires manual labor.  A distinctive element to be able to find a good paying job is educational

requirement. Blue-collar workers may be skilled or unskilled. Sometimes the work conditions can

be strenuous or hazardous, also known as the three Ds: Dirty, Demanding, and Dangerous. The

hazards brought about by these jobs could greatly impact on the health conditions of the workers.

The graph shows that majority of the working population has blue collar jobs and only few

individuals are with white collar jobs. This data can be correlated to the level of the educational

attainment of majority of the population wherein few individuals are not college graduates. It can

be implied that few individuals in the community were not able to meet the educational

requirements for professional jobs. Furthermore, it can be implied that most of the working

individuals are exposed to workplace hazards as the nature of their works poses health risks

among them.

It is important that these individuals are informed of the various occupational hazards

they are exposed to. They should be made aware of the necessary precautions to protect

themselves from acquiring work related ailments. These workers should also be aware of the

extent on how they can manage their own health as to the kind of work they are engage in

whether it’s a white or blue collar job.

AVERAGE INCOME

Table 5

Percentage Distribution Showing the Civil Status of Individuals Surveyed Among Families
Surveyed in Brgy 628, Zone 63, Dist. VI, Sta. Mesa Manila
 Income / Month F %
<1000 0 0.0
1000-2999 8 5.4
3000-4999 19 12.8
5000-6999 24 16.1
7000-8999 19 12.8
9000-10999 20 13.4
11000-12999 11 7.4
13000-14999 10 6.7
15000-above 38 25.5
Total 149 100.00

Table 5

Income/Month
26% 13%
5%

16%
7%

7% 13% 13%

<1000 1000-2999 3000-4999 5000-6999 7000-8999

9000-10999 11000-12999 13000-14999 15000-above
FIGURE 5

TABLE 5
Interpretation:

The table showing the percentage distribution of the average income of earning

individuals among families surveyed in Bgy. 628, Zone 63, District VI in Sta. Mesa, Manila as of

September, 2011. It shows that 70 out of 149 or 53% of families have an average income of Php

8,999 and below and 79 out of 149 of 53.02% families have an income of Php9,000 and above.

Analysis:

Income is total wages of an individual in a given period and it is the consumption and

savings, opportunity gained by an entity within a specified time frame which is generally

expressed in monetary terms. It implies to health because it supports the basic needs of its

members such as food, clothing and shelter. According to National Statistical Coordinating Board,

a Filipino needed Php 974 to meet his or her monthly food needs and Php 1,403 to stay out of

poverty and Php 231 is a daily income. In regional for NCR, a minimum wage earner in Metro

Manila can support a family of 5, they needed Php 271 in daily, Php 8,251 in monthly and Php

99,010 in annual.

In the table above shows that many families belong to the low income group or below the

poverty threshold. It only implies that majority of the families in the community cannot sustain

their basic needs; moreover, cannot spend for health maintenance these families have a higher

possibility of having family conflicts, nutritional problems and high incidence of morbidity. The

availability of accessible, quality and free health care services in the community is very important

to address the health related problems that accompany poverty.

 CHAPTER IV

SOCIO-CULTURAL INDICES

Literacy Rate:

no . ofpopulation 8 yrs. old ∧abovewhocanreadandwrite

LR= ×100
totalno . ofpopulation 8 yrs. old ∧above

566
LR= ×100=94.8 %
597

Analysis:

Literacy isdefined as the ability to identify, understand, interpret, create, communicate,

compute and use printed and written materials associated with varying contexts. Literacy involves

a continuum of learning in enabling individuals to achieve their goals, to develop their knowledge

and potential, and to participate fully in their community and wider society.Many policy analysts

consider literacy rates as a crucial measure to enhance a region's human capital. This claim is

made on the grounds that literate people can be trained less expensively than illiterate people,

generally have a higher socio-economic statusand enjoy better health and employment prospects.

Policy makers also argue that literacy increases job opportunities and access to higher education.

The high literacy rate of the community surveyed shows that majority of them is able to

identify, understand, interpret, create, communicate and compute. It has a positive implication on

the health information dissemination as they can easily understand the importance of health

maintenance and assimilate any change of behavior towards healthy living.

