‫عدد خاص‬ ‫مجلة القادسية للعلوم الھندسية‬

‫ﺇﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺩﻋﻴﻡ ﺒﺎﻷﻝﻴﺎﻑ ﻭﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺭﺍﺘﻨﺠﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬

‫ﺴﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﻴﺸﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺴﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﻴﻭﻱ ﺍﻝﺠﺒﻭﺭﻱ‬.‫ﺩ‬

‫ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﺎﺒل‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻬﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﻘﻨﻲ – ﺒﺎﺒل‬ ‫ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺩﺴﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻝﺨﻼﺼﺔ‬
‫ﻴﻬﺩﻑ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺩﻋﻴﻡ ﺒﺎﻷﻝﻴﺎﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻤـﻥ ﺭﺍﺘـﻨﺞ‬
‫ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺸﻤﻠﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﻜل ﻤـﻥ‬،(2.6g/cm3) ‫( ﺫﺍﺕ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ‬45°-0°)‫ﺍﻝﻔﻨﻴل ﺃﺴﺘﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﻭﻯ ﺒﺄﻝﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻝﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺘﺠﺎﻩ‬
‫ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺼﺩﻤﺔ ﻭﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﺩ ﻭﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻭﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻝﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻝـﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ‬
(%60,%40,%20) ‫ﺍﻝﻔﻨﻴل ﺃﺴﺘﺭ ﻗﺒل ﺘﺩﻋﻴﻤﻪ ﺒﺎﻷﻝﻴﺎﻑ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺘﻡ ﺘﺩﻋﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺒﻨﺴﺏ ﻭﺯﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﻤـﻥ ﺃﻝﻴـﺎﻑ ﺍﻝﺯﺠـﺎﺝ‬
. ‫ﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ‬

‫ ﺃﻝﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻝﺯﺠﺎﺝ‬، ‫ ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻝﻔﻨﻴل ﺃﺴﺘﺭ‬، ‫ ﺍﻝﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬، ‫ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ‬: ‫ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ‬

Difference Fibers Reinforcement percentage and its Effect on

Mechanical Properties of Thermosetting Resins
Dr. Abbas A. Al-Jeebory Ali I. Al-Mosawi Samara A. Al-Qurashi
Al-Qadissiya University Technical Institute-Babylon Babylon University

Abstract
The objective of this research is to study the effect of changing the reinforcement percentage by
fibers on mechanical properties for composite material consist of vinyl ester resin reinforced by
biaxial glass fibers(0°-45°)with (2.6g/cm3) density which includes impact strength , tensile strength
, compression strength , and flexural strength where the mechanical properties for vinyl ester resin
were extracted before reinforced by fibers, then the resin was reinforced by different weight
percentage from glass fibers(20%,40%,60%) and studied its effect on the above mechanical
properties as illustrated in the diagrams .

Keywords:-Composite Material , Mechanical Properties, vinyl ester Resin , glass

Fibers .

97
‫عدد خاص‬ ‫مجلة القادسية للعلوم الھندسية‬
‫المؤتمر العلمي الثاني لكلية الھندسة – جامعة القادسية ‪ 20-19‬تشرين األول ‪2009‬‬

‫)‪.(Introduction‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺩﻤﺞ ﻤﺎﺩﺘﻴﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻭﺘﺸﻤل ﺍﻝﺨﻼﺌﻁ )‪ (Blends‬ﻭﺍﻝﺒﻼﺴﺘﻙ ) ‪Reinforced‬‬
‫‪ (Plastic‬ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺘﻲ ﺍﻝﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﻤﺞ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﻫﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺨﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﻬﺎ ‪ .‬ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﻴﺭ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻝﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﻴﻠﻭﺯ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺨﺸﺏ]ﻋﻠﻲ ‪ .[1999،‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ‬
‫ﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﺍﺘﻨﺠﺎﺕ ﺒﺎﻷﻝﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻝﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ ﺇﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭﹰﺍ‪ .‬ﻭ ﻝﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﻤﺎﺩﺘﻴﻥ ﻫﻤﺎ ‪-:‬‬

‫)‪(Matrix Material‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ‬

‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ ﺃﻤﺎ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺴﻴﺭﺍﻤﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺒﻭﻝﻴﻤﻴﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ‬
‫ﻻ ﻭﺇﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭﹰﺍ ﻝِﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺒﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺠﻴﺩﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ ﺇﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺒﻭﻝﻴﻤﺭﻴﺔ ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻝﻔﻴﻨﻭل ﻭﺍﻹﻴﺒﻭﻜﺴﻲ ﻭﺍﻝﻔﻨﻴل ﺃﺴﺘﺭ ]ﺩ‪.‬ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﻔﺘﺎﺡ ‪ .[2000،‬ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻝﻔﻨﻴل ﺃﺴﺘﺭ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺭﺍﺘﻨﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﻨﺴﺒﻴﺎﹰ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺃُﻀﻴﻔﺕ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﺍﺘﻨﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﻠﺩﺓ ﺒﺎﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(Reinforcing Material‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺩﻋﻴﻡ‬

‫ﻴﺠﺏ ﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﻤﻴﺯﺘﻴﻥ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﺘﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻁﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻁﺭﻕ ﻝﻠﺘﺩﻋﻴﻡ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺘﺩﻋﻴﻡ ﺒﺎﻝﺩﻗﺎﺌﻕ ‪ ،‬ﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺩﻋﻴﻡ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﺸﺘﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺃﺴﺎﻝﻴﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺩﻋﻴﻡ ﺸﻴﻭﻋﹰﺎ ﻓﻬﻭ ﺍﻝﺘﺩﻋﻴﻡ ﺒﺎﻷﻝﻴﺎﻑ ﻨﻅﺭﹰﺍ ﻝﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺒﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻗﻭﺓ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﺭﺍﺘﻨﺠﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻝﻴﺎﻑ ﺒﺄﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻭﺃﺸﻜﺎل ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻤ ﹶﻘﻁﻊ‪ ‬ﺃﻭ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻅﻔﺎﺌﺭ ﻤﺤﺎﻜﺔ‬
‫]‪. [Mallick,2007‬‬

