SCHOOL NAME

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

First Semester S.Y. 2020-2021

MODULE 13
PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND
GOVERNANCE

Name: _______________________________ Date :__________

Grade/Section: ________________________ Week :__________
Track/Strand: _________________________
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PHILIPPINE
Lesson 13 POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT:
The Fifth Republic
WHAT IS THIS ALL ABOUT?

After the EDSA Revolution, the Filipinos proved to the world that the peaceful
revolution was still possible to overthrow the dictatorship. The end of Marcos regime also
started the beginning of the new Republican government of the Philippines.

WHAT DO YOU EXPECT TO LEARN?

Content Standard:
 The learners demonstrate an understanding of the historical background
of Philippine democratic politics, the executive, the legislative, the
judiciary, and decentralization and local governance.

Performance Standard:
 The learners explain the roles of different political institutions.

Objectives:
After the lesson, the learners should be able to:
1. discuss the Philippine politics during the Fifth Republic;
2. identify the different Presidents and their Programs; and
3. evaluate the effects of the different projects of the President of the Philippines during
the Fifth Republic.

PRELIMINARY ACTIVITY

Make an editorial cartoon about a particular project of a president in Fifth Republic. Use
the space provided below.

THE 1987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION

 In the pursuant of the Proclamation Number 3, the president promulgated the
Proclamation number 9 or the Law Governing the Constitutional Commission of 1986. This law
set rules in the organization of the Constitutional Commission, the framing, the ratification or
the rejection of the new constitution.

THE COMPOSITION

The Constitutional Commission was composed of 42 men and 6 women who were the
national. Regional and sectoral representatives who were appointed by the president.

THE FRAMING

1. The Constitutional Commission convened on June 2, 1986 at the Batasang Pambansa Building
in Diliman, Quezon City.

2. They used the Malolos Constitution, 1935 Constitution and the 1973 Constitution as draft.

3. After 133 days of work the commission vote 44-2 for the approval of the Constitution.

4 In October 15, 1986 the Constitutional Commission convened again to sign the 109 page draft
of Constitution with 18 articles and 321 sections.

5. In February 2, 1987, the people ratified the constitution thru the plebiscite

THE SIGNIFICANT PROVISIONS

1. The Philippines adopted the Republican Government with three branches: The executive, the
legislative and the Judiciary.

2. The Separation of Church and State.

3. The supremacy of the Civilian over the military.

4. The Congress had the right to cancel the declaration of Martial Law and in case it was
declared it will only last for 60 days.

5. The creation of the Commission of Human Rights,

6. The term of the President and Vice President is for 6 years; however, the President was not
allowed to have a reelection.

7. The End of the Military Bases Agreement.

8. The suffrage was changed to 18 years old qualification and no educational attainment
needed.

9. The bicameral legislature. The Senate was composed of 24 senators who may assume office
for 6 years with reelection and the lower house is composed of 240 representatives and 20
percent of those should come from the party list.

THE PRESIDENTS
1. CORAZON COJUANGCO AQUINO

She assumed office as president from June 30,

1992. She was February 25, 1986- the first woman
president of the country and the leader who ended the
dictatorship and because of this she became the icon of
democracy. Corazon Aquino became part of the list of
the most influential women in Asia and experienced
applause and admiration from different nationality.
She was soft spoken but firm on her decision and
willing to fight for her principles.

PROGRAMS

1. The Proclamation no. 9, stated to creation of the

constitutional convention and appointed
representative from different groups and aspect of the
society to draft the 1987 constitution. In the leadership
of Cecilia Munoz Palma, the delegates were able to
create a constitution in October 15, 1986 and ratified in
the plebiscite held in February 2, 1987.

2. The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program which expanded the scope of the agricultural
land that could be under the land reform to provide land for the landless Filipinos.

3. The privatization of government owned companies was one of the highlight of her
administration, because of the lack of funds and high foreign debt, she needs to sell the
companies under the supervision of the government to private companies.

4. The free Press. The investigation of the Human Rights Violation.

6. The amnesty for the political prisoners.

7. The breakdown of monopoly.

8. The Value Added Tax.

9. The 1987 Philippine Constitution.

CHALLENGES

1. The lack of fund of the government due to the expenses a corruption in the past
administration.

2. The huge foreign debt of the country amounting to 26 billion dollars.

3. The numerous Coup attempt and the discontent of the different people to the government
create a negative image after the known people power triumph in EDSA. The return of the
freedom of the press and expressions sparked the discontent and lead to RAM coup attempt.