 Table 6

Percentage Distribution Showing the Educational Status of Individuals Surveyed Among Families
Surveyed in Brgy 628, Zone 63, Dist. VI, Sta. Mesa Manila

Educational Attainment f %
No Formal Education 31 5.19
Elementary Level 96 16.08
Elementary Dropouts 10 1.68
Elementary Graduates 46 7.71
High School Level 96 16.08
High School Graduates 110 18.43
High School Dropouts 68 11.39
College Level 32 5.36
College Dropouts 42 7.04
College Graduates 55 9.21
Vocational Course 11 1.84
Total 597 100

Educational Attainment
7% 9% 2% 5% 16%
5%
2%
8%
11%

18% 16%

No Formal Education Elementary Level Elementary Dropouts

Elementary Graduates High School Level High School Graduates
High School Dropouts College Level College Dropouts
College Graduates Vocational Course

FIGURE 6
Interpretation:

In the table showing the percentage distribution of the educational attainment of

individuals among families surveyed in Barangay 628, Zone 63, District VI in Sta. Mesa, Manila as

of September 2011 shows that of the 597 individuals (population aged 8 years old and above) 1 or

5.19% has no formal education, 96 or 16.08% are in the elementary level, 10 or 1.67% are

elementary dropouts, 46 or 7.70% are elementary graduates, 110 or 18.42% are high school

graduates, 96 or 16.08% are in the high school level, 68 or 2.28% are high school dropouts, 32 or

5.36% reached the college level, 42 or 7.03% are college dropouts, 55 or 9.21% are able to

graduate in college, 11 or 1.84% obtained vocational degrees.

Analysis:

Educational attainment refers to the highest degree of education an individual has

completed. Education is a one of the strongest instruments for reducing poverty, improving

health, gender equality, peace, and stability. An individual with good education has a higher

possibility of landing a good paying job that would improve one family’s economic capability. The

above data shows that only a few of the individuals surveyed graduated from college, some did not

even finished high school. There is also a significant number of school drop-outs from elementary

up to the tertiary level. These data implies that only few individuals have a better chance of

getting jobs that pay well. There is a high possibility that majority of the working population will

end up doing menial jobs that are physically and mentally exhausting subjecting them to different

work hazards and unfavorable working conditions. Unemployment is another negative

implication of the low level educational attainment status of the community.

 The data in the employment status and average income of families correlate to the low

educational level of most of the individuals in the community. Majority of the families belong to

the low income bracket that made them financially incapable to spend for the college education of

their children.

The educational level is also a factor towards the acceptability and effectiveness of health

information dissemination. Considering the above data, it is recommended therefore, that health

teaching strategies be done in a simplified manner and done more frequently and directly to

families to facilitate the desired behavioral changes.

 Table 7

Percentage Distribution Showing the Religion of Individuals Among Families Surveyed in Brgy
628, Zone 63, Dist. VI, Sta. Mesa Manila

Religion f %
Protestant 1 0.34
Catholic 258 88.05
I.N.C 19 6.48
Islam 8 2.73
Aglipay 0 0.00
Bornagain 0 0.00
Christian 7 2.39
Total 293 100

Religion
6%
3% 2%0%

88%

Protestant Catholic I.N.C Islam Aglipay Bornagain Christian

FIGURE 7
 TABLE 7

Interpretation:

Tableshows that 1 out of 293 or 0.34% families are Protestants, 258 out of 293 or 88.05%

are Roman Catholics, 19 out of 293 or 6.48% belong to Iglesiani Cristo (I.N.C), 8 out of 293 or

2.73% are Islam and 7 out of 293 or 2.39% are Born Again Christians.

Analysis:

Religion is a collection of cultural systems, belief systems, and worldviews that establishes

symbols that relate humanity to spirituality and moral values. Religious associations are part of

the system of Kinship ties, patron-client bonds and other linkages outside the nuclear family.

Religion holds a central place in the life of the majority of Filipinos. Religion can have major

influence nutritional life style, health beliefs and practices and one’s general outlook in life.

The table above shows that the Roman Catholic is the dominant religion in the community.

The presence of a catholic chapel within the barangay signifies the strong catholic faith of majority

of the people in the community. The small presence of other religions in the community does not

significantly pose a problem in terms of conflicting health beliefs and practices. On the other hand,

the dominance of Catholic faith in the barangay could negatively influence the acceptability of

health programs focusing on reproductive health specifically regarding various Family Planning

methods. The Catholic Church does not approve of any form of artificial and permanent family

planning method based on religious and ethical grounds.

 Table 8

Percentage Distribution Showing the Place of Origin of Individuals Among Families Surveyed in
Brgy 628, Zone 63, Dist. VI, Sta. Mesa Manila

Place of Origin f %
Luzon 75 25.6
Visayas 151 51.5
Mindanao 36 12.3
NCR 31 10.6
Total 293 100

Place of Origin
11% 26%
12%

52%

Luzon Visayas Mindanao NCR

FIGURE 8
 TABLE 8

Interpretation:

Table shows that 75 out 293 or 25.6% families from Luzon, 151 out of 293 or 51.5% came

from the Visayas, 36 out of 293 or 12.3% from Mindanao and 31 out of 293 or 10.6% from NCR.