‫)‪.(Fibers Reinforcing‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﺩﻋﻴﻡ ﺒﺎﻷﻝﻴﺎﻑ‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻝﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻝﺭﺌﻴﺴﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺩﻋﻴﻡ ﺒﺎﻷﻝﻴﺎﻑ ﻫﻭ ﻝﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺭﺍﺘﻨﺠﺎﺕ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘـﺯﺩﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﺩ ﻭﺍﻝﺼﺩﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺼﻼﺩﺓ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﻤﺢ ﺒﺈﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻋﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠـﺎﻻﺕ ﺼـﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻨﻴﻔﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺘﻘﺩﻤﺔ )‪. (Advanced Composites‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻷﻝﻴـﺎﻑ ﻓـﻲ ﻫـﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺅﻭل ﺍﻝﺭﺌﻴﺴﻲ ﻋﻥ ﺘﺤﻤل ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺃﻨـﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﻝﻴـﺎﻑ‬
‫‪US Industry,‬‬ ‫ﺸﻴﻭﻋ ﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻝﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻝﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﻝﻜـﺎﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﻭﺃﻝﻴـﺎﻑ ﻜـﻴﻔﻼﺭ]‬
‫‪.[2007‬‬

‫)‪. (Composite Materials Properties‬‬ ‫ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ‬

‫ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﺍﻹﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺤﺩ ﺒﻌﻴﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﻭﺍﺼﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴـﺔ ﻤﺜـل‬
‫ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﺩ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ ﻭﻗﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻝﻠﻺﺴﺘﻁﺎﻝﺔ ﻭﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻝﻠﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻝﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻭﺒـﺔ ﻭﺃﺸـﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺸﻤﺱ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻝﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻷُﺨﺭﻯ ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻝﺠﺯﻴﺌﻲ‬

‫‪98‬‬
‫عدد خاص‬ ‫مجلة القادسية للعلوم الھندسية‬

‫ﻝﻠﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺯﻨﻪ ﺍﻝﺠﺯﻴﺌﻲ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺠﺯﻴﺌﻴﺔ ]ﺃﻤل ‪ .[1995،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺤﺩ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻝﺤﺸﻭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻠﺩﻨﺎﺕ ‪ .‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﻗـﺸﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﻫـﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺒﺤـﺙ‬
‫ﻤﺎ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫)‪. (Impact Strength‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺼﺩﻤﺔ‬

‫ﺘﹸﻌﺒﺭ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺼﺩﻤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻝﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻜﺴﺭ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺤﻤل ﻤﻔﺎﺠﺊ ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺴﹰﺎ ﻝﻤﺘﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﺘﺎﻨﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺒﺩﻱ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﻝﻠﺼﺩﻤﺔ ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺼﺩﻤﺔ ﻝﻠﺭﺍﺘﻨﺠـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺒﺈﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺴﻨﺎﺕ ﻤﺜل ﻤﻁﺎﻁ ﺒﻴﻭﺘﺎﺩﻴﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻠﺩﻨﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺒﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ﻭﺘﺭﺍﺼﻑ ﺍﻝـﺴﻼﺴل ﺍﻝﺒﻭﻝﻴﻤﺭﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻝﻜﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻕ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺼﺩﻤﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﻝﻴﺎﻑ]‪. [Michel,2007‬‬

‫) ‪. (Tensile Strength‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﺩ‬

‫ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﺩ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺴﹰﺎ ﻝﻘﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺎﻭل ﺴﺤﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﻜﺴﺭﻫﺎ ‪ .‬ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻠﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻝﻴﺎﻑ ﻗﻭﻴﺔ ﻫﺸﺔ ﻤﻐﻤﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﺼﻑ ﺒﻜﻭﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻁﻴﻠﻴﺔ ‪ .‬ﺘﺒﺩﺃ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺒﺎﻹﺴﺘﻁﺎﻝﺔ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺨﻁﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺇﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﺠﻬﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻠﻁ ﻭﻤـﻊ ﺇﺴـﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴـل ﻴﺤـﺼل‬
‫ﺇﻨﺤﺭﺍﻑ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻝﻭﺼﻭل ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﺨﻀﻭﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﻥ ﺘﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﺍﻷﻝﻴﺎﻑ ﺒﺎﻹﺴﺘﻁﺎﻝﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺤﺘﻰ‬
‫ﺘﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺘﻬـﺎ]‪ .[US Industry, 2007‬ﻭﻋﻨـﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﻬـﺸﻡ ﺍﻝﻤـﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺴـﺎﺱ ﺘﻔـﺸل ﺍﻝﻤـﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻜﺒـﺔ ﻜﻠﻴـﹰﺎ‬
‫]‪.[efunda,2001‬‬

‫‪ -3‬ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ )‪. (Compressive Strength‬‬

‫ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﻤﺩﻯ ﺘﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﻌﺭﻀﻬﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺤﻤل ﺇﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺴﺎﻜﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺃﻥ ﺘﻨﻜﺴﺭ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻘـﺎﺱ ﻋـﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ )‪ (MPa‬ﻭﺍﻝﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﺘﹸﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻜﺒﺭ ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺎﺴﻙ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺩﺓ ‪.‬‬

‫) ‪. (Flexural Strength‬‬ ‫‪ -4‬ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺜﻨﺎﺀ‬

‫ﻭﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺴﹰﺎ ﻝﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺤﻨﺎﺀ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻓﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﺤﻤل ﺴﺎﻜﻥ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺴﻠﻴﻁﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻗﺒل ﺃﻥ ﻴﺨﻀﻊ ﺃﻭ ﻴﻨﻜﺴﺭ ﻭﺘﻘﺎﺱ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ )‪ . (MPa‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺴﻠﻴﻁ ﺤﻤل ﺇﻨﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻁﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﻬﻭﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﻅﺭﺓ ﺘﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻁﺭﺩﻴﹰﺎ ﻤﻊ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ ﻝﻠﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻭﻤﻊ ﺘﺭﺘﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﻤـﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻜﺒـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﻥ ﺍﻹﺨﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﺸﻘﻕ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝـﺴﻁﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﺼل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺨﻭﺍﺹ]ﻋﻠﻲ‪.[1999،‬‬

‫)‪. (Experimental Work‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻲ‬

‫ﻴﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻲ ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﻝﻴﺔ ﻭﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘـﻲ ﺘـﻡ‬
‫ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪99‬‬
‫عدد خاص‬ ‫مجلة القادسية للعلوم الھندسية‬
‫المؤتمر العلمي الثاني لكلية الھندسة – جامعة القادسية ‪ 20-19‬تشرين األول ‪2009‬‬

‫ﺃﻭ ﹰﻻ‪ -‬ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺘﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺍﻝﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫) ‪. (Vinyl Ester Resin‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻝﻔﻨﻴل ﺃﺴﺘﺭ‬

