UNIT - 5

8051 INTERFACING ANDAPPLICATIONS

Interfacing of 8051with: Analog Sensors, Keypad & LCD display, ADC, DAC,
DC motor.

LCD INTERFACING:

Figure 5.1 16X2 LCD Module

➢ 16×2 LCD module is a very common type of LCD module.
➢ It consists of 16 rows and 2 columns of 5×7 or 5×8 LCD dot matrices.
➢ It is available in a 16 pin package with back light, contrast adjustment function and each
dot matrix has 5×8 dot resolution.
➢ The pin numbers, their name and corresponding functions are shown in the table 5.1.
Table 5.1 LCD Pin Description
Pin No: Name Function
1 VSS This pin must be connected to the ground
2 VCC Positive supply voltage pin (5V DC)
3 VEE Contrast adjustment
4 RS Register selection
5 R/W Read or write
6 E Enable
7 DB0 Data
8 DB1 Data
9 DB2 Data
10 DB3 Data
11 DB4 Data
12 DB5 Data
13 DB6 Data
14 DB7 Data
15 LED+ Back light LED+
16 LED- Back light LED
VCC,VSS & VEE Pin:
➢ VCC and VSS provide +5V and Ground

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 ➢ VEE pin is meant for adjusting the contrast of the LCD display and the contrast can be
adjusted by varying the voltage at this pin.
➢ This is done by connecting one end of a POT to the Vcc (5V), other end to the Ground
and connecting the center terminal (wiper) of of the POT to the VEE pin. (Refer Figure
5.2)
RS:
➢ LCD has two built in registers namely data register and command register.
➢ Data register is for placing the data to be displayed, and the command register is to
place the commands.
➢ High logic at the RS pin will select the data register and Low logic at the RS pin will
select the command register.
➢ If we make the RS pin high and the put a data in the 8 bit data line (DB0 to DB7), the
LCD module will recognize it as a data to be displayed.
➢ If we make RS pin low and put a data on the data line, the module will recognize it as a
command.
R/W:
➢ R/W pin is meant for selecting between read and write modes.
➢ High level at this pin enables read mode and low level at this pin enables write mode.
Enable (E):
➢ E pin is for enabling the module.
➢ The enable pin is used by the LCD to latch information presented to its data pins.
➢ When data is supplied to data pins, a high to low pulse must be applied to this pin in
order for the LCD to latch in the data present at the data pins.
➢ This pulse must be a minimum of 450ns wide.
Data Pin:
➢ The 8-bit data pins, DB0 to DB7 are used to send information to the LCD or read the
contents of the LCD’s internal register.
➢ To display letters and numbers, send ASCII codes for the letters A-Z; a-z and numbers
0-9 to these pins while making RS=1.
➢ There are also instruction command codes that can be sent to the LCD to clear the
display or force the cursor to the home position or blink the cursor.
➢ Table 5.2 Lists the instructions command codes.

Table 5.2 LCD Command Codes

CODE(Hexa Decimal) COMMAND
01 Clear display screen
02 Return Home
04 Decrement cursor (shift cursor to left)
05 Increment cursor (shift cursor to right)
06 shift display right
07 shift display left
08 Display off, cursor off
0A Display off, cursor on

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 0C Display on, cursor off
0E Display on, cursor blinking
0F Display on, cursor blinking
10 Shift cursor position to left
14 Shift cursor position to right
18 Shift the entire display to the left
1C Shift the entire display to the right
80 Force cursor to the beginning of 1st line
C0 Force cursor to the beginning of 2nd line
38 2 lines and 5 x 7 matrix

➢ We also use RS=0 to check the busy flag bit to see if the LCD is ready to receive
information’s.
➢ The busy flag id D7 and can be read when R/W=1 and RS=0, as follows: if R/W=1,
RS=0.
➢ When D7=1 (busy flag =1), the LCD is busy taking care of internal operations and will
not accept any new information.
LED+ & LED-:
➢ LED+ is the anode of the back light LED and this pin must be connected to Vcc through
a suitable series current limiting resistor.
➢ LED- is the cathode of the back light LED and this pin must be connected to ground.

Figure 5.2 LCD Interfacing With 8051

LCD initialization
➢ The steps that has to be done for initializing the LCD display is given below and these
steps are common for almost all applications.
o Send 38H to the 8 bit data line for initialization
o Send 0FH for making LCD ON, cursor ON and cursor blinking ON.

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 o Send 06H for incrementing cursor position.
o Send 80H for displaying the character from 1st row and 1st column in LCD
o Send 01H for clearing the display and return the cursor.

Sending data to the LCD.