Analysis:

The most dominant migration trend in the Philippines in recent years has been toward the

urban area like Metro Manila. This movement of people is primarily caused by economic reasons

wherein people find the urban area a melting pot for more opportunities. It explains why Metro

Manila has been a microcosm of different cultures and ethnicity. The dominant culture in the

community more or less influences the way of living and the attitude of the community.

Diversities in culture may lead to conflicts among community members. On the other hand, the

sharing of cultures can strengthen the bond of people in the commonly leading to a more unified

and harmonious community relationship because of their common cultural beliefs and healing

practices.

The above data implies that many of the families in the barangay mainly came from the

Visayas. The Visayas region also has its diversities in terms of health care practices and beliefs.

Their beliefs on superstitions, myths and supernatural beings can also be deterrent to the

acceptability and utilization of the healthcare services being implemented by the government.
Population Movement
 Table 9

Percentage Distribution Showing the Length of Residency of Individuals Among Families Surveyed
in Brgy 628, Zone 63, Dist. VI, Sta. Mesa Manila

Length of Residency f %
< 6 mos 3 1.02
6 mos. - 1 year 24 8.19
1 year - 5 years 39 13.31
6 years - 10 years 84 28.67
10 years and above 143 48.81
Total 293 100

Length of Residency
1%
8% 13%

49%

29%

< 6 mos 6 mos. - 1 year 1 year - 5 years 6 years - 10 years 10 years and above

FIGURE 9
 TABLE 9

Interpretation:

Table shows that 3 out of 293 or 1.02 % have lived in the community for <6mos, 24 out of

293 or 8.19 % for 6 mos-1year, 39 out of 293 or 13.31 % for 1 yr-5yrs, 84 out of 293 or 28.67 %

for 6yrs-10yrs, and 143 out of 293 or 48.80 % for 10 years and above.

Analysis:

The length of residency pertains to the period of time the families have lived in a

certain area or community. The length of residency of an individual or family in a community

influences their way of living and how they cope with their environment. In the above data,

majority of the individuals have been staying in the community for about ten years and more. It

only implies that most of them have already adapted the way of living prevalent in the community.

The families can easily interact with one another share ideas about various community matters

since they know each other for a long time. They are already familiar with the environment and

different social structures of the community that they can easily resolve any conflicts that may

arise. It can also be implied that the people who have lived longer in the barangay are well aware

of health information and health care services available to address their health needs.
 Table 10

Percentage Distribution Showing the Type of Housing of Families Surveyed in Brgy 628, Zone 63,
Dist. VI, Sta. Mesa Manila

Type of Housing f %
Makeshift 18 12.08
Light 41 27.52
Strong 13 8.72
Mixed 77 51.68
Total 149 100

Type of Housing
12%

52% 28%

9%

Makeshift Light Strong Mixed

FIGURE 10
 TABLE 10

Interpretation:

Table 10 shows that 18 out of 149 or 12.08% are makeshift houses, 41 out of 149 or

27.52% are made of light materials and 13 out of 149 or 8.72% are made of strong materials and

the remaining and majority of them or 77 with of 51.68% are made of mixed materials.

Analysis:

Shelter is one of the factors that contribute to healthy living. Houses serve as shelters and

one of the basic family needs. Shelter protects the family from the harmful condition of the

environment. The type of housing prevalent in the community is determined by the income status

of the families

According to the data shown above most houses are made up of mixed materials. Houses

that are built using mixed material will not give assurance to families that they will be safe from

the harsh elements of nature. The inability of most of the families to build strong houses can be

correlated to the low income status of most families in the community. Since majority of the

families surveyed belongs to the low income group, many of the families cannot build stronger and

stabilized houses. Also, the nature of their residency, being considered as informal settlers may

have also deterred them to build a more permanent abode.

 Table 11

Percentage Distribution Showing the House Ownership of Families Surveyed in Brgy 628, Zone 63,
Dist. VI, Sta. Mesa Manila

Ownership f %
Rent Free 36 24.2
Owned 81 54.4
Rented 32 21.5
Total 149 100

House Ownership
21% 24%

54%

Rent Free Owned Rented

FIGURE 11
 TABLE 11

Interpretation:

Table shows that 81 out of 149 or 54.36 % of families owned their houses, 36 or 24.16 % of

families are rent free, and 32 or 21.48 % families are renting their houses.

Analysis:

House rental is a building where a person or family lives and to families belonging

to the low-income group. With the high cost of house rental fee, these families will find difficulties

sustaining for other basic needs. Other needs such as education and health maintenance will no

longer be one of the priorities. Base on the information above, majority of the families owned

their houses and some are rent free. It is an advantage to the families because they are not

anymore burdened by the cost of house rentals and be able to sustain their other needs like their

food, shelter, and other primary needs.