‫ﺘﻡ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻝﻔﻨﻴل ﺃﺴﺘﺭ ﻨﻭﻉ )‪ (Deraken 510-A40‬ﺫﻭ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ )‪ . (1.21g/cm3‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﺎﺩﺘﻴﻥ ﺇﻝﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﻫﻤﺎ )‪ (MEKPO‬ﻜﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺤﻔﺯﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﻠﻤﺭ ﻭﻤﺎﺩﺓ )‪ (Cobalt Octoate‬ﻜﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻌﺠﻠﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫)‪. (Glass Fibers‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﺃﻝﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻝﺯﺠﺎﺝ‬

‫ﺘﻡ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺃﻝﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻝﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻅﻔﺎﺌﺭ ﻤﺤﺎﻜﺔ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴـﺔ ﺍﻹﺘﺠـﺎﻩ )‪ (0°-45°‬ن]وع ‪ (E-glass) E-‬ﺫﺍﺕ ﻜﺜﺎﻓـﺔ‬
‫ﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ )‪ (2.6g/cm3‬ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪. (1‬‬

‫)‪. (Test Specimens Preparation‬‬ ‫ﺜﺎﻨﻴﹸﺎ‪ -‬ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ‬

‫ﺘﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺃﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀﻫﺎ ﻭﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫)‪. (Impact Specimens‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺼﺩﻤﺔ‬

‫ﺘﻡ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺼﺩﻤﺔ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ )‪ (ASTM-E23‬ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻼﺌﻤﺔ ﻝﻠﻔﺤﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻬـﺎﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺼﺩﻤﺔ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺸﺎﺭﺒﻲ )‪ . (Charpy Impact‬ﻋﻤﻕ ﺍﻝﺤﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﻤـﺎﺫﺝ )‪ (0.5 mm‬ﻭﻨـﺼﻑ ﻗﻁـﺭ ﻗﺎﻋـﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺯ)‪ (0.25 mm‬ﻭﺒﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺤﺯ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪. (45º‬‬

‫)‪. (Tensile Specimens‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﺩ‬

‫ﺘﻡ ﺇﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ )‪ (ISO-R-527‬ﻓﻲ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﺩ‪.‬‬

‫)‪. (Compression Specimens‬‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ‬

‫ﺘﻡ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺔ)‪ (ASTM-D618‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﻨﺸﻭﺭ ﺭﺒﺎﻋﻲ ‪.‬‬

‫) ‪. (Flexural Strength Specimens‬‬ ‫‪ -4‬ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺜﻨﺎﺀ‬

‫ﺃُﻋﺘﻤﺩﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ )‪ (ASTM-D790‬ﻓﻲ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺸـﻜل ﻨﻤـﺎﺫﺝ‬
‫ﻤﺴﺘﻁﻴﻠﺔ ﺒﺄﺒﻌﺎﺩ )‪. (10mm×135mm‬‬

‫ﺘﻡ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻨﺴﺏ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻝﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻝﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺘﺠﺎﻩ )‪ (%60,%40,%20‬ﻜﻨﺴﺏ ﻭﺯﻨﻴﺔ ﻝﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻋﻴﻨـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻭﺒﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺜﻼﺙ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻝﻜل ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻭﺯﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺨﺫ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻝﺘﻘﻠﻴﺹ ﺍﻹﻨﺤﺭﺍﻑ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﺼل ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺇﻥ ﻭﺠﺩ ‪.‬‬

‫‪100‬‬
‫عدد خاص‬ ‫مجلة القادسية للعلوم الھندسية‬

‫)‪. (Mechanical Tests‬‬ ‫ﺜﺎﻝﺜ ﹰﺎ – ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺘﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺃﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﻌﺭ‪‬ﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻫـﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻬﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﻘﻨﻲ ‪ -‬ﺒﺎﺒل ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺠﻬﺎ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫)‪. (Impact Test‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺼﺩﻤﺔ‬

‫ﺃُﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻓﺤﺹ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺼﺩﻤﺔ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺸﺎﺭﺒﻲ )‪ (Charpy Impact Instrument‬ﻝﻠﺘﻌﺭ‪‬ﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤـﺩﻯ‬
‫ﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺼﺩﻡ ‪ .‬ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺭﺒﻭﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻝ ِ‬

‫) ‪. (Tensile Test‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﺩ‬

‫ﺃُﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻝﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺤِﻤل ﺸﺩ ﻤﺤﻭﺭﻱ ﺒﺈﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘـﻡ‬
‫ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻡ )‪ (Universal Instrument‬ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺤِﻤل )‪. (20 KN‬‬

‫‪ -3‬ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻭﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺜﻨﺎﺀ ) ‪.(Compression &Flexural Strength Test‬‬

‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻭﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺫﻝـﻙ ﺒﺈﺴـﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻤﻜـﺒﺱ‬
‫ﻫﻴﺩﺭﻭﻝﻴﻜﻲ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻷﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﻝﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﺤﻤل ﻤﺴﻠﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨﺘﺼﻑ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ‪.‬‬

‫)‪.(Results and Discussion‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‬

‫ﺘﻤﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜـﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻗﻴﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﻋﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻘﺒﻭﻝﺔ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺒﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ‪ .‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺃُﺠﺭﻴـﺕ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻝﻔﻨﻴل ﺃﺴﺘﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﻭﻯ ﺒﺄﻝﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻝﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺤﺼﻠﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻀﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﻁﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﹸﻤﺜل ﻗﻴﻡ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﺩ ﻭﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺼﺩﻤﺔ ﻭﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻭﺍﻹﻨﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﻝﻴﺎﻑ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺼﺩﻤﺔ ‪ .‬ﺍﻝﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (1‬ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﻗﻴﻡ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺼﺩﻤﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺩﻋﻴﻡ ﺒﺎﻷﻝﻴﺎﻑ ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴـﺙ ﺘﻌﺘﺒـﺭ‬
‫ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺼﺩﻤﺔ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻋﺎﻡ ﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻝﻠﺭﺍﺘﻨﺠﺎﺕ ﻨﻅﺭﹰﺍ ﻝﻬﺸﺎﺸﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻝﻜﻥ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﺩﻋﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻷﻝﻴﺎﻑ ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺼﺩﻤﺔ ﻭﻴﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻝﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻝﻙ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﻝﻴﺎﻑ ﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﺘﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻷﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻝﺼﺩﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻠﻁﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴ‪‬ﺤﺴﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺼﺩﻤﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺯﻴـﺎﺩﺓ ﻨـﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺘـﺩﻋﻴﻡ ﺒﺎﻷﻝﻴـﺎﻑ‬
‫ﺇﻝﻰ)‪ (%40‬ﻭ )‪. (%60‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﺩ ‪ .‬ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻝﺭﺍﺘﻨﺠﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻬﺸﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻝﻠﺸﺩ ﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤـﺎ ﻨـﺭﺍﻩ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ ، (2‬ﻭﻝﻜﻥ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﻝﻴﺎﻑ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺘﺘﺤﺴﻥ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻝﻠﺸﺩ ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺒﻴـﺭﺓ ﺤﻴـﺙ ﺇﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻷﻋﻅﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻠﻁ ﺘﺘﺤﻤﻠﻪ ﺍﻷﻝﻴﺎﻑ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺭﻓﻊ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﺩ ﻝﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻜﺒـﺔ ﻭﺫﻝـﻙ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻷﻝﻴـﺎﻑ‬
‫ﺘﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺒﻤﻁﻴﻠﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﺩ ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻝﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺸﻐِل ﺍﻷﻝﻴﺎﻑ ﺤﻴﺯ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﻤﺢ ﺒﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺍﻝﺤِﻤل ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻠﻁ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺃﻓﻀل ‪.‬‬