➢ The steps for sending data to the LCD module is given below.
➢ It is the logic state of the pins (RS, R/W and E) that make the module to determine
whether a given data input is a command or data to be displayed.
o Make R/W low.
o Make RS=0 if data byte is a command and make RS=1 if the data byte is a data
to be displayed.
o Place data byte on the data register.
o Pulse E from high to low.
o Repeat above steps for sending another data
Program:
;calls a time delay before sending next data/command
;P1.0-P1.7 are connected to LCD data pins D0-D7
;P2.0 is connected to RS pin of LCD
;P2.1 is connected to R/W pin of LCD
;P2.2 is connected to E pin of LCD
ORG 0
MOV A,#38H ;INIT. LCD 2 LINES, 5X7 MATRIX
ACALL COMNWRT ;call command subroutine
ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time
MOV A,#0EH ;display on, cursor on
ACALL COMNWRT ;call command subroutine
ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time
MOV A,#01 ;clear LCD
ACALL COMNWRT ;call command subroutine
ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time
MOV A,#06H ;shift cursor right
ACALL COMNWRT ;call command subroutine
ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time
MOV A,#84H ;cursor at line 1, pos. 4
ACALL COMNWRT ;call command subroutine
ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time
MOV A,#’N’ ;display letter N
ACALL DATAWRT ;call display subroutine
ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time
MOV A,#’O’ ;display letter O
ACALL DATAWRT ;call display subroutine
AGAIN: SJMP AGAIN ;stay here

COMNWRT: ;send command to LCD

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 MOV P1,A ;copy reg A to port 1
CLR P2.0 ;RS=0 for command
CLR P2.1 ;R/W=0 for write
SETB P2.2 ;E=1 for high pulse
ACALL DELAY
CLR P2.2 ;E=0 for H-to-L pulse
RET

DATAWRT: ;write data to LCD

MOV P1,A ;copy reg A to port 1
CLR P2.0 ;RS=0 for command
CLR P2.1 ;R/W=0 for write
SETB P2.2 ;E=1 for high pulse
ACALL DELAY
CLR P2.2 ;E=0 for H-to-L pulse
RET

DELAY: MOV R3,#50 ;50 or higher for fast CPUs

HERE2: MOV R4,#255 ;R4 = 255
HERE: DJNZ R4,HERE ;stay until R4 becomes 0
DJNZ R3,HERE2
RET
END

Check Busy Flag:

➢ The above code showed how to send command to the LCD without checking the busy
flag.
➢ Notice that we put a long delay between issuing data or commands to the LCD.
➢ However a much better way is to monitor the busy flag before issuing a command or
data to the LCD. This is shown in below program

ORG 0
MOV A,#38H ;INIT. LCD 2 LINES, 5X7 MATRIX
ACALL COMNWRT ;call command subroutine
MOV A,#0EH ;display on, cursor on
ACALL COMNWRT ;call command subroutine
MOV A,#01 ;clear LCD
ACALL COMNWRT ;call command subroutine
MOV A,#06H ;shift cursor right
ACALL COMNWRT ;call command subroutine
MOV A,#84H ;cursor at line 1, pos. 4
ACALL COMNWRT ;call command subroutine
MOV A,#’N’ ;display letter N
ACALL DATAWRT ;call display subroutine

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 MOV A,#’O’ ;display letter O
ACALL DATAWRT ;call display subroutine
AGAIN: SJMP AGAIN ;stay here

COMNWRT: ACALL READY ;send command to LCD if LCD is ready

MOV P1,A ;copy reg A to port 1
CLR P2.0 ;RS=0 for command
CLR P2.1 ;R/W=0 for write
SETB P2.2 ;E=1 for high pulse
ACALL DELAY
CLR P2.2 ;E=0 for H-to-L pulse
RET

DATAWRT: ACALL READY ;write data to LCD if LCD is ready

MOV P1,A ;copy reg A to port 1
CLR P2.0 ;RS=0 for command
CLR P2.1 ;R/W=0 for write
SETB P2.2 ;E=1 for high pulse
ACALL DELAY
CLR P2.2 ;E=0 for H-to-L pulse
RET

READY:
SETB P1.7 ;make P1.7 input port
CLR P2.0 ;RS=0 access command reg
SETB P2.1 ;R/W=1 read command reg
;read command reg and check busy flag
BACK: SETB P2.2 ;E=1 for H-to-L pulse
CLR P2.2 ;E=0 H-to-L pulse
JB P1.7,BACK ;stay until busy flag=0
RET
END
LCD Interfacing Using MOVC Instruction:
ORG 0
MOV DPTR,#MYCOM
C1: CLR A
MOVC A,@A+DPTR
ACALL COMNWRT ;call command subroutine
ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time
INC DPTR
JZ SEND_DAT
SJMP C1
SEND_DAT:

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 MOV DPTR,#MYDATA
D1: CLR A
MOVC A,@A+DPTR
ACALL DATAWRT ;call command subroutine
ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time
INC DPTR
JZ AGAIN
SJMP D1
AGAIN: SJMP AGAIN

ORG 300H
MYCOM: DB 38H,0EH,01,06,84H,0 ; commands and null
MYDATA: DB “HELLO”,0
END

KEYBOARD INTERFACING:
➢ At the lowest level, keyboards are organized in a matrix of rows and columns.
➢ The CPU accesses both rows and columns through ports; therefore, with two 8-bit ports,
an 8 x 8 matrix of keys can be connected to a microprocessor.
➢ When a key is pressed, a row and a column make a contact; otherwise, there is no
connection between rows and columns
Scanning and identifying the key
➢ Figure 5.3 shows a 4 x4 matrix connected to two ports.
➢ The rows are connected to an output port and the columns are connected to an input
port.
➢ If no key has been pressed, reading the input port will yield 1s for all columns since they
are all connected to high (Vcc).
➢ If all the rows are grounded and a key is pressed, one of the columns will have 0 since
the key pressed provides the path to ground.
➢ It is the function of the microcontroller to scan the keyboard continuously to detect and
identify the key pressed, How it is done is explained next.