 Table 12

Percentage Distribution Showing Ventilation of Houses of Families Surveyed in Brgy 628, Zone
63, Dist. VI, Sta. Mesa Manila

Ventilation f %
Adequate 44 29.5
Inadequate 105 70.5
Total 149 100

Ventilation
30%

70%

Adequate Inadequate

FIGURE 12
 TABLE 12

Interpretation:

Tableshows that 44 out of 149 or 29.53% of houses have adequate ventilation while 105

or 70. 47 % have inadequate ventilation.

Analysis:

Ventilation is the flow of air into and out of a space. It is also the process by which ‘clean’

air (normally outdoor air) is intentionally provided to a space and stale air is removed. This may

be accomplished by either natural or mechanical means. Ventilation is considered satisfactory if

the total window opening is 20% of the total floor area of the house.The table above shows that

more families living in the community have inadequate ventilation because their houses are

closely packed together with very small living space that provision for windows is not possible.

Fresh air cannot circulate inside the houses as entry and exit of air is very limited. . Because of the

absence of movement of air, bacteria of some communicable diseases can easily spread to other

members of the family. Common airborne and droplet infection such as acute respiratory

infections can easily infect the members of these families. It can be seen in the table on the leading

causes of morbidity in the community that most families are afflicted with Acute Respiratory

Infection.
 Table 13

Percentage Distribution Showing Overcrowding of Houses of Families Surveyed in Brgy 628, Zone
63, Dist. VI, Sta. Mesa Manila

Overcrowding f %
Overcrowded 99 66.44
Not Overcrowded 50 33.56
Total 149 100

Overcrowding
34%

66%

Overcrowded Not Overcrowded

Figure 13
 TABLE 13

Interpretation:

Table shows the percentage distribution of overcrowding of houses of families surveyed in

Barangay 628 Zone 63 District VI in Sta. Mesa, Manila shows that 99 out 149 or 66.44% of house

are overcrowded while 55 or 33.56% are not over crowded.

Analysis:

Overcrowding of households can be assessed by counting the number of people living in a

house and dividing it to the number of rooms used for sleeping. An adult should be allotted 3.0 sq.

meters of living space to be able to function optimally and children also need 1.5 sq. meter of

living space as well. Overcrowding creates conflicts within the family due to noise, clutter and lack

of privacy. Overcrowding also facilitates the spread of communicable disease among the families

and across communities. It also aggravates the poor sanitary condition of the neighborhood

because the more populated an area is, the more waste are generated.

Apparently, the data above show that the community is experiencing the subsequent

effects of overcrowding. It can be seen in the unfavorable housing conditions and poor

environmental sanitation prevalent in the community. It can also be observed that leading causes

of morbidity in the community are communicable diseases such as ARI and Dengue. Since it is

difficult to modify the overcrowding condition in the community because of various social and

political factors, health teaching should focus on the personal protection measures, personal

hygiene, and improvement of the sanitary condition of the community.

 CHAPTER V

ENVIRONMENTAL INDICES

Table 14

Percentage Distribution Showing the Water Supply of Families Surveyed in Brgy 628, Zone 63,
Dist. VI, Sta. Mesa Manila

Water Supply f %
Point Source 18 12.08
Communal Faucet 66 44.30
NAWASA Waterworks 42 28.19
Shared 23 15.44
Total 149 100

Water Supply
15% 12%

28%

44%

Point Source Communal Faucet NAWASA Waterworks Shared

Figure 14
 TABLE 14

Interpretation:

In the table showing the percentage distribution of water supply of families surveyed in

Barangay 628, Zone 63, District VI, in Sta. Mesa, Manila as of September 2011 shows that 84 out of

149 families or 44.30% get their water supply from communal faucets located in various points of

the community. 42 out of 149 or 28.19% have their own water work system while the remaining

13 or 15. 44% sharing supply with other families.

Analysis:

Water is vital for humans to survive. Water is very important for the day to day existence

of a human being. Aside from supplying nutrition and hydration, to the body, clean and safe water

is also useful for bathing, cooking, washing clothes and dishes, household chores and many other

purposes. The source and the way it is being provided to the families can have a profound effect

to the health conditions of the community. Water-borne diseases such as diarrhea and skin

ailments could have outbreaks if water is not properly supplied ad stored. The water source and

the way it is being supplied and stored should be free from contamination.

In the above data, all the residents get water from NAWASA. Majority of the families get

their water supply from a communal faucet with water sold by some families who own waterlines.

However, it was observed that some NAWASA waterline have leaking pipes that can be entry

points for contaminants. Moreover, water is being stored in drums and containers, some covered,

others uncovered. Some containers are clean others are not very well maintained. Though, it was
observed that most of the families get their drinking water from water refilling stations, they are

still at risk of having waterborne diseases. It is important that these families should be aware of

the risks of improper water storage and take the necessary precautions to prevent the problem.