‫‪101‬‬
‫عدد خاص‬ ‫مجلة القادسية للعلوم الھندسية‬
‫المؤتمر العلمي الثاني لكلية الھندسة – جامعة القادسية ‪ 20-19‬تشرين األول ‪2009‬‬

‫‪ -3‬ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺘﺩﻋﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﺭﺍﺘﻨﺠﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﻝﻴﺎﻑ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺇﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻗﻴﻡ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻨـﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻝﻠﻤـﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺘﺩﻋﻴﻡ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻝﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (3‬ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻤﺜل ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻨـﻀﻐﺎﻁ‬
‫ﻝﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻝﻔﻨﻴل ﺃﺴﺘﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﻭﻯ ﺒﺄﻝﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻝﺯﺠﺎﺝ ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺘﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺤﺎﺩ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﺘـﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺒﺄﻝﻴـﺎﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﻨﻅﺭﹰﺍ ﻝﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺍﻝﺤِﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻝﻴﺎﻑ ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻝﺭﺒﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ ﻭﺃﻝﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺩﻋﻴﻡ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻭﻴﺭﻓـﻊ‬
‫ﻗﻴﻡ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻝﻺﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻤﻊ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻝﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻝﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﺴﺒﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -4‬ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺜﻨﺎﺀ ‪ .‬ﺘﻤﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﺒﻭﻝﻴﻤﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺇﻨﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻫﺸﺎﺸﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻭﻜﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (4‬ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻤﺜل ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻝﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻝﻔﻨﻴل ﺃﺴﺘﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻋﻡ ﺒﺄﻝﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻝﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﺤﻴﺙ‬
‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻝﺘﺩﻋﻴﻡ ﺒﺎﻷﻝﻴﺎﻑ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻝﻜﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺒﺎﻹﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺒﻌﺩ‬
‫ﺘﺩﻋﻴﻤﻪ ﺒﺄﻝﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻝﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﻭﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺍﻝﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻝﻙ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺇﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻝﻴﺎﻑ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺘﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻷﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﻤل ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻠﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺒﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻝﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤـﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻋﻤﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﻝﻴﺎﻑ ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺩﻋﻴﻡ ﺒﺎﻷﻝﻴﺎﻑ ‪.‬‬

‫)‪. (Conclusions‬‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺠﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﺒﺎﻹﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺇﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻝﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻝﻔﻨﻴل ﺃﺴﺘﺭ ﻜﻭﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻬﺸﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺘﺤﺴ‪‬ﻥ ﻗﻴﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻝﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻝﻔﻨﻴل ﺃﺴﺘﺭ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﺩﻋﻴﻤﻪ ﺒﺄﻝﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻝﺯﺠـﺎﺝ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴـﺔ ﺍﻹﺘﺠـﺎﻩ ﻷﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤِﻤل ﺍﻷﻜﺒﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻠﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﺘﺤﻤﻠﻪ ﺍﻷﻝﻴﺎﻑ ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ‬
‫ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻝﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫)‪. (References‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬

‫‪ -1‬ﻋﻠﻲ ﻫﻭﺒﻲ ﺤﻠﻴﻡ ” ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻠﺩﺍﺌﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺴﺎﺓ “‪ ،‬ﺭﺴﺎﻝﺔ ﻤﺎﺠﺴﺘﻴﺭ‪ ،‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﺎﺒل ‪. 1999 ،‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ﻁﺎﻫﺭ ” ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻡ ﻭﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﻠﻤﺭﺍﺕ “ ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻴﺦ ﻝﻠﻨﺸﺭ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﺭﻴﺎﺽ ‪ -‬ﺍﻝﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ ‪. 2000 ،‬‬

‫‪3- P.K. Mallick , “Fiber-Reinforced Composites: Materials, Manufacturing, and‬‬

‫‪Design” , 3rd Edition , CRC Press, 2007.‬‬

‫‪4- Freedonia “Glass Fibers”, US Industry Forecasts to 2011 and 2016, 2007.‬‬

‫‪102‬‬
‫عدد خاص‬ ‫مجلة القادسية للعلوم الھندسية‬

،‫ ﺭﺴﺎﻝﺔ ﻤﺎﺠـﺴﺘﻴﺭ‬، “ ‫ ﺃﻤل ﻋﻠﻲ ﺭﺠﺏ ” ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻭ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻫﺠﻴﻨﺔ‬-5
. 1995 ، ‫ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﻨﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺔ‬، ‫ﻫﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﺌﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻌﺩﺍﺕ‬

6- Michel Biron “ Thermoplastics and Thermoplastic Composites ” , First Edition ,

Elsevier , 2007 .

7-efunda Engineering Fundamentals “Polymer Material Properties” ,2001.

(www.efunda.com).

