University of zakho

Faculty of science
Department of biology

Internal and external fertilization in

animal

Prepared by
Sarhat kadhim abdilrahim
Serdar abdulkarim agid
Ibrahim Khalil abdullah

Supervisor
Dr. Basim Saleem Ahmed

1442 A.H 2720K December 2020

 # Content No. Page
1. Introduction 3
2. Type of fertilization 4
3. Advantage and dis advantage 6
4. Comparison chart 8
5. The evolution of reproduction 8
6. Summary 9
7. References 10

# Figure showing No. Page

Figure 1: Snake (oviparity animal) 4
Figure 2: Viviparity animals 5
Figure 3: Pregnant shark is a ovovivparity 5
Figure 4: Frog fertilization 6

# Table showing No. Page

Table 1 Difference between external and internal fertilization 8

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Introduction
Reproduction may be asexual when one individual produces genetically
identical offspring, or sexual when the genetic material from two individuals is
combined to produce genetically diverse offspring. Fertilization is the mechanism
of sexual reproduction which forms the zygote. is the fusion of gametes to initiate
the development of a new individual organism in animals, the process involves the
fusion of an ovum with a sperm, which first creates a zygote and then leads to the
development of an embryo. Depending on the animal species, the process can occur
within the body of the female in internal fertilization, or outside (external
fertilization). The cycle of fertilization and development of new individuals is called,
the entire process of development of new individuals is called procreation, the act of
species reproduction.
In this proses have two fertilization type external fertilization and internal
fertilization the External fertilization or “the ancestor of internal modes of
reproduction “is generally a widespread reproductive approach of aquatic animals
including both invertebrates (coelenterates, annelids, mollusks, echinoderms) and
vertebrates (fishesand amphibians) in which male and female gam-etes are released
into the aquatic environments and fertilization occurs outside of the body after the
internal fertilization Internal fertilization . The male introduce sperm cells in the
female’s body. It occurs in terrestrial animals, sharks and rays. The embryo can
develop in different ways Oviparity. Oviparous lay eggs, with little or no other
embryonic development within the mother. And Ovoviviparity. Ovoviviparous
animals develop within eggs that remain within the mother's body up until they hatch
or are about to hatch. And Vivipary. A viviparous animal is an animal where the
embryo develops inside the body of the mother, as opposed to outside in an egg. The
mother then gives live birth.

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Type of fertilization
 Internal fertilization
 External fertilization

1. Internal fertilization occurs in plants as well as in terrestrial animals and in a few

aquatic animals. In plants, this type of fertilization occurs inside the ovary in some
higher plants, such as angiosperms, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and bryophytes but
not in non-vascular plants. This type of fertilization occurs in three ways; oviparity,
viviparity and ovoviviparity.

 Oviparity fertilization occurs in animals that lay eggs outside and the
nourishment is provided to the offspring by the presence of the yolk in the
egg. The animals in which oviparity occurs are called oviparous such as
birds, amphibians, reptiles, bony fish and a few cartilaginous fish showinin
Figure 1.

Figure 1: showing snake (oviparity animal)

 Viviparity method is followed by a few reptiles, mammals and cartilaginous

fish. In this fertilization, the offspring develop within the body of a female
and receive nourishment through the placenta from the mother’s blood. After
the development, the offspring comes out of the mother’s body. These
animals are known as viviparous you can see in Figure 2.
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 Figure 2: showing viviparity animals

 In ovoviviparity, the eggs are kept in the female body and the nourishment is
provided from the yolk present in the egg only to the developing embryo.
When the young one is fully developed, the egg is hatched and the young
one comes out. Lizards, snake ad sharks follow this type of internal
fertilization you can see in Figure 3.

Figure 3: showing pregnant shark is a ovovivparity

2. External fertilization is a mode of reproduction in which a male organism’s

sperm fertilizes a female organism’s egg outside of the female’s body. This type of

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fertilization happens in water or a moist area to facilitate the movement of the
sperm to the egg.

Fish, sea urchins, a few vertebrates, all aquatic invertebrates and most amphibians
show external fertilization in which male and female sex cells unite in the external
environment. Sperms and eggs are deposited into the open surrounding which is
called spawning. In another method, the sperms swim through the water to get
unite with the eggs and get fertilized which is called broadcast fertilization for
example frog .

In most species of frogs, fertilization is external. The male frog grabs the female's
back and fertilizes the eggs as the female frog releases them (Figure 4). ... The egg
pronucleus and the sperm pronucleus will meet in the egg cytoplasm to form the
diploid zygotic nucleus

. Figure 4: frog fertilization

Advantage and dis advantage

1.Internal fertilization
Advantages
In internal fertilization, as the fertilized egg remains inside the body of a female, so
is protected from the predators as well as from the harsh climate. Hence, the
chances of survival of the offspring are higher.