Table 15

Percentage Distribution Showing the Excreta Disposal of Families Surveyed in Brgy 628, Zone 63,
Dist. VI, Sta. Mesa Manila

Excreta Disposal f %
Pit Latrines 6 4.03
Pour Flush Toilets 137 91.95
Flush Toilet 3 2.01
Balot System 0 0.00
Shared 3 2.01
Total 149 100

Sales
2% 2% 4%

92%

Pit Latrines Pour Flush Toilets Flush Toilet Balot System Shared

Figure 15
 TABLE 15

Interpretation:

Table shows that  6 of 149 or 4% utilize pit latrines as toilet facilities, 137 of 149 or

91.94% uses pour flush toilets. None of them use Balot system/Wrap&throw, while only 3

of 149 or 2% share toilets with other families.

Analysis:

            Toilet facilities are the sanitary installations for receiving and disposing urine or

feces, consisting of a bowl fitted with a water flushing device connected to a drain. Correct

disposal of excreta is important to prevent hand, water and food from being contaminated

by hazardous wastes. It is important to ensure a clean & healthy environment thru proper

use of toilet facilities. The suggested types of toilet are the water-sealed toilets because it

cleans and remove dirt effectively but it needs plenty of water. Most people in the

community uses pour flush toilets because it save water and it require small amount of

water to wash the waste into the receiving pit or sewerage system. The high percentage of

families with pour flush toilet do not pose significant threat on the wellbeing of the entire

community but still the risk is present due to the use of pit latrines and sharing of toilets.
 Table 16

Percentage Distribution Showing the Refuse Waste Disposal of Families Surveyed in Brgy 628,
Zone 63, Dist. VI, Sta. Mesa Manila

Waste Disposal f %
DPS (collected)) 146 97.99
Open Dumping 2 1.34
Burning 0 0.00
Waste Segregation 1 0.67
Throw in Estero 0 0.00
Total 149 100
 Waste1%Disposal
1%

98%

DPS (collected)) Open Dumping Burning Waste Segregation Throw in Estero

Figure 16

TABLE 16

Interpretation:

The table shows that 146 out of 149 or 97.99% have their garbage collected by the

Department of Public Service (DPS), 2 or 1.34% dump their garbage outside their houses and 1 or

0.67% segregate their garbage before being collected by the Department of Public Service.
Analysis:

Sanitations refer to maintenance of hygienic conditions through services such as garbage

collection and waste water disposal. Inadequate sanitation is a major cause of disease worldwide

and improving sanitation is known to have a significant beneficial impact on health both in

households and across communities. The above data implies that majority of the families surveyed

have their garbage and waste collected by department of public service provide by the local

government. However, it was observed that the people in the community do not practice waste

segregation and are not diligent enough in cleaning their surroundings. Daily collection of garbage

is not enough to lessen the risk of the community in harboring vector borne diseases. The

improper way of putting away their garbage before it will be collected can still pose potential

health problems among the community. Moreover, it also affects the aesthetic value of the

community in terms of its appearance and quality of air and water.

It would be beneficial to the community if they will be taught to practice waste segregation

as to lessen the garbage and trash being generated at the same time will be able to generate

income through recycling.

CHAPTER 6

HEALTH INDICES

Table 17

Percentage Distribution Showing the Food Storage Practice of Families Surveyed in Brgy 628,
Zone 63, Dist. VI, Sta. Mesa Manila

Food Storage f %
Refrigerated 82 55.0
Not Refrigerated 67 45.0
a. covered 32 47.8
b. not covered 35 52.2
  149 100
 Food Storage

45%

55%

Refrigerated Not Refrigerated

FIGURE 17

Table 17

Interpretation:

The table above presents the percentage distribution showing food storage practices

among Families Surveyed in Road 12, Barangay 628, Zone 63, in Sta. Mesa, City of Manila as of

August 12. It shows that 82 out of 149 or 55% of families are using refrigerator for food storage

while 67 out 149 or 45% of families do not have refrigerator to store their food.
Analysis:

Improper food storage is detrimental to maintaining a good health regime. Proper food

storage does not contribute to improving the quality of food, but prevents quality deterioration.

Proper temperature is vital to safe food storage, as well as maintaining its fresh appearance,

pleasant aroma and texture. Food storage is important because it preserves the quality of food and

prevents it from spoilage, thereby reducing waste, ensures food safety and prevents food-borne

illnesses. Because bacteria thrive between 41-140 degrees Fahrenheit or 5-6 degrees Celsius, or

the “temperature danger zone”, having or storing food refrigerated lessen the possibility of

thriving of the bacteria in food.

The data above implies that almost half of the families surveyed are at risk for food-borne

infections. These families should be aware of the importance of proper and hygienic manner of

preparation, cooking and storing their food.

The absence of a refrigerator in a household is an indicator of the low economic status of

families. Most of the families in the community cannot afford the high cost of a refrigerator unit

and the cost of electricity it generates as validated by the average income of majority of the

families surveyed.