‫ مكونات ألياف الزجاج ونسبھا المئوية‬: (1)‫الجدول رقم‬

Compound Fe SiO2 Al2O3 B2O3 Na2O & K2O MgO CaO2 TiO2 FeO
Content % 0.1 52-56 12-16 5-10 0-2 0-5 16-25 0-1.5 0-0.8

240

220

200

180
Impact Strength (Kj/m2)

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Reinforcing Percentage (%)

‫ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺼﺩﻤﺔ‬: (1) ‫ﺍﻝﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ‬

103
‫عدد خاص‬ ‫لمؤتمر العلمي الثاني لكلية الھندسة – جامعة القادسية ‪ 20-19‬تشرين األول ‪2009‬‬ ‫مجلة القادسية للعلوم ا‬
‫الھندسية‬

‫‪350‬‬

‫‪300‬‬

‫)‪Tensile Strength (N/m2‬‬

‫‪250‬‬

‫‪200‬‬

‫‪150‬‬

‫‪100‬‬

‫‪50‬‬

‫‪0‬‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬ ‫‪70‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬

‫)‪Reinforcing Percentage (%‬‬

‫ﺍﻝﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ : (2‬ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﺩ‬

‫‪200‬‬

‫‪180‬‬

‫‪160‬‬
‫)‪Compression Strength (Mpa‬‬

‫‪140‬‬

‫‪120‬‬

‫‪100‬‬

‫‪80‬‬

‫‪60‬‬

‫‪40‬‬

‫‪20‬‬

‫‪0‬‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬ ‫‪70‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬

‫)‪Reinforcing Percentage (%‬‬

‫ﺍﻝﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ : (3‬ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ‬

‫‪104‬‬
‫عدد خاص‬ ‫مجلة القادسية للعلوم الھندسية‬
‫‪0.20‬‬

‫‪0.16‬‬

‫)‪Flexural Strength (Gpa‬‬

‫‪0.12‬‬

‫‪0.08‬‬

‫‪0.04‬‬

‫‪0.00‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬ ‫‪70‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬
‫)‪Reinforcing Percentage (%‬‬

‫ﺍﻝﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ :(4‬ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺜﻨﺎﺀ‬

‫‪105‬‬
 ‫‪Journal of Babylon‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪  ‬ل ‪ /‬ا‪‬وم ا‪‬د‪ /‬ا‪‬دد) (‪ /‬ا‪‬د) ( ‪‬‬
‫‪2012 University/Engineering‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪Science/ No.(5)/ Vol.(20):2012‬‬

‫ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺍﻜﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻘﺩﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻲ إﺑﺮاھﯿﻢ اﻟﻤﻮﺳﻮي‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﮭﺪ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻲ – ﺑﺎﺑﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﺼﺔ‬
‫ﻴﻬﺩﻑ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻕ ﻟﹼﻬﺏ ﻻﻋﻀﻭﻱ ﻤﺘﻤﺜل ﺒﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ) ‪ ( Sb2O3‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼـﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺘﺭﺍﻜﺒﺔ ﻤﺘﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﺃﺴﺘﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻭﻯ ﺒﺄﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻌﺔ ﻨـﻭﻉ )‪ (S‬ﺫﺍﺕ ﻜﺜﺎﻓـﺔ‬
‫ﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ )‪ . (550g\cm2‬ﺘﻡ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺒﻨﺴﺏ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺍﻜﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ )‪(%40,%30, %20,%10‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺍﻜﺒﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻓﻭﺭﻴﺭ ﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓـﻲ ﻗﻴﻤـﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﻤـل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ )‪ (k‬ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻗﺒل ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﺍﻟﻼﻋﻀﻭﻱ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺠﹺﺩ ﺇﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺤﺴﻨﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ )‪ (1.116W/m.°c‬ﺇﻟﻰ )‪ (1.22W/m.°c‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺇﻀـﺎﻓﺔ ﺜﺎﻟـﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴـﻴﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ )‪. (%40‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ‪ :‬ﻤﻌﻴﻕ ﻟﹼﻬﺏ ﻻﻋﻀﻭﻱ ‪ ،‬ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺘﺭﺍﻜﺒﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪Effect of Antimony Trioxide Addition on Thermal Properties of‬‬

‫‪Advanced Composite Materials‬‬
‫‪Ali I.Al-Mosawi‬‬
‫‪Abstract‬‬
‫‪This research aims to study the effect of inorganic flame retardant addition namely antimony‬‬
‫‪trioxide (Sb2O3) on thermal conductivity of advanced composite material consist of unsaturated‬‬
‫‪polyester resin reinforced by S–type chopped glass fibers with density (550g/cm2) . different percents‬‬
‫‪of antimony trioxide (10%, 20%,30%,40%) added to composite material and affect on thermal‬‬
‫‪conductivity by using Fourier equation to calculate the thermal conductivity coefficient (k) for this‬‬
‫‪composite material before and after addition of flame retardant material ,where the thermal‬‬
‫‪conductivity value improved from (1.116W/m.°c) to(1.22W/m.°c) after added trioxide at (40%) .‬‬

‫‪Keywords: Inorganic‬‬ ‫‪Flame Retardant , Composite Material , Thermal‬‬

‫‪Conductivity .‬‬

‫)‪. (Introduction‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ‬

‫ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺍﻜﺒﺔ )‪ (Composite Material‬ﻤﻥ ﺠﻤﻊ ﻤﺎﺩﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﻫﻭ ﺇﺴﺘﻨﺒﺎﻁ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻟﻡ ﺘﻜﻥ ﻤﺘﻭﻓﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺠﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ ﺇﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﹰ ]‪ .[Ali,2003‬ﻭ ﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺘﺭﺍﻜﺒﺔ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﻤﺎﺩﺘﻴﻥ ﻫﻤﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ)‪ : (Matrix Material‬ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﻤﺎ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺴﻴﺭﺍﻤﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ‬
‫ﺇﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﹰ ﻭﺇﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﹰ ﻟِﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺒﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺠﻴﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺠﻴﺔ ﻫﻭ‬
‫ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻨﻭل ‪ ،‬ﺍﻹﻴﺒﻭﻜﺴﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﺃﺴﺘﺭ ]‪.[Mallick ,2007‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ) ‪ :(Reinforcement Material‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻁﺭﻕ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺩﻗﺎﺌﻕ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺸﺘﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻭﻜﻤﺜﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﻭﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻜﻴﻔﻼﺭ ﻭ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ]‪.[US Industry,2007‬‬