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 Figure 5.3 Matrix Keyboard Connection to Ports
Grounding rows and reading the columns
➢ To detect a pressed key, the microcontroller grounds all rows by providing 0 to the
output latch, then it reads the columns.
➢ If the data read from the columns is D3 - D0 =1111, no key has been pressed and the
process continues until a key press is detected.
➢ However, if one of the column bits has a zero, this means that a key press has occurred.
➢ For example, if D3 - D0 = 1101, this means that a key in the D1 column has been
pressed.
➢ After a key press is detected, the microcontroller will go through the process of
identifying the key.
➢ Starting with the top row, the microcontroller grounds it by providing a low to row D0
only; then it reads the columns.
➢ If the data read is all 1s, no key in that row is activated and the process is moved to the
next row.
➢ It grounds the next row, reads the columns, and checks for any zero.
➢ This process continues until the row is identified.
➢ After identification of the row in which the key has been pressed, the next task is to find
out which column the pressed key belongs to.
➢ This should be easy since the microcontroller knows at any time which row and column
are being accessed.
➢ Given keyboard program is the 8051 Assembly language program for detection and
identification of key activation.
➢ In this program, it is assumed that P1 and P2 are initialized as output and input,
respectively.
➢ Program goes through the following four major stages:

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 o To make sure that the preceding key has been released, 0s are output to all rows
at once, and the columns are read and checked repeatedly until all the columns
are high. When all columns are found to be high, the program waits for a short
amount of time before it goes to the next stage of waiting for a key to be pressed.
o To see if any key is pressed, the columns are scanned over and over in an
infinite loop until one of them has a 0 on it. Remember that the output latches
connected to rows still have their initial zeros (provided in stage 1), making them
grounded. After the key press detection, the microcontroller waits 20 ms for the
bounce and then scans the columns again. This serves two functions: (a) it
ensures that the first key press detection was not an erroneous one due to a
spike noise, and (b) the 20-ms delay prevents the same key press from being
interpreted as a multiple key press. If after the 20-ms delay the key is still
pressed, it goes to the next stage to detect which row it belongs to; otherwise, it
goes back into the loop to detect a real key press.
o To detect which row the key press belongs to, the microcontroller grounds one
row at a time, reading the columns each time. If it finds that all columns are high,
this means that the key press cannot belong to that row; therefore, it grounds the
next row and continues until it finds the row the key press belongs to. Upon
finding the row that the key press belongs to, it sets up the starting address for
the look-up table holding the scan codes (or the ASCII value) for that row and
goes to the next stage to identify the key.
o To identify the key press, the microcontroller rotates the column bits, one bit at a
time, into the carry flag and checks to see if it is low. Upon finding the zero, it
pulls out the ASCII code for that key from the look-up table; otherwise, it
increments the pointer to point to the next element of the look-up table. Figure
5.4 flowcharts this process.
➢ While the key press detection is standard for all keyboards, the process for determining
which key is pressed varies.
➢ The look-up table method shown in keyboard Program can be modified to work with any
matrix up t0 8 x 8.
➢ Figure 5.4 provides the flowchart for keyboard interfacing Program for scanning and
identifying the pressed key.

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 Figure 5.4 Flowchart for Programming Keyboard Interfacing

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Program:
;keyboard subroutine. This program sends the ASCII
;code for pressed key to P0.1
;P1.0-P1.3 connected to rows, P2.0-P2.3 to column
MOV P2,#0FFH ;make P2 an input port
K1: MOV P1,#0 ;ground all rows at once
MOV A,P2 ;read all col
;(ensure keys open)
ANL A,00001111B ;masked unused bits
CJNE A,#00001111B,K1 ;till all keys release
K2: ACALL DELAY ;call 20 msec delay
MOV A,P2 ;see if any key is pressed
ANL A,00001111B ;mask unused bits
CJNE A,#00001111B,OVER ;key pressed, find row
SJMP K2 ;check till key pressed
OVER: ACALL DELAY ;wait 20 msec debounce time
MOV A,P2 ;check key closure
ANL A,00001111B ;mask unused bits
CJNE A,#00001111B,OVER1;key pressed, find row
SJMP K2 ;if none, keep polling
OVER1: MOV P1, #11111110B ;ground row 0
MOV A,P2 ;read all columns
ANL A,#00001111B ;mask unused bits
CJNE A,#00001111B,ROW_0 ;key row 0, find col.
MOV P1,#11111101B ;ground row 1
MOV A,P2 ;read all columns
ANL A,#00001111B ;mask unused bits
CJNE A,#00001111B,ROW_1 ;key row 1, find col.
MOV P1,#11111011B ;ground row 2
MOV A,P2 ;read all columns
ANL A,#00001111B ;mask unused bits
CJNE A,#00001111B,ROW_2 ;key row 2, find col.
MOV P1,#11110111B ;ground row 3
MOV A,P2 ;read all columns
ANL A,#00001111B ;mask unused bits
CJNE A,#00001111B,ROW_3 ;key row 3, find col.
LJMP K2 ;if none, false input,
;repeat
ROW_0: MOV DPTR,#KCODE0 ;set DPTR=start of row 0
SJMP FIND ;find col. Key belongs to
ROW_1: MOV DPTR,#KCODE1 ;set DPTR=start of row
SJMP FIND ;find col. Key belongs to
ROW_2: MOV DPTR,#KCODE2 ;set DPTR=start of row 2
SJMP FIND ;find col. Key belongs to