Table 18

Percentage Distribution Showing the Infant Feeding Practices Among Families Surveyed in Brgy
628, Zone 63, Dist. VI, Sta. Mesa Manila

Feeding Practices f %
Breastfeeding 1 14.3
Bottle Feeding 3 42.9
a. Evaporated  
b. Condensed  
c. Powdered 3
Mixed 3 42.9
 Total 7 100

Infant Feeding Practices

25%

75%

Breastfeeding Bottle Feeding

Figure 18

TABLE 18

Interpretation:

Table shows that the three (3) out of seven (7) or 42.86% of the target infant population

in the community are both bottle feeding and mixed infant feeding, while 14.28% or one (1) out of

seven (7) is exclusively breastfeeding.

Analysis:

Breastfeeding is the feeding of an infant or young child with breast milk directly from

female human breast rather than a baby bottle or container. Breastfeeding has those nutrients

that protect an infant against some illness and infection. Human breast milk is the healthiest form

of milk for babies. Bottle feeding using formula milk will most likely to develop illness like urine

infection, so as chest and ear infection. Mixed fed infants using the breastfeeding but the

introduction of formula milk will make the baby prone from any form of allergies and diseases.

The above data implies that more than half of the infant target populations in the

community are prone or at risk for developing illness while the other almost half.

Table 19

Percentage Distribution Showing the Immunization Status of Children 0-12 Families Surveyed in
Brgy 628, Zone 63, Dist. VI, Sta. Mesa Manila

Immunization Target Accomplishment %

BCG 22 22 100.00
Hepa B1 21 20 95.24
Hepa B2 19 18 94.74
Hepa B3 19 18 94.74
DPT 1 21 21 100.00
 DPT 2 19 19 100.00
DPT 3 19 19 100.00
OPV 1 21 21 100.00
OPV 2 19 19 100.00
OPV 3 19 19 100.00
AMV 17 16 94.12

100
99
98
97
96
95
94
93
92
Third Dose
91
BCG Second Dose
First Dose HEPA B
OPV First Dose
Second Dose DPT
AMV
Third Dose
Figure 19

TABLE 19

Interpretation:

Table shows that the target infant population for BCG, DPT1, DPT2, DPT3, OPV1, OPV2 and

OPV3 were given the scheduled immunization corresponding to their age, while the

accomplishment for Hepa B1, Hepa B2, Hepa B3 and Measles vaccination obtained 94.73%,

94.73%, 94.11% and 95.23%, respectively.

Analysis:

Immunization is the process by which an individual’s immune system becomes fortified

against antigen of some common childhood illness. Common childhood illness such as

Tuberculosis, Diphtheria, Pertussis, Hepatitis B and Measles that may lead to death and

permanent disability of children. Measles with its complication is the most deadly of all childhood

illness. This disease spread very easily, because it is air and droplet- borne and its spread can be

facilitated by overcrowding poor ventilation and poor hygiene. The risks of having Measles

outbreak, primary complex, and whooping cough, are very high because it is aggravated by the

unfavorable housing and ventilation condition of the community as shown in other tables. The

Expanded Program for Immunization covers these seven immunizable diseases and is one of the

health services for children being provided by the health center for free. Parents, specifically

mothers are encouraged to bring their infants to the health centers for immunization.

Table 20

Percentage Distribution Showing the Health Seeking Behaviour of Individuals among Families
Surveyed in Brgy 628, Zone 63, Dist. VI, Sta. Mesa Manila

Health Facility f %
Hospital 111 26.75
Health Center 270 65.06
Private Clinic 32 7.71
Other: Hilot 2 0.48
 Total 415 100

Health Seeking Behaviour

300
270
250
200
150 111
100
50
0
32
Hospital
Health Center 2

Private Clinic
Other: Hilot

Health Seeking Behaviour

FIGURE 20

TABLE 20

Interpretation:

Table shows that 111 out of 415 or 26.75% seek health consultation to hospitals, 270s,

and 2 or 0.48% individuals opt to consult with traditional healers (hilot).

Analysis:

Accessibility and affordability of healthcare services influence the health seeking behavior

of the healthcare consumers. The distance of Esperanza Health Center which is very near the

community plays a major role in the utilization of its health services by the community. In the

table shown above, more families visit the health center because of its proximity to the

community. The free services and positive attitude of the health center personnel towards their

clients are also factors that contribute to the utilization of the center. Other families seeking

consultation in hospitals are able to manage. The major hospitals near the community are Ospital

ng Sampaloc and Ospital ng Maynila, both public hospitals. Some families go to private clinics and

private MD because they have health insurance or able to afford the high cost of consultation fee.