‫‪1547‬‬
 ‫ا‪‬دد)‪ /(5‬ا‪‬د)‪2012  (20‬‬ ‫‪  ‬ل ‪ /‬ا‪‬وم ا‪‬د‪/‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺙ ]‪ [Ali,2003‬ﺒﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ )‪ (Sb2O3‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺸﻤﻠﺕ ﻜل ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ‪.‬ﻟﻘﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺤﺸﻭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤـﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺘﺭﺍﻜﺒـﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﺃﺴﺘﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻭﻯ ﺒﺄﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻌﺔ ﻨﻭﻉ )‪ (E‬ﺤﻴـﺙ ﺘﺤﺴـﻨﺕ ﻗﻴﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻷُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﺎﻥ ]‪ [Mushtaq ,Saad 2008‬ﻓﻘﺩ ﻗﺎﻤﺎ ﺒﻁﻼﺀ‬
‫ﺴﻁﺢ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺘﺭﺍﻜﺒﺔ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ‪ AMCS‬ﺒﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﻭﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤـﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ‪ .‬ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺙ ]‪ [Ali,2010‬ﺒﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺭﺍﺒﻊ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴـﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤـﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺘﺭﺍﻜﺒﺔ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻹﺭﻟﺩﺍﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻭﻯ ﺒﺄﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻅﻔﺎﺌﺭ ﻤﺤﺎﻜﺔ‬
‫ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺘﺠﺎﻩ )‪ (90º- 0º‬ﻨﻭﻉ )‪ (E‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺤﺴﻨﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻷُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻫﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﺌﺭ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻟـﻭﺍﺡ ﺍﻟﻤـﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﺃﺴﺘﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺒﻊ ) ‪.(Unsaturated Polyester Resin‬‬

‫ﻴﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﺃﺴﺘﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺼﻠﺩﺓ ﺒـﺎﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻴﺴـﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓـﻲ ﺘﺤﻀـﻴﺭ‬
‫ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﺃﺴﺘﺭ ﻭﻤﻥ ﻀﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﺃﺤﻤﺎﺽ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺸﺒﻌﺔ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺘﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺎﺽ ﻤﻊ‬
‫ﻜﺤﻭﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ ﻤﺜل ﺜﻡ ﻴ‪‬ﺫﹶﻭ‪‬ﺏ‪ ‬ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻭﻨﻭﻤﻴﺭ ﻓﻌﺎل ﻤﺜـل ﺍﻟﺴـﺘﺎﻴﺭﻴﻥ ]‪.[Michel,2007‬‬
‫ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﺃﺴﺘﺭ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻋﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺩﻯ ﻜﺒﻴـﺭ ﻨﺴـﺒﻴﺎﹰ‬
‫‪،‬ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﺃﺴﺘﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﺃﺴـﺘﺭ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﻤﻨﻊ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻹﻨﻜﻤﺎﺵ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺴﺒﺏ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺇﻨﺘﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺍﻜﺒﺔ ]‪ .[efunda,2001‬ﻴﻀـﺎﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﺃﺴﺘﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻫﻴﺎﻜل ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻟﺏ ﻭﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺃﺠﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺌﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫـﺎ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ‪ .‬ﻴﻌﺎﻨﻲ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﺃﺴﺘﺭ ﺘﻔﻜﻜﺎﹰ ﺘﻠﻘﺎﺌﻴﺎﹰ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺘﻘـﺎﺭﺏ )‪ (300ºC‬ﺤﺘـﻰ ﺒﻌـﺩﻡ‬
‫ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ ‪.‬ﻭﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠل ﻭﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺸﻅﺎﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺒـﻭﻟﻲ ﺃﺴـﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴـﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬
‫]‪ .[Sangeeta,2002‬ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (1‬ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻲ ﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﺃﺴﺘﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺒﻊ‪.‬‬

‫‪O‬‬ ‫‪O‬‬ ‫‪O‬‬ ‫‪O‬‬ ‫‪O‬‬ ‫‪O‬‬

‫‪HOC-C=C-C O-C-C-O-C-‬‬ ‫‪--C-O-C-C-O-C-C=C-C--O-C-C-OH‬‬

‫‪n‬‬

‫‪Ester Groups‬‬ ‫‪n=3-6‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ)‪ :(1‬ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻲ ﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﺃﺴﺘﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺒﻊ]‪[Ali,2003‬‬

‫‪1548‬‬
 ‫‪Journal of Babylon‬‬ ‫‪  ‬ل ‪ /‬ا‪‬وم ا‪‬د‪ /‬ا‪‬دد) (‪ /‬ا‪‬د) ( ‪‬‬
‫‪2012 University/Engineering‬‬
‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪Science/ No.(5)/ Vol.(20):2012‬‬

‫)‪. (Antimony Trioxide‬‬ ‫ﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ‬

‫ﻴﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ) ‪ ( Sb2O3‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﺍﻟﻼﻋﻀﻭﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺫﺍ ﻟﻭﻥ ﺃﺒﻴﺽ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﻋﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻥ ﺇﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻌﺏ )‪ (Cubic‬ﻋﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻨﻲ )‪ (Orthorhombic‬ﺫﺍ ﻟﻭﻥ ﺃﺒﻴﺽ ]‪ . [EFRA,2002‬ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻌﺏ‬
‫ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﹰ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ ، (570oC‬ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﻥ ﺇﻥ ﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻨﻲ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﹰ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ .[ATSDR,1992] (570oC‬ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (1‬ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ‬
‫)‪ ،(Sb2O3‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ)‪ (2‬ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻲ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻷُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ : (1‬ﺒﻌﺽ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ )‪[Ali,2003] (Sb2O3‬‬

‫‪Property‬‬ ‫)‪Melting Point(ºC‬‬ ‫)‪Boiling Point(ºC‬‬ ‫)‪Density(g/cm3‬‬
‫‪Value‬‬ ‫‪656‬‬ ‫‪1425‬‬ ‫‪5.2‬‬

‫‪Sb‬‬

‫‪O‬‬ ‫‪O‬‬ ‫‪O‬‬

‫‪Sb‬‬
‫‪O‬‬ ‫‪O‬‬
‫‪Sb‬‬ ‫‪O‬‬ ‫‪Sb‬‬

‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ رﻗﻢ)‪ : (2‬اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺐ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ أُوﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻷﻧﺘﯿﻤﻮن )‪[ATSDR,1992] (Sb2O3‬‬

‫)‪. (Thermal Conductivity‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﺭﻕ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺴﻁﺤﻴﻥ ﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﻨﺘﻘل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺫﻭ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ‬
‫ﺫﻭ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻁﺌﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﹸﻌﺭﻑ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﻤ‪‬ﻭﺼ‪‬ﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ‪ .‬ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﻭﺼ‪‬ﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻨﻬﺎ ﺇﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺁﺨﺭ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺘﻬﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻤﺼﺤﻭﺒﺎﹰ ﺒﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪ .‬ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ‬
‫ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺒﺈﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ) ﺼﻠﺒﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺴﺎﺌﻠﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻏﺎﺯﻴﺔ ( ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻟﻪ ﺘﺼﻨﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺇﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﺎﺯﻟﺔ ﺃﻡ ﻤﻭﺼﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ]‪ .[Halem,1999‬ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺍﻜﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺒﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺍﻜﺒﺔ ﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﻗﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻹﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﻟﻲ ﻟﻸﻟﻴﺎﻑ )‪ (In-Plane‬ﻭﻤﻭﺼ‪‬ﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻀﻌﻑ‬
‫ﺒﺈﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﻤﻙ‪ .‬ﺒﺸﻜل ﻋﺎﻡ ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺭﺍﺘﻨﺠﺎﺕ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺘﻭﻗﻌﺔ ﻨﻅﺭﺍﹰ‬
‫ﻟﻘﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻟﻠﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ )ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ( ]‪.[Kahtan , Ali,2004‬‬