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 ROW_3: MOV DPTR,#KCODE3 ;set DPTR=start of row 3
FIND: RRC A ;see if any CY bit low
JNC MATCH ;if zero, get ASCII code
INC DPTR ;point to next col. addr
SJMP FIND ;keep searching
MATCH: CLR A ;set A=0 (match is found)
MOVC A,@A+DPTR ;get ASCII from table
MOV P0,A ;display pressed key
LJMP K1
;ASCII LOOK-UP TABLE FOR EACH ROW
ORG 300H
KCODE0: DB ‘0’,’1’,’2’,’3’ ;ROW 0
KCODE1: DB ‘4’,’5’,’6’,’7’ ;ROW 1
KCODE2: DB ‘8’,’9’,’A’,’B’ ;ROW 2
KCODE3: DB ‘C’,’D’,’E’,’F’ ;ROW 3
END

ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERTER (ADC) INTERFACING:

➢ ADCs (analog-to-digital converters)are among the most widely used devices for data
acquisition.
➢ A physical quantity, like temperature, pressure, humidity, and velocity, etc., is converted
to electrical (voltage, current)signals using a device called a transducer or sensor
➢ We need an analog-to-digital converter to translate the analog signals to digital numbers,
so microcontroller can read and process them.
➢ An ADC has n-bit resolution where n can be 8, 10, 12, 16 or even 24 bits.
➢ The higher-resolution ADC provides a smaller step size, where step size is the smallest
change that can be discerned by an ADC. This is shown in table 5.3
Table 5.3 Resolution Vs Step Size for ADC

➢ In addition to resolution, conversion time is another major factor in judging an ADC.

➢ Conversion time is defined as the time it takes the ADC to convert the analog input to a
digital (binary) number.
➢ The ADC chips are either parallel or serial.
➢ In parallel ADC, we have 8 of more pins dedicated to bringing out the binary data, but in
serial ADC we have only one pin for data out.
ADC804 chip:

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 ➢ ADC804 IC is an 8-bit parallel analog-to-digital converter.
➢ It works with +5 volts and has a resolution of 8bits.
➢ In ADC804 conversion time varies depending on the clocking signals applied to the CLK
R and CLK IN pins, but it cannot be faster than 110μs.
➢ Figure 5.5 Pin out of ADC0804 in free running mode.
➢ The following is the ADC0804 pin description.

Figure 5.5 ADC0804 Chip (Testing ADC0804 in Free Running Mode)

➢ CLK IN and CLK R:
• CLK IN is an input pin connected to an external clock source when an external clock
is used for timing.
• However, the 0804 has an internal clock generator.
• To use the internal clock generator (also called self-clocking), CLK IN and CLK R
pins are connected to a capacitor and a resistor and the clock frequency is
determined by:

• Typical values are R = 10K ohms and C =150pF.

• By substituting, we get f = 606 kHz and the conversion time is 110μs.
➢ Vref/2: (Pin 9)
• It is used for the reference voltage.
• If this pin is open (not connected), the analog input voltage is in the range of 0 to 5
volts (the same as the Vcc pin).
• If the analog input range needs to be 0 to 4 volts, Vref/2 is connected to 2 volts.
• Table 5.4 shows the Vin range for various Vref/2 inputs.

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 Table 5.4 Vref/2 Relation to Vin Range (ADC0804)

➢ D0-D7:
• D0-D7 are the digital data output pins.
• These are tri-state buffered and the converted data is accessed only when CS =0
and RD is forced low.
• To calculate the output voltage, use the following formula

o Dout = digital data output (in decimal),

o Vin = analog voltage, and
o Step size (resolution) is the smallest change, which is (2 * Vref/2)/256 for ADC
0804
➢ Analog ground and digital ground:
• Analog ground is connected to the ground of the analog Vin and digital ground is
connected to the ground of the Vcc pin.
• The reason that to have ground pin is to isolate the analog Vin signal from transient
voltages caused by digital switching of the output D0 – D7. This contributes to the
accuracy of the digital data output.
➢ Vin(+) & Vin(-):
• Differential analog inputs where Vin= Vin (+) – Vin (-).
• Vin (-) is connected to ground and Vin(+) is used as the analog input to be
converted.
➢ RD:
• This is an input signal and is active low.
• The ADC converts the analog input to its binary equivalent and holds it in an internal
register.
• RD is, used to get the converted data out of the ADC0804 chip.
• Is “output enable” a high-to-low RD pulse is used to get the 8-bit converted data out
of ADC804.
➢ INTR:
• This is an output pin and is active low.
• It is “end of conversion” When the conversion is finished, it goes low to signal the
CPU that the converted data is ready to be picked up.

