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Invasion and Arab & Turk

Muhammad bin Qasim was the first Arab to invade India in 712 AD, capturing Sindh and Multan and defeating the local ruler Raja Dahir. The first Turkish invader was Subuktagin in the late 10th century. Mahmud of Ghazni then invaded India 17 times between 1001-1026 AD, plundering cities across northern India including Somnath. Muhammad Ghori further expanded the Turkish empire in India through the late 12th century, defeating Prithviraj Chauhan at the Second Battle of Tarain in 1192.

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318 views13 pages

Invasion and Arab & Turk

Muhammad bin Qasim was the first Arab to invade India in 712 AD, capturing Sindh and Multan and defeating the local ruler Raja Dahir. The first Turkish invader was Subuktagin in the late 10th century. Mahmud of Ghazni then invaded India 17 times between 1001-1026 AD, plundering cities across northern India including Somnath. Muhammad Ghori further expanded the Turkish empire in India through the late 12th century, defeating Prithviraj Chauhan at the Second Battle of Tarain in 1192.

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neha
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Invasion and

Arab & Turk


Arab Invasion And Turkish Invasion
➢ The first Arabic Muslim to invade India was
Muhammad bin Qasim, while the first Turkish Muslim
was Subuktagin.
➢ Subuktagin attacked Jaipal, the ruler of the Hindushahi
dynasty of India twice, but could not succeed.
MUHAMMAD BIN QASIM (AD 712)
❑ Muhammad bin Qasim al-Thaqafi an Arab commander of
the Umayyad Caliphate general, who, during the reign of
Caliph al-Walid I (r. 705–715), led the Muslim conquest of
Sindh and Multan (both in present-day Pakistan) from
the third and the last Maharaja of the Brahman
dynasty, Raja Dahir in the battle of Aror.
❑ He was the first Muslim to have successfully captured
Sindh.
➢ Mohammad Bin Qasim Invaded India in AD 712.
➢ He defeated the ruler of Sind, Dahir and province were
given to Omayyad Khilafat.
Administrative System
❑ Sind and Multan were divided into number of Iqtas or districts by
Muhammad-bin-Qasim and Arab military officers headed the Iqtas.
❑ The sub-divisions of the districts were administered by the local
Hindu Officers.
❑ Jizya was imposed on non-Muslims except the Brahmins, women’s,
children’s etc
❑ Muhammad-bin-Qasim’s Army
❑ 25,000 troops with 6000 Camels, 6000 Syrian horses, 3000
Bactrian Camels and an artillery force with 2000 men, advanced
guards, and five catapults.
End of Muhammad-bin-Qasim
❑ Caliph Walid was succeeded by Caliph Sulaiman.
❑ He was an enemy of Al-Hajjaj, the Governor of Iraq.
❑ Muhammad-bin Qasim was the son-in-law of Al-Hajjaj, so he dismissed
him and sent to Mesopotamia as a prisoner where he was tortured to
death.
❑ For more than 150 years, Sind and Multan continued to remain as the part
of the Caliph’s Empire.

Effects of Arab Conquest

❑ The subjugation of Sind made way for Islam into India.

❑ The art of administration, astronomy, music, painting, medicine and


architecture were learnt by Arabs from our land and they spread
astronomy, Indian Philosophy, and numerals to Europe.
Turkish Invasion

❑ In the 8th and 9th centuries, the Turks dominated the Caliphs of Baghdad

❑ They extended their dominion beyond Sind and Multan into India and
finished the work begun by the Arabs.
Turkish Invasions
Mahmud of Ghazni
❖ After the Arabs, the Turks invaded India.
❖ An Ottoman chieftain named Alaptagin established the
Ottoman Empire at Ghazni.
❖ In 977 AD, Alaptagin's son-in-law Subuktagin ruled
Ghazni.
❖ After the death of Subuktagin, his son Mahmud
Ghaznavi ascended the throne of Ghazni.
❖ He invaded India 17 times between 1001 and 1026 AD
to expand Islam and gain wealth.
❖ His attacks have been mentioned by the scholar Henry
Elliot.
❖ He plundered Somnath Temple in AD 1025 (his
sixteenth raid).
❖ He plundered Nagarkot, Thaneshwar, Kannauj,
Mathura, and Somnath.
❖ He patronized three persons, Firdausi (court poet),
Alberuni (scholar) and Utbi (court historian).
❖ Alberuni wrote ‘Kitab-ul-Hind'.
➢ In AD 1026, he defeated the Jats.
➢ Al-Qadir Villah, the Khalifa of Baghdad, conferred the
titles of Yamin-ud-daulah and Amen-ul-Millah on him.
➢ He died in AD 1030.
➢ The objective of Mahmud’s expeditions was to plunder
and loot. He was not interested in expanding his
empire to India.
Muhammad Ghori
❖ The Turkish Empire in India is attributed to Muhammad
Ghori.
❖ He was the ruler of Ghazni, a small mountainous region
between Ghazni and Herat.
❖ He was of the Sansabani dynasty.
❖ Gauri's full name was Shihabuddin Muhammad Gauri.
❖ He conquered Multan (first invasion AD 1175) and
Kutch (AD 1178).
❖ He made a second attack on Gujarat in 1178 AD but
was defeated by Moolraj II at the foothills of Mount
Abu.
❖ This was the first defeat of Muhammad Ghori in India.
❖ This war was conducted by the Nayika Devi, who was
the wife of Mulraj.
❖ By 1186 AD, Gauri had conquered Lahore, Sialkot, and
Bhatinda.
❖ Muhammad Ghori died in AD 1206.
❖ After 1194 AD, Qutubuddin Aibak and Bakhtiyar Khilji,
two commanders of Gauri, started conquering Indian
territories.
❖ It is also believed that Muhammad Ghauri also issued
coins bearing the shape of Goddess Lakshmi.
❖ After the death of Muhammad Ghori, Qutubuddin
Aibak ruled Delhi and founded his dynasty, the Ilbari or
Slave Dynasty.
BATTLE OF TERRAIN
➢ In the First Battle of Terrain (1191), Ghori forces were
completely rooted out by Prithviraj Chauhan.
➢ The Second Battle of Terrain (1192), is regarded as one
of the turning points in Indian history which led to the
defeat of Prithviraj Chauhan by Muhammad Ghori.
➢ It is said that Jaichand, the ruler of Kannauj did not help
Prithviraj Chauhan during the Second Battle of Terrain.
➢ The defeat laid the foundation of Muslim rule in India.
➢ Later, in 1194, Jaichand was also defeated at the Battle
of Chandawar.
❑ Rajput Uprisings
❑ There were many Rajput mutinies between 1193 and
1198 A.D.
❑ Qutb-ud-din-Aibak defeated them and brought many
regions under his control.
❑ Muhammad of Ghori made Delhi as the capital.
❑ Death of Muhammad of Ghori
❑
❑ He was assassinated on 25th March 1206 A.D. in Central
Asia by some Shia rebels and Khokhars.
❑
❑ He is considered to be the real founder of the Turkish
Empire in India because of his various invasions and
subjugations of the Rajput territories in North India.

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