‫)‪. (Experimental Work‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻲ‬

‫ﻴﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻲ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟـﺫﻱ ﺘـﻡ‬
‫ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺍﻜﺒﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ‪.‬‬

‫‪1549‬‬
 ‫ا‪‬دد)‪ /(5‬ا‪‬د)‪2012  (20‬‬ ‫‪  ‬ل ‪ /‬ا‪‬وم ا‪‬د‪/‬‬
‫ﺘﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﺃﺴﺘﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺒﻊ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺘﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﺃﺴﺘﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺒﻊ ) ‪ . ( Palatel A420‬ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﻤﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﺒﻜﺜﺭﺓ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺭﺨﺹ ﺜﻤﻨﻪ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﺠﻬﺯ ﻤﻥ ﻗ‪‬ﺒل ﺸﺭﻜﺔ )‪. (BASF Aktiengesellschaft‬‬
‫)‪. (Glass Fibers‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ‬
‫ﺘﻡ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺤﺼﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻌﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ )‪ (550 g/cm2‬ﻨﻭﻉ ‪ . S-‬ﻴﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨـﻭﻉ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺒﺨﻭﺍﺼﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘﺎﺯﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻫـﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤـﺙ ‪ .‬ﺃﻟﻴـﺎﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﻤﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻗ‪‬ﺒل ﺸﺭﻜﺔ )‪.(K and C Moulding Ltd‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ )‪. (Antimony Trioxide‬‬
‫ﺃُﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ )‪ (Sb2O3‬ﻭﺒﺤﺠﻡ ﺤ‪‬ﺒ‪‬ﻴﺒﻲ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ )‪ (10µ‬ﻭﺒﻨﻘﺎﻭﺓ )‪ (%99.5‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﺠﻬﺯ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﻗﺒل ﺸﺭﻜﺔ )‪. (BDH Chemical Ltd Pool England‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺘﻡ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺍﻜﺒـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ )‪ (%40‬ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻭﺯﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﺃﺴﺘﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﻭ)‪ (%60‬ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻭﺯﻨﻴﺔ ﻤـﻥ ﺃﻟﻴـﺎﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻌﺔ‪ .‬ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺃﻗﺭﺍﺹ ﺩﺍﺌﺭﻴـﺔ ﺒﻘﻁـﺭ)‪ (25 mm‬ﻭﺴـﻤﻙ )‪(3 mm‬‬
‫ﻴﻀﺎﻑ ﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺍﻜﺒﺔ ﺒﻨﺴﺏ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ )‪ ، (%40,%30, %20, %10‬ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﻜﺒﺴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﻟﺏ ﻭﺘﺘﺭﻙ ﻟﺘﺘﺼﻠﺏ ‪ .‬ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺍﻜﺒﺔ ﻭﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻓـﺭﻥ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘـﻪ )‪(75ºC‬‬
‫ﻹﻜﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻠﺏ ‪.‬‬
‫)‪. (Thermal Conductivity Test‬‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺘﻡ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻓﻭﺭﻴﺭ )‪ (Fourier Law‬ﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ )‪ ( k‬ﻭﻴﻨﺹ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ]‪: [Incropera,1996‬‬
‫‪ T ‬‬
‫‪Q  k  A  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ X ‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ ) ‪ ( 3‬ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﻭﺼ‪‬ﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ )‪ (Heat Conduction Unit‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺼﻨﻊ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل‬
‫ﺸﺭﻜﺔ )‪.(P.A.Hilton Ltd England‬‬

‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ رﻗﻢ )‪ : (3‬ﺟﮭﺎز ﻗﯿﺎس اﻟﻤﻮﺻﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارﯾﺔ‬

‫‪1550‬‬
 ‫‪Journal of Babylon‬‬ ‫‪  ‬ل ‪ /‬ا‪‬وم ا‪‬د‪ /‬ا‪‬دد) (‪ /‬ا‪‬د) ( ‪‬‬
‫‪2012 University/Engineering‬‬
‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪Science/ No.(5)/ Vol.(20):2012‬‬

‫)‪. (Results and Discussion‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (4‬ﻴﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﻭﺼ‪‬ﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﺃﺴﺘﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻭﻯ ﺒﺄﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻌﺔ ﻗﺒل‬
‫ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﻭﺼ‪‬ﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺍﻜﺒﺔ ﺒﺎﻹﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻤﻊ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﺃﺴﺘﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺒﻊ ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺘﺭﺠﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻟﻠﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ‬
‫]‪.[Sangeeta,2002‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (5‬ﻴﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﺃﺴﺘﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻭﻯ ﺒﺄﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻌﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻀﺎﻓﺎﹰ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ )‪ (%10‬ﻤﻥ ﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺒﺈﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺜﺎﻟﺙ‬
‫ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺍﻜﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻭﻴﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﻜﻭﻥ ﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻁﺌﺔ ﻴﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﺜل ﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺃﻏﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﺯل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻁﺌﺔ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺴﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺍﻜﺒﺔ ]‪.[Kahtan , Ali,2004‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (6‬ﻴﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﺃﺴﺘﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻭﻯ ﺒﺄﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻌﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻀﺎﻓﺎﹰ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ )‪ (%20‬ﻤﻥ ﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻤﻊ ﺇﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻭﻟﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺘﺯﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺒﺸﻜل ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺍﻜﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ]‪.[Eun-Sung,2008‬‬
‫ﻭﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺍﻜﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ)‪ (%30‬ﻭ)‪ (%40‬ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ )‪ (k‬ﺒﺸﻜل ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﺭ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺍﻜﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺘﺼﻁﺩﻡ ﺒﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺒﺈﻤﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻹﻤﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺨﻔﺽ‬
‫ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﻘﻠل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﻭﺒﺈﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺒﺎﻹﻫﺘﺯﺍﺯ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻹﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻹﻫﺘﺯﺍﺯ ﻴﺴﺒﺏ ﺇﻨﺩﻓﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺨﻼل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺍﻜﺒﺔ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﺇﻤﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﻟﻠﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻴﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻨﺴﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺍﻜﺒﺔ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﻘﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻤﻭﺼل ﺠﻴﺩ ﻟﻠﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ]‪ [Kahtan , Ali,2004‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺸﻜﺎل )‪ (7‬ﻭ )‪ (8‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻟﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (9‬ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻤﺴﺔ ﻗﺒل ﻭﺒﻊ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻹﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺠﺎﺕ )‪. (Conclusions‬‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﺒﻌﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﻭﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺍﻜﺒﺔ ﺒﺈﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﻟﻠﺘﻭﺼﻴل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻓﻀل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﺃﺴﺘﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺒﻊ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺇﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺍﻜﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ )‪ (1.116W/m.°c‬ﺇﻟﻰ )‪ (1.22W/m.°c‬ﺒﺈﻀﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ )‪ (%40‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺇﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﻜﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻭﺼﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻁﺌﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪1551‬‬
 Journal of Babylon  ( )‫د‬‫ ا‬/( )‫دد‬‫ ا‬/‫د‬‫وم ا‬‫ ا‬/ ‫ل‬  
2012 University/Engineering
20 5 Science/ No.(5)/ Vol.(20):2012