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 ➢ WR:
• This is an active low input
• It is “start conversion” When WR makes a low-to-high transition, ADC804 starts
converting the analog input value of Vin to an 8-bit digital number.
• When the data conversion is complete, the INTR pin is forced low by the ADC0804.
➢ CS:
• It is an active low input used to activate ADC804.
➢ Steps to Be followed For Data Conversion:
• The following steps must be followed for data conversion by the ADC804 chip:
o Make CS= 0 and send a L-to-H pulse to pin WR to start conversion.
o Monitor the INTR pin, if high keep polling but if low, conversion is complete, go to
next step.
o Make CS= 0 and send a H-to-L pulse to pin RD to get the data out.
• Figure 5.6 shows the timing diagram for ADC process.

Figure 5.6 Read and Write Timing for ADC08804

Clock source for ADC0804:

➢ The speed at which an analog input is converted to the digital output depends on the
speed of the CLK input.
➢ According to the ADC0804 datasheets, the typical operating frequency is approximately
640kHz at 5 volts.
➢ Figures 5.7 and 5.8 show two ways of providing clock to the ADC0804.
➢ In Figure 5.8, notice that the clock in for the ADC0804 is coming from the crystal of the
microcontroller.
➢ Since this frequency is too high, we use D flip-flops (74LS74) to divide the frequency.
➢ A single D flip-flop divides the frequency by 2 if we connect its 𝑄̅ to the D input.
➢ For a higher-frequency crystal, you can use 4 flip-flops

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 Figure 5.7 8051 Connection to ADC0804 with Self-Clocking

Figure 5.8 8051 Connection to ADC0804 with Clock from XTAL2 of the 8051

Example:
Write a program to monitor the INTR pin and bring an analog input into register A. Then call a
hex-to ACSII conversion and data display subroutines. Do this continuously.

;p2.6=WR (start conversion needs to L-to-H pulse)

;p2.7 When low, end-of-conversion)
;p2.5=RD (a H-to-L will read the data from ADC chip)
;p1.0 – P1.7= D0 - D7 of the ADC804
;
MOV P1,#0FFH ;make P1 = input
BACK: CLR P2.6 ;WR = 0

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 SETB P2.6 ;WR = 1 L-to-H to start conversion
HERE: JB P2.7,HERE ;wait for end of conversion
CLR P2.5 ;conversion finished, enable RD
MOV A,P1 ;read the data
ACALL CONVERSION ;hex-to-ASCII conversion
ACALL DATA_DISPLAY ;display the data
SETB P2.5 ;make RD=1 for next round
SJMP BACK

ADC0808:
➢ While the ADC0804 has only one analog input, this chip has 8 of them.
➢ The ADC0808/0809 chip allows us to monitor up to 8 different analog inputs using only a
single chip.
➢ Notice that the ADC0808/0809 has an 8-bit data output just like the ADC804.
➢ The 8 analog input channels are multiplexed and selected according to Table 5.5 using
three address pins, A, B, and C.
Table 5.5 Channel Selection in ADC0808

➢ In the ADC0808/0809, Vref (+) and Vref.(-) set the reference voltage.
➢ If Vref(-) = Gnd and Vref (+) = 5 V, the step size is 5 V/256 = 19.53 mV.
➢ Therefore, to get a l0 mV step size we need to set Vref (+) = 2.56 V and Vref.(-) = Gnd.
➢ From Figure 5.9, notice the ALE pin.
➢ We use A, B, and C addresses to select.IN0 - IN7, and activate ALE to latch in the
address.
➢ SC is for start conversion.
➢ SC is the same as the WR pin in other ADC chips.
➢ EOC is for end-of-conversion, and OE is for output enable (READ).
➢ The EOC and OE are the same as the INTR and RD pins respectively.
➢ Table 5.6 shows the step size relation to the Vref voltage.
➢ Notice that there is no Vref/2 in the ADC0808/0809 chip.