4. The failure of the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program because of the inability of the
government to imposed sanction for the landlords who refused to distribute their lands. The
Man Made and natural Calamities, for the Man Made is the War in Middle East due to the
conflict between Iraq versus Kuwait and US. And the Natural calamities like the earthquake in
Baguio and the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo.

2. FIDEL VALDEZ RAMOS

 He assumed office as president from June 30, 1992 -
June 30 1998. Fidel V. Ramos was a military man, an engineer
and a visionary who wanted to bring the country to the list of
the developed country in Asia. His aim was to attain the tiger
in economy and he succeeded in stabilization of peso in the
midst of the devaluation of currency in the South East Asia.

Programs

1. The Philippines 2000, was his vision that in the year 2000
the country would be competitive and would have a stable
economy. To realize his vision, he had the MTPDP (Medium
Term Philippine Development Plan) to foster growth in
industry.

2. The liberalization or the trade by deregulation and free market as he entered the APEC (Asia-
Pacific Economic Conference) which enhanced the trading between members thru the
liberalization of the foreign trade policy. In the midst of the Asian currency crisis, pes0 was able
to stand still with minimum devaluation.

3. The establishment of 24 OWWA offices (Overseas Worker Welfare Administration) to protect

the Filipino workers abroad.

Challenges

1. The PEA-Amari deal land deal, wherein the land allocated for the resettlement of the Urban
Squatters was sold to the business tycoon.

2. The problems in land reform were not resolved.

3. The disadvantage of the liberalization of trade and deregulation was felt by the Local
producers who could not compete in the world market against the Multinational Corporation.

3. JOSEPH EJERCITO ESTRADA

He assumed office as president from June 30,

1998- January 16, 2001. He treated himself as the icon of
the poor, Erap para sa mga Mahihirap, the first president
who won in the landslide vote and a politician who
started from the lower position in the local government to
the highest position in the National government. The
hopeful members of the masses look up to his promise
that he would end the nepotism in the government in
saying that "Kay Erap walang Mayaman, Walang Kaibi-
kaibigan at Huwag Nyo akong susubukan". However,
after more than a year of being a president, he was
involved in jueteng payola controversy and then the
people who once believed him asked him to resign.

The Programs

1. He envisioned the "Angat Pinoy" program which

aimed for the development of both rural and urban areas,
the agricultural reform, housing for the homeless, health
services and advancement of trading thru continue liberalization of the trade policies.

2. He signed the Visiting Forces Agreement, which allow the time to time visit of the armed
forces of the United States to visit the Philippines, Reaffirming the obligations of the Philippines
and the United States in the Mutual Defense Treaty in August 30, 1951, promotes the national
security of the both parties and the approval of the Philippines to be the venue of the military
exercises of the US troops. In return, the country would receive military aid and financial aid
that would help in the modernization of the Armed Forces of the Philippines and the Philippine
National Police.

3. The rolling Store which provided a cheaper commodities for the consumers.

4. The offensive against the Abu Sayaf which kidnapped some of the teachers, member of the
press and the foreigners in Mindanao.

Challenges

1. The peso devaluation, the exchange rate of peso to dollar was the average of 56 is to 1 dollar.

2. His declaration of the "all-out war” against the said groups resulted to the increase of the
expenses of the military.

3. The controversies regarding his involvement or the involvement of the members of his family
in the misuse of the funds of SSS, illegal gambling such as jueteng, drug trafficking,
manipulation of stock exchange.

4. The Padrino system in the government.

The Impeachment Trial

1. The testimony of the Chavit Singson was brought in the lower house and the case of
impeachment against President Estrada and then submitted in the upper house.

2 The investigation about "Jose Velarde", President Erap Estarada was accused that he was
using the name Jose Velarde to hide his wealth coming from Jueterng in Equitable Bank.

3. The case of President Estrada was in trial and Justice Hilario Davide presided as the head of
the Impeachment court as the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court during those times. In January
16, 2001.

4. The bank account of Jose Velarde was not allowed be opened by the eleven Senators. This
decision was viewed by the other side as the hindrance in finding the truth so the other Senators
walked out from the session.