Table 21

Percentage Distribution Showing the Source of Health Information of Individuals Among Families
Surveyed in Brgy 628, Zone 63, Dist. VI, Sta. Mesa Manila

Source of Health Information f %

Hospital 30 19.74
Health Center 84 55.26
 Media 32 21.05
Other: Church 2 1.32
Baranggay 4 2.63
Total 152 100.00

Source of Health Informantion

100
80
60
40
20
0
Hospital
Health
Center Media
Church
Baranggay

Source of Health Informantion

Figure 21

TABLE 21

Interpretation:
 The table shows that 30 out of 151 or 19. 87% got health information from hospital, 84 out

of 151 or 55. 63% from the health center, 32 out of 151 or 21. 19% from mass media and 6 out of

151 from the church and barangay officials.

Analysis:

Health information is often obtained by individual from places where they usually go for

health care services. The above data only implies that the community obtains health information

from places they usually go for consultation. Since most of them seek consultation in the health

center, they are able to obtain health information such as current trend in health care.

Table 22

Leading Causes of Morbidity Among Families Surveyed in Brgy 628, Zone 63, Dist. VI, Sta. Mesa
Manila

Disease f %
 ARI 108 72.48
Dengue 7 4.70
Hypertensio0n 6 4.03
Sore Eyes 4 2.68
Measles 4 2.68
AGE 4 2.68
Pneumonia 3 2.01
Tuberculosis 3 2.01
Diabetes 3 2.01
UTI 3 2.01
Anemia 2 1.34
Tooth Ache 1 0.67
Cancer 1 0.67
Total: 149 100

Leading Causes of Morbidity

120
100
80
60
40
20
0

Leading Causes of Morbidity

Figure 22

Table 22

Interpretation:
 The table above presents the leading causes of morbidity of individuals among families

surveyed in Rd. 12, Brgy. 628, Zone 63, Sta. Mesa, City of Manila as of August 12, 2011. It shows

that 53 out of 94 or 56.38% of the families in the community experience ARI (Acute Respiratory

Infection) and 8 out of 94 or 8.51% of the families in the community experience Asthma.

Analysis:

The leading causes of morbidity in the community are the common ailments that afflict the

families in the community. The table above shows that most of the families in the community

experience Acute Respiratory Infection, dengue and hypertension. ARI is an airborne infection

that is highly communicable. The spread of this infection is facilitated by the overcrowding

condition and the poor ventilation of houses which is prevalent in the community. Since the

location of the community is within Sta .Mesa which is in proximity to the busy thoroughfares of

Manila, the poor quality of air is one reason for the high incidence of acute respiratory infection.

The poor environmental sanitation of the community is also a factor for the endemic of dengue

cases present in the community. The present of junk and broken pieces of furniture stored all over

the place which some of the residents refuse to dispose serve as breeding sites for vectors of

dengue virus.

CHAPTER 8
 PROBLEMS IDENTIFIED

1. Poor Practices Feeding

2. Failure to Practice Waste Segregation

3. Incidence of Dengue Cases in the Community

4. High Incidence of Families with Poor Housing Ventilations

5. High Percentage of Individuals Expose to Workplace Hazards

6. Incidence of Hypertension in the Community

7. High Incidence of Families Belonging to the Low income Group

8. Overcrowding of Houses
 PREVALENCE OF ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTION

CRITERIA COMPUTED SCORE JUSTICATION

Nature of the problem 3/3 x 1 = 1 There is an existence of disease

-Health status in the community

Magnitude of the problem 3/4 x 3 = 2.25 72.48% of the families were

-50% - 74% affected afflicted with the disease

Modifiability of the problem 1/3 x 4 = 1.33 Many factors such as

-Low overcrowding and poor
housing ventilation that
facilitate the spread of the
disease is present in the
community. Though health
teaching will make them aware
on how to use personal
protection measures from
acquiring the disease

Preventive Potential 2/3 x 1 = 0.66 Complications and cross-

-Moderate infection can be prevented by
using protective gears or mask,
tissue etc.

Social concern 1/ 2 x 1 = 0.5 The clients recognized the

-Recognized as a problem but disease but don’t understand
not needing urgent attention the transmission of disease to
the other members of the
community.