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 Figure 5.9 ADC0808/0809

Table 5.6 ADC0808/0809 Analog Channel Selection

Steps to program the ADC0808/0809

➢ The following are steps ro get data from an ADC0808/0809.
o Select an analog channel by providing bits to A, B, and C addresses according to
Table 5.6.
o Activate the ALE (address latch enable) pin. It needs an L-to-H pulse to latch in
the address.
o Activate SC (start conversion) by an L-to-H pulse to initiate conversion.
o Monitor EOC (end of conversion) to see whether conversion is finished. H-to- L
output indicates that the data is converted and is ready to be picked up. If we do
not use EOC, we can read the converted digital data after a brief time delay. The
delay size depends on the speed of the external clock we connect to the CLK
pin. Notice that the EOC is the same as the INTR pin in other ADC chips.
o Activate OE (output enable) to read data out of the ADC chip. An L-to H pulse to
the OE pin will bring digital data out of the chip. Also notice that the OE is "the
same as the RD pin in other ADC chips.
➢ The speed of conversion depends on the frequency of the clock connected to the CLK
pin, it cannot be faster than 100 microseconds

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SENSOR INTERFACING:
LM35 Temperature sensors:
➢ The LM35 series sensors are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors whose
output voltage is linearly proportional to the celsius (centigrade) temperature.
➢ The LM35 requires no external calibration since it is internally calibrated.
➢ It outputs 10mV for each degree of centigrade temperature.
➢ Table 5.7 is the selection guide for the LM35
Table 5.7 LM35 Temperature Sensor Series Selection Guide

➢ The sensors of the LM34 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors
whose output voltage is linearly proportional to the Fahrenheit temperature.
➢ It also internally calibrated.
➢ It outputs 10mV for each degree Fahrenheit temperature.
Signal Conditioning and Interfacing the LM35 to the 8051

Figure 5.10 Getting Data from Analog World

➢ The above figure 5.10 shows the steps involved in acquiring data from analog world.
➢ Signal conditioning is widely used in the world of data acquisition.
➢ The most common transducers produce an output in the form of voltage, current,
charge, capacitance, and resistance.
➢ However, we need to convert these signals to voltage in order to send input to an A-to-D
converter.

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 ➢ This conversion (modification) is commonly called signal conditioning.
➢ Signal conditioning can be a current-to-voltage conversion or a signal amplification.
➢ For example, the thermistor changes resistance with temperature.
➢ The change of resistance must be translated into voltages in order to be of any use to an
ADC.
➢ Look at the case of connecting an LM35 to an ADC0848.
➢ Since the ADC0848 has 8-bit resolution with a maximum of 256 (28) steps and the LM35
(or LM34) produces l0 mV for every degree of temperature change, we can condition Vin
of the ADC0848 to produce a Vout, of 2560 mV (2.56 V) for full-scale output.
➢ Therefore, in order to produce the full-scale Vout of 2.56 V for the ADC0848, we need to
set Vref = 2.56.
➢ This makes Vout, of the ADC0848 correspond directly to the temperature as monitored by
the LM35. Refer the table 5.8
Table 5.8 Temperature vs. Vout for ADC0848

➢ Figure 5.11 shows the connection of a temperature sensor to the ADC0848.

➢ The LM336-2.5 zener diode to fix the voltage across the 10K pot at 2.5V.
➢ The use of the LM336-2.5 should overcome any fluctuations in the power supply.

Figure 5.11 8051 Connection to ADC0848 and Temperature sensor

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Program:
RD BIT P2.5 ;RD
WR BIT P2.6 ;WR
INTR BIT P2.7 ; END OF CONVERSION
MYDATA EQU P1 ; P1.0-P1.7 = D0-D7 OF THE ADC0848
MOV P1,#0FFH ;make P1 = input
SETB INTR
BACK: CLR WR ;WR = 0
SETB WR ;WR = 1 L-to-H to start conversion
HERE: JB INTR,HERE ;wait for end of conversion
CLR RD ;conversion finished, enable RD
MOV A,MYDATA ;read the data
ACALL CONVERSION ;hex-to-ASCII conversion
ACALL DATA_DISPLAY ;display the data
SETB RD ;make RD=1 for next round
SJMP BACK

CONVERSION:
MOV B,#10
DIV AB
MOV R7,B
MOV B,#10
DIV AB
MOV R6,B
MOV R5,A
RET

DATA_DISPLAY:
MOV P0,R7
ACALL DELAY
MOV P0,R6
ACALL DELAY
MOV P0,R5
ACALL DELAY
RET

DIGITAL-TO-ANALOG (DAC) CONVERTER:

➢ The DAC is a device widely used to convert digital pulses to analog signals.
➢ In this section we will discuss the basics of interfacing a DAC to 8051.
➢ The two method of creating a DAC is binary weighted and R/2R ladder.
➢ The Binary Weighted DAC, which contains one resistor or current source for each bit of
the DAC connected to a summing point.
➢ These precise voltages or currents sum to the correct output value.