5. They protested and brought their sentiments to EDSA and asked for the president to resign.
The EDSA II or the People Power Revolution II was supported by Jaime Cardinal Sin and he
asked the Filipino people to join them for their struggle against President Estrada.

6. The Filipino community joined the revolution that led to the resignation of the president.

7. In January 20, 2001, the Vice President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo assumed the presidency and
sworn as the second woman president of the Philippines and in March 2, 2001, the Supreme
Court declared the legality of her leadership.

4. GLORIA MACAPAGAL ARROYO

She assumed office as president from January 20, 2001. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo is an
economist and a strong lady who in the midst of controversies stood firm and continued her
reign as president. She was accused as a cheater in the presidential election in 2004 and
connected to those who took advantage their position to gain wealth from the bidding for the
government projects.
The Programs

1. The land Reform or the CARPER (Comprehensive

Agrarian Program Expansion and Revision) or the
CARPER which aimed to widen the scope of the land
reform and to apply other method in the realization
of the program that will distribute land to the
landless farmers.

2. The free enterprise that would encourage the

capitalist to invest more in the country for the
development of trading.

3. The stabilization of peso (from the average of 56

pesos to I dollar exchange rate to the average of 45
pesos to 1 dollar).

4. The social reform that would care for the needs of

the poor.

5. To find opportunities for the unemployed. Along

those priorities were the projects that lead to the construction of additional classroom, roads, the
electricity for the rural areas and the advancement of the transportation (e-g. RORO)

6. The construction of the MRT for the easy transportation of the people in Metro Manila. The
Revitalized Value Added Tax or RVAT to increase the revenue of the government. The increase
of the Personal Tax exemption from 25 thousand to 50 thousand pesos.

Challenges

1. In April 25, 2001, her administration ordered for the arrest of the former president Estrada for
the case of plunder and perjury which resulted to the uprising of the alliances of Estrada known
as EDSA I1L, the masses who still support Erap rallied to EDSA and then to Malacañang and
ask President Arroyo to resign. The rally lead to the destruction of the street lights and other
machineries in the area but the uprising was pacified and Erap Estrada was put into jail.
However, before the end of her term she granted former president Estrada her presidential
pardon.

2 The Fertilizer Scam controversy, the Department of Agriculture secretary Jocelyn "Jocjoc"
Bolante used the allocated 700 million Php. Budget for the fertilizer that will increase the
production in agriculture to other activity. According to the investigation, the said budget was
used the election in 2004 for the campaign of the president.

3. Hello Garci Scandal - The conversation between President Gloria Arroyo and the Comelec
chairman in Mindanao Virgilio Garcillano was recorded. The content of the conversation is the
instruction of President Arroyo regarding the assurance of her win the election in Mindanao.

4. The midnight appointment. She used her power for appointment to appoint her allies in the
key positions like the Chief of the Supreme Court and the Ombudsman so that at the end of her
term her administration will not be question by those positions.

5. The issuance of Executive Order 464 - The officials of the government and the military were
not allowed to participate in the investigation of congress without the permission of the
president.

6. Extra Judicial Killings - The victims of violence and killings in media and student activist
increased and in November 23, 2009 the Maguindanao Massacre was revealed to the media. In
the said massacre fifty seven people were killed by the officer associated to President Arroyo.
7. The ZTE broadband deal, wherein the husband of the President, Mike Arroyo was accused to
manipulate the deal in order to receive an advantage from the deal.

8. The increase in foreign debt from $ 2.8 Trillion in 2001 to $4.2 Trillion in 2009.

Because of the said controversies the military headed by General Danilo Lim, General Renato
Miranda launched a coup against the Arroyo administration but because of the help of the other
members of the military who were still in favor with the administration the military uprising
was pacified. Aside from the military, the activist group continued to rally against the
administration and as a result the government issued a "no permit, no rally" policy. The ten
members of the cabinet of Gloria Arroyo resigned because of the different irregularities of the
president; however, because the president still had alliances in the congress, Impeachment
charges against her did not succeed. In June 30, 2010, the term of Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo as
president ended and them she ran as the representative of Lubao Pampanga and she won;
however, she was imprisoned because of electoral sabotage.

5. BENIGNO SIMEON COJUANGCO AQUINO III

He assumed office as president from June 30, 2010.