Total Score 5.74

 OVEWRCROWDING OF HOUSES

CRITERIA COMPUTED SCORE JUSTIFICATION

 Overcrowding can easily
Nature of the problem facilitate the spread of
 Health Related 1_ x 1 = 0.33 communicable diseases
3 and contribute to the
increase generation of
garbage and waster
 66% of the houses are
Magnitude of the problem 3_ x 3 = 2.25 overcrowded.
 50% - 74% affected 4

 Modifiability is low
Modifiability of the problem because it is not possible
 low 1_ x 4 = 1.33 to build additional living
3 space or ask other
members of the family to
transfer to other place to
reside.
Preventive potential  Preventing the
 Low 1_ x 1 = 0.33 subsequent problems
3 brought about by
overcrowding would also
be difficult .
They perceive it as a
Social concern 1_ x 1 = 0.5 concern but they cannot
 Recognized as a 2 do something about it at
problem but not this point in time.
needing urgent
attention

TOTAL: 4.74

CHAPTER 9
 SUGGESTIONS / RECOMMENDATIONS

The interrelated health problems existing in the community of Road 12 and Panganiban

St,, in Barangay 628 boils down to poverty. This community is not the only community afflicted

by poverty. The Philippines have been suffering from poverty problem and it continues to exist

until today. There have been a lot of alleviation programs introduced by the government but the

dilemma keeps on emerging.The problem on poverty has been blame to lack of political will of

those officials running the government office in uplifting the people's lives from financial scarcity.

Some have pinpointed it to lack of business investors from both local and foreign capitalists. While

other says that it is due to rampant criminality that happened every day in the different parts of

the country. Many utters that Filipinos are lazy and lacks the required education and if educated

the course being taken are not appropriate to jobs available in the market. There are still a lot of

reasons that makes poverty persist in the Philippines. The above example is just a few of the many

explanations why the economic shortage always is always ahead of the Filipinos.

The nursing students may not have the capability to address the problem on poverty, but

in their own small ways, they can help address the interrelated health problems that are usually

associated with poverty. The only weapons they can use to battle these problems are their

knowledge about health. Health education is an effective way to change the behavior of the people

in the community towards healthy lifestyle that would influence a positive impact in the health of

the community. Reaching out to the people in community through giving them the correct

information about health does not require too many resources in terms of budgetary allocations,

though, money is considered an important factor towards effective implementations of health

programs.
 For the community in Road 12 and Panganiban St., it is recommended that they be

informed of the importance of a clean environment and be aware of the subsequent health

detriments if they continue to disregard the poor sanitary condition of their environment. There

should be a regular clean-up drive on a day to day basis as to maintain the cleanliness of their

environment. A constant reminder from the Barangay officials and a subsequent disciplinary

action for not practicing waste segregation and proper disposal of waste could curtail the problem

on sanitation. As the problem in overcrowding and poor housing conditions cannot be easily

addressed, the subsequent risks they pose on health like cross-infections of communicable

diseases can still be minimized. Personal hygiene, the use of personal protective measures,

participation in healthy activities that promotes wellness, early seeking for medical consultations,

and utilization of health resources available in the community should be encouraged among the

community. It is also suggested that the barangay officials concerned provide the necessary

assistance in terms of provision for adequate toilet facilities, water supply and recreation

activities. The concerned authorities should also provide the community with appropriate

livelihood training programs and micro-financing programs to augment the income of the families.

The health care personnel in the health center should also be diligent in their work of providing

health care services not only in the confines of the center but by going out and reaching out to the

community.

Maybe it would take longer to see the subsequent positive outcomes that may result from

implementation of the above suggestions and recommendations, but the most important thing is,

THE FIRST STEP IS DONE TODAY.

 CHAPTER 7

SUMMARY/ CONCLUSION

The community diagnosis conducted in the community of Road 12 and Panganiban St.

inBgy 628, Zone 63, Dist. VI, of Sta. Mesa, Manila, was able to yield various health status, health

resources and health related problems. Acute Respiratory Infections manifested by cough, colds

and fever is the leading cause of morbidity among the people in the community surveyed. The

Dengue outbreak that affected most of the cities here in Metro Manila, also has its victims in the

barangay. These diseases can be correlated to the social, economic, and environmental problems

existing in the community. The poor environmental condition of the community is brought about

by overcrowding and the lack of discipline of the people with regards to waste disposal. The

clogged drainage, accumulation of junk materials, dark and moist places serve as breeding sites

for vectors like dengue causing mosquitoes to proliferate in the barangay. Overcrowding and the

poor ventilation of houses highly influence the prevalence of acute respiratory infections

especially among children. The disease being airborne and droplet-borne infections can easily

spread among people staying in the community.

Overcrowding and poorly ventilated houses can be correlated to the urban migration and

low economic status of most of the families in the community. Urban migration, brought about by

limited job opportunities in the provinces is one of the main reasons why there is overcrowding in

the community. The average income of most of the families, being below the poverty threshold

does not give them the capability to build strong and appropriate houses with bigger living spaces.

The educational level of most individuals in the community influences the financial stability of

these families. Having low level of education does not give them the freedom to choose for better

jobs that pay well. On the other hand, still it is the financial capabilities of the families that dictate

the educational attainment of the people. The health problems existing in the community are
interrelated with each other. But the main root cause of these problems can be traced down to the

economic status of the families.

It is therefore concluded that POVERTY is the main culprit why the community is

considered an unhealthy community.