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 ➢ This is one of the fastest conversion methods but suffers from poor accuracy because of
the high precision required for each individual voltage or current.
➢ Such high-precision resistors and current-sources are expensive, so this type of
converter is usually limited to 8-bit resolution or less.
➢ The R-2R ladder DAC, which is a binary weighted DAC that uses a repeating cascaded
structure of resistor values R and 2R.
➢ This improves the precision due to the relative ease of producing equal valued matched
resistors (or current sources).
➢ However, wide converters perform slowly due to increasingly large RC-constants for
each added R-2R link.
➢ The first criterion for judging a DAC is its resolution, which is a function of the number of
binary inputs.
➢ The common ones are 8, 10, and 12 bits.
➢ The number of data bit inputs decides the resolution of the DAC since the number of
analog output levels is equal to 2n, where n is the number of data bit inputs.
➢ Therefore, an 8-input DAC such as the DAC0808 provides 256 discrete voltage (or
current) levels of output.
➢ Similarly, the 12-bit DAC provides 4096 discrete voltage levels.
➢ There also 16-bit DACs, but they are more expensive.

DAC0808:
➢ The digital inputs are converter to current (Iout), and by connecting a resistor to the Iout
pin, we can convert the result to voltage.
➢ The total current provided by the Iout pin is a function of the binary numbers at the D0-D7
inputs of the DAC0808 and the reference current (Iref), and is as follows

➢ Usually reference current is 2mA.

➢ Ideally we connect the output pin to a resistor, convert this current to voltage, and
monitor the output on the scope.
➢ But this can cause inaccuracy; hence an opamp is used to convert the output current to
voltage.
➢ The 8051 connection to DAC0808is as shown in the below figure 5.12.
➢ Now assuming that Iref = 2mA, if all the inputs to the DAC are high, the maximum output
current is 1.99mA.

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 Figure 5.12 8051 Connection to DAC808
Example 1:
Assuming that R=5K and Iref=2mA, calculate Vout for the following binary inputs:
(a) 10011001B
(b) 11001000B
Solution:
(a) Iout = 2mA(153/256) = 1.195mA and Vout = 1.195mA * 5K =5.975V
(b) Iout = 2mA(200/256) = 1.562mA and Vout = 1.562mA * 5K =7.8125V

Converting Iout to voltage in DAC0808:

➢ Ideally we connect the output pin lout, to a resistor, convert this current to voltage, and
monitor the output on the scope.
➢ In real life, however, this can cause inaccuracy since the input resistance of the load
where it is connected will also affect the output voltage.
➢ For this reason, the lref current output is isolated by connecting it to an op-amp such as
the 741 with Rf = 5K ohms for the feedback resistor.
➢ Assuming that R= 5K ohms, by changing the binary input, the output voltage changes as
shown in Example 2.
Example 2:
Inorder to generate a stair-step ramp, set up the circuit in figure 5.12 and connect the
output to an oscilloscope. Then write a program to send data to the DAC to generate a
stair-step ramp.
Solution:
CLR A
AGAIN: MOV P1,A ; SEND DATA TO DAC
INC A ; COUNT FROM 0 TO FFH
ACALL DELAY ; LET DAC RECOVER
SJMP AGAIN

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 Generating a sine wave
➢ To generate a sine wave, we first need a table whose values represent the magnitude of
the sine of angles between 0 and 360 degrees.
➢ The values for the sine function vary from -1.0 to +1.0 for 0- to 360-degree angles.
➢ Therefore, the table values are integer numbers representing the voltage magnitude for
the sine of theta.
➢ This method ensures that only integer numbers are output to the DAC by the 805l
microcontroller.
➢ Table 5.9 shows the angles, the sine values, the voltage magnitudes, and the integer
values representing the voltage magnitude for each angle (with 30-degree increments).
➢ To generate Table 5.9,we assumed the full-scale voltage of 10 V for DAC output (as
designed in Example 4 Figure).
➢ Full-scale output of the DAC is achieved when all the data inputs of the DAc are high.
➢ Therefore, to achieve the full-scale 10 V output, we use the following equation
Vout= 5V(1+sinθ)
➢ Vout of DAC for various angles is calculated and shown in Table 5.9. See Example 3 for
verification of the calculations
Table 5.9 Angle Vs Voltage Magnitude for Sine Wave

Example 3:
Verify the values given for the following angles: (a) 30º (b) 60º
Solution:
(a) Vout = 5V+(5V * sin30) =7.5V
DAC input values = 7.5V * 25.6 = 192 (Decimal)
(b) Vout = 5V+(5V * sin60) =9.33V
DAC input values = 9.33V * 25.6 = 238 (Decimal)

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 ➢ To find the values sent to the DAC for various angles, we simply multiply Vout voltage by
25.6 because there are 256 steps and full scale Vout is 10 volts.
256 steps/10V = 25.6 steps per volt
➢ The following examples 9, 10 and 11 will show the generation of waveforms using
DAC0808.

Example 4:
Write an ALP to generate a sine waveform.
Vout= 5V(1+sinθ)
Solution:
Calculate the decimal values for every 10 degree of the sine wave. These values can be
maintained in a table and simply the values can be sent to port P1. The sine wave can be
observed on the CRO.

Example 5:
Write an ALP to generate a triangular waveform.