Benigno S. Aquino III is an economist and a man who
inherited his appeal to the people m his parents, Binigno
"Ninoy" Aquino II and the former President Carazon
Aquino. He aimed to end the corruption in the government
and imprisoned those who committed it. The famous line on
his speech when he took oath as president "Kayo and Boss
ko" made the people hope that his administration would
work for the welfare of the people. Carrying the banner of
"matuwid na Landas" or honest and good governance, he
promised to eradicate corruption and establish a
government for the people, of the people and by the people.

The Programs

1. To battle the corruption and put into trial all government

officials who corrupted during the last administration.

2. The stabilization of the peso exchange rate.

3. Reach out the unemployed and give them opportunity to work to become productive.

4. Development in terms of education (k-12) which extend the levels and years in the
elementary level into 7 years and secondary level in 5 years. This program also made the
Preparatory education as compulsory and the teaching of the vocational skills so that the
students could be employed even he or she did not attain collegiate education.

5. To provide projects that will elevate the status of the poor and provide them health services
and attain his objective he implemented the Pantawid Pasada Card which will help the jeepney
drivers and the for 4P's (Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program) which provide 500 pesos
allowance for health and 300 pesos for education for each child of the qualified family for every
two months.

6. The Bangsa Moro Agreement which aims to end the arm struggle in Mindanao.

7. The program for the sustainable development.

8. The construction of roads and bridges for the improvement of transportation.

Challenges
1. The PDAP scam, he was accused that he used his power in the distribution of pork barrel to
manipulate the impeachment trial of the former Chief Justice Rernato Corona. The senators who
voted yes for the impeachment received 50 million pesos additional funds while those who
voted no did not received the same big amount.

2. He was also accused as bias in terms of his implementation of the Matuwid na Landas
principle wherein the pro administration officials are not part of those who experienced trial
because of corruption.

3. The government could not provide the fast assistance to the victims of calamity such as the
victims of the typhoon Yolanda and the Bohol earthquake.

4. The failure of the land Reform because of his protection of the Hacienda Luisita.

5 The issue about the death of 44 Special Action Force police in Mamasapano.

The 1987 Philippines constitution is the framework of the Fifth Republic.

The important features of 1987 Philippine Constitution are the creation of
Commission on Human Rights, abolition of US military Bases in the country,
policies regarding the declaration of Martial Law and the extension of the term of
s
the president from 4 years to 6 years without reelection.
The presidents of the Philippine during the Fifth Republic are Corazon S. Aquino,
Fidel V. Ramos, Joseph Ejercito, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo and Benigno S. Aquino
III
 ASSESSMENT

IDENTIFICATION. Identify the President who implemented the following Programs.

Write the answer on the Space provided.

_________________________________1. The investigation of the Human Rights Violation.

_________________________________2. The amnesty for the political prisoners.

_________________________________3. The construction of the MRT for the easy transportation

of the people in Metro Manila.

_________________________________4. He envisioned the "Angat Pinoy program which aimed

for the development of both rural and urban areas, the
agricultural reform, housing for the homeless, health
services and advancement of trading thru continue
liberalization of the trade policies.

_________________________________5. The breakdown of monopoly.

_________________________________6. The increase of the Personal Tax exemption from 25

thousand to 50 thousand pesos.

_________________________________7. The Revitalized Value Added Tax or RVAT to increase

the revenue of the government.

_________________________________8. The Visiting Forces Agreement.

_________________________________9. The Value Added Tax.

_________________________________10. The projects that led to the construction of additional

classroom, roads, the electricity for the rural areas and
the advancement or the transportation (e.g. RORO).

_________________________________11. Development in terms of education (k-12) which

extended the levels and years in the elementary level
into 7 years and secondary level in 5 years.

_________________________________12. The projects that elevated the status of the poor and
provided them health services and attain his objective
he implemented the Pantawid Pasada Card which
helped the jeepney drivers.

_________________________________13. The 4P's (Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program)

which provided 500 pesos allowance for health and 300
pesos for education for each child of the qualified
family for every two months.

_________________________________14. The rolling Store which provided a cheaper

commodities for the consumers.

_________________________________15. The CARP.

TEACHER’S FEEDBACK
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REFERENCE

Francisco, P. & Francisco, V. (2016). Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School.
Mindshappers Co., Inc., Intamuros, Manila.