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In internal fertilization, the mates are selective and there are lesser chances of
desiccation of gametes.

Disadvantages
There are a few disadvantages of internal fertilization. Firstly, there is a lesser
number of offspring produced at a given time. Sometimes, it is difficult for the
male and female to come into intimate contact. For the internal fertilization, male
must produce a large number of sperms. But only one sperm fertilizes one egg at a
time. Internal fertilization also requires close coordination between males and
females in terms of behavior and physiology which needs extensive hormonal
control. In this fertilization, females contribute more than males.

2.external fertilization

Advantages
There are several advantages of the external fertilization. Firstly, the offspring
produced by this fertilization are higher in number and there is less competition
between offspring and their parents. Secondly, less energy is required to find a
mate contrary to internal fertilization. External fertilization results in a greater
genetic variation among offspring.

Disadvantages
There are also some disadvantages of external fertilization. There are a few
chances of survival of the offspring as the parents cannot provide care to each
offspring. A large number of unfertilized gametes will be wasted due to
unprotecting as well as from desiccation. Secondly, male parent must produce a
large number of sperms as each sperm may not fertilize the egg. Similarly, females
must deposit dozens of eggs for successful fertilization. Predators and other
environmental hazards minimize the probability of external fertilization.

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 Table 1
Comparison chart
Difference between external and internal fertilization
Basis for comparison internal fertilization External fertilization
Number of gametes Less number of Number gametes are
released gametes released
Syngamy Occurs inside the Occur outside body
body
Survival rate High Survival rate Low survival rate
Environment condition In harsh environment In moistened environment
Genetic diversity No great genetic Great genetic diversity
diversity
Types 1.Oviparity, No further types
2.viviparity,
3.ovoviviparity
Examples Bird, mammals, Algae, fish and amphibians
Bryophytes and
tracheophytes

The Evolution of Reproduction

Once multicellular organisms evolved and developed specialized cells,. These

organisms produce sperm and eggs from undifferentiated cells in their coelom and
store them in that cavity. When the coelom becomes filled, the cells are released
through an excretory opening or by the body splitting open. Reproductive organs
evolved with the development of gonads that produce sperm and eggs. These cells
went through meiosis, an adaption of mitosis, Complete reproductive systems were
developed in insects, with separate sexes. Sperm are made in testes and then travel
through coiled tubes to the epididymis for storage. Eggs mature in the ovary. When
they are released from the ovary, they travel to the uterine tubes for fertilization.

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Some insects have a specialized sac, called a spermatheca, which stores sperm for
later use, sometimes up to a year. Fertilization can be timed with environmental or
food conditions that are optimal for offspring survival.

Vertebrates have similar structures, with a few differences. Non-mammals, such as

birds and reptiles, have a common body opening, called a cloaca, for the digestive,
excretory and reproductive systems.. Mammals have separate openings for the
systems in the female and a uterus for support of developing offspring. The uterus
has two chambers in species that produce large numbers of offspring at a time, while
species that produce one offspring, such as primates, have a single uterus.

Sperm transfer from the male to the female during reproduction ranges from
releasing the sperm into the watery environment for external fertilization, to the
joining of cloaca in birds, to the development of a penis for direct delivery into the
female’s vagina in mammals.

Summary

Sexual reproduction starts with the combination of a sperm and an egg in a process
called fertilization. This can occur either outside the bodies or inside the female.
Both methods have advantages and disadvantages. Once fertilized, the eggs can
develop inside the female or outside. If the egg develops outside the body, it usually
has a protective covering over it. Animal anatomy evolved various ways to fertilize,
hold, or expel the egg. The method of fertilization varies among animals. Some
species release the egg and sperm into the environment, some species retain the egg
and receive the sperm into the female body and then expel the developing embryo
covered with shell, while still other species retain the developing offspring through
the gestation period.

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References
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frog. 252 (1–2): 115–9.
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8. Jump up to:a b Zhao, Mian; Li, Chenliang; Zhang, Wei; Wang, Hui; Luo,
Zhenhua; Gu, Qi; Gu, Zhirong; Liao, Chunlin; Wu, Hua (2016). "Male pursuit of
higher reproductive success drives female polyandry in the Omei treefrog

9. Byrne, P. G.; Roberts, J. D.; Simmons, L. W. (2002). "Sperm competition

selects for increased testes mass in Australian frogs". Journal of Evolutionary
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10.Jump up to:a b Houck, Lynne D.; Arnold, Stevan J. (2003). "Courtship and
Mating Behavior" (PDF). In Sever, David M. (ed.). Reproductive Biology and
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