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DC MOTOR INTERFACING:
➢ DC motor is a device that translates electrical pulses into mechanical movement.
➢ The DC motor has + and – leads
➢ Connecting them to a DC voltage source moves the motor in one direction and by
reversing the polarity, the DC motor will move in opposite direction.
Unidirectional Control:
➢ The following figure 5.13 shows the DC motor rotation for clockwise (CW) and
counterclockwise (CCW) rotations.

Figure 5.13 DC Motor Rotation (Permanent Magnet Field)

Bidirectional Control:
➢ With the help of relays or some specially designed chips we can change the direction of
the DC motor rotation.
➢ Figure 5.14 through 5.17 shows the basic concepts of H-Bridge control of DC motors.

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 Figure 5.14 H-Bridge Motor Configuration
➢ Figure 5.2 shows the connection of an H-Bridge using simple switches.
➢ All the switches are open, which does not allow the motor to turn.

Figure 5.15 H-Bridge Motor Clockwise Configuration

➢ Figure 5.3 shows the switch configuration for turning the motor in one direction.
➢ When switches 1 and 4 are closed, current is allowed to pass through the motor.

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 Figure 5.16 H-Bridge Motor Counterclockwise Configuration
➢ Figure 5.3 shows the switch configuration for turning the motor in the opposite direction
from the configuration of Figure 5.3
➢ When switches 2 and 3 are closed, current is allowed to pass through the motor.

Figure 5.17 H-Bridge in an invalid configuration.

➢ Figure 5.4 shows an invalid configuration.
➢ Current flows directly to ground, creating a short circuit.
➢ The same effect occurs when switches 1 and 3 are closed or switches 2 and 4 are
closed.
➢ Table 5.10 shows some of the logic configurations for the H-Bridge design.

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 Table 5.10 H-Bridge Logic Configurations
Motor Operation SW1 SW2 SW3 SW4
OFF Open Open Open Open
Clockwise Closed Open Open Closed
Counter Clockwise Open Closed Closed Open
Invalid Closed Closed Closed Closed
➢ H-Bridge control can be created using relays, transistors, or a single IC Solution such as
the L293.
➢ When using relays and transistors, must ensure that invalid configuration do not occur.
➢ Example:
A switch is connected to pin P2.7. Write a program to monitor the status of SW and
perform the following:
(a) If SW=0, the DC motor moves clockwise
(b) If SW=1, the DC motor moves counterclockwise
Solution:
ORG 0H
MAIN: CLR P1.0 ; Switch 1
CLR P1.1 ; Switch 2
CLR P1.2 ; Switch 3
CLR P1.3 ; Switch 4
SETB P2.7
MONITOR: JNB P2.7, CLOCKWISE
SETB P1.0 ; Switch 1
CLR P1.1 ; Switch 2
CLR P1.2 ; Switch 3
SETB P1.3 ; Switch 4
SJMP MONITOR
CLOCKWISE: CLR P1.0 ; Switch 1
SETB P1.1 ; Switch 2
SETB P1.2 ; Switch 3
CLR P1.3 ; Switch 4
SJMP MONITOR
END

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 Motor Control Using L293

Figure 5.18 Bidirectional Motor Control Using L293 Chip

➢ Figure 5.18 shows the connection of L293 to an 8051.
➢ Example:
A switch is connected to pin P2.7. Write a program to monitor the status of SW and
perform the following:
(a) If SW=0, the DC motor moves clockwise
(b) If SW=1, the DC motor moves counterclockwise
Solution:
ORG 0H
MAIN: CLR P1.0
CLR P1.1
CLR P1.2
SETB P2.7
MONITOR: SETB P1.0 ; Enable the Chip
JNB P2.7, CLOCKWISE
CLR P1.1 ; Turn Motor counterclockwise
SETB P1.2
SJMP MONITOR
CLOCKWISE: SETB P1.1
CLR P1.2 ; Turn Motor clockwise
SJMP MONITOR
END
PWM:
➢ The speed of the motor depends on three factors
o Load
o Voltage
o Current
➢ For a given fixed load we can maintain a steady speed by using a method called Pulse
Width Modulation(PWM)

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 ➢ By changing (modulating) the width of the pulse applied to the DC motor we can
increase or decrease the amount of power provided to the motor, thereby increasing or
decreasing the motor speed.
➢ Notice that although the voltage has a fixed amplitude, it has a variable duty cycle
➢ That means the wider the pulse, the higher the speed.
➢ PWM is do widely used in DC motor control that some microcontrollers come with the
PWM circuitry embedded in the chip.

Figure 5.19 Pulse Width Modulation Comparison

Optoisolator:
➢ An optoisolator (also known as optical coupler, optocoupler and opto-isolator) is a
semiconductor device that uses a short optical transmission path to transfer an electrical
signal between circuits or elements of a circuit, while keeping them electrically isolated
from each other.
➢ Advantage: Their high electrical isolation between the input and output terminals
allowing relatively small digital signals to control much large AC voltages, currents and
power.

Reference:
• Muhammed Ali Mazidi, Janice Gillispie Mazidi and Rolin D.McKinlay, “The 8051
Microcontroller and Embedded Systems: Using Assembly and C”

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