1.12 1.15
Thermal Conductivity, k (W/m. ºC)

1.08 1.10

Thermal Conductivity, k (W/m. ºC)

1.04 1.05

1.00 1.00

0.96 0.95

0.92 0.90
20 30 40 50 60 20 30 40 50 60
Temperature, ºC Temperature, ºC
‫ ﺗﻐﯿﺮ اﻟﺘﻮﺻﯿﻞ اﻟﺤﺮاري ﻟﻠﻤﺎدة اﻟﻤﺘﺮاﻛﺒﺔ‬: (5) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ رﻗﻢ‬ ‫ اﻟﻤﻮﺻﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎدة اﻟﻤﺘﺮاﻛﺒﺔ‬: (4) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ رﻗﻢ‬
Sb2O3 %10 ‫ﻋﻨﺪ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬

1.30 1.15
Thermal Conductivity, k (W/m. ºC)
Thermal Conductivity, k (W/m. ºC)

1.20
1.10

1.10

1.05

1.00

1.00
0.90

0.80 0.95
20 30 40 50 60 20 30 40 50 60
Temperature, ºC Temperature, ºC
‫ ﺗﻐﯿﺮ اﻟﺘﻮﺻﯿﻞ اﻟﺤﺮاري ﻟﻠﻤﺎدة اﻟﻤﺘﺮاﻛﺒﺔ‬: (7) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ رﻗﻢ‬ ‫ ﺗﻐﯿﺮ اﻟﺘﻮﺻﯿﻞ اﻟﺤﺮاري ﻟﻠﻤﺎدة اﻟﻤﺘﺮاﻛﺒﺔ‬: (6) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ رﻗﻢ‬
Sb2O3 %30 ‫ﻋﻨﺪ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ Sb2O3 %20 ‫ﻋﻨﺪ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬

1552
 Journal of Babylon  ( )‫د‬‫ ا‬/( )‫دد‬‫ ا‬/‫د‬‫وم ا‬‫ ا‬/ ‫ل‬  
2012 University/Engineering
20 5 Science/ No.(5)/ Vol.(20):2012

1.60 1.60
Thermal Conductivity, k (W/m. ºC)

Thermal Conductivity, k (W/m. ºC)

1.40
1.40

1.20

1.20

1.00

Composite Material
Composite + 10% Sb2O3 1.00
0.80 Composite + 20% Sb2O3
Composite + 30% Sb2O3
Composite + 40% Sb2O3

0.60 0.80
20 30 40 50 60 20 30 40 50 60
Temperature, ºC Temperature, ºC
‫ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺤﺎﻻت اﻟﺨﻤﺴﺔ‬: (9) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ رﻗﻢ‬ ‫ ﺗﻐﯿﺮ اﻟﺘﻮﺻﯿﻞ اﻟﺤﺮاري ﻟﻠﻤﺎدة‬: (8) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ رﻗﻢ‬
Sb2O3 %40 ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺮاﻛﺒﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬

. (References) ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry U.S.Public Health Service
(ATSDR) ,1992 “Toxicological Profile for Antimony and Compounds ”,September.
Ali Ibrahim Moslem,2003 “ Study Using of Antimony Trioxide Material as a Flame
Retardant Material ”, MSC Thesis , Engineering College , Babylon University ,
Iraq.

Ali I.Al-Mosawi ,2010“The Effect of Antimony Tetroxide Addition on Thermal

Conductivity of Araldite Resin Reinforced by Biaxial Glass Fibers”, Al-Taqani
Journal , Vol 23 , No 2 .
efunda Engineering Fundamentals,2001 “Polymer Material Properties”.
Eun-Sung Lee, Sang-Mock Lee, Daniel J.Shanefield, W.Roger Cannon, 2008
“Enhanced Thermal Conductivity of Polymer Matrix Composite Via High Solid
Loading of Aluminum Nitride in Epoxy Resin” Journal of the American Ceramic
Society ,Vol 91 ,No 4, PP1169-1174.
European Flame Retardants Association(EFRA) , 2002 “ Flame Retardant Fact
Sheet, Antimony Trioxide”.
Halem, Ali Hoby ,1999 “ Improvement Properties of Reinforced Plastic Materials ”,
MSC Thesis , Engineering College , Babylon University , Iraq.
Incropera ,F.P. and DeWitt ,D.P. , (1996) “Introduction to Heat Transfer”,3rd
Edition, John Wiley &Sons.
Kahtan K.Al-Khazraji , Ali I.Al-Mosawi, 2004 “Study of Thermal Behavior for
Composite Material Consisted from Unsaturated Polyester Resin Reinforced by

1553
 2012  (20)‫د‬‫ ا‬/(5)‫دد‬‫ا‬ /‫د‬‫وم ا‬‫ ا‬/ ‫ل‬  
Palms and Glass Fibers” , Journal of Babylon University , Engineering Sciences ,
Vol 9 , No 5 , pp.867 – 876.
Michel Biron , 2007 “ Thermoplastics and Thermoplastic Composites ” , First
Edition , Elsevier.
Mushtaq T. Al-Bdiry , Saad H. Al-Shafaie ,2008“ Improvement of Temperature
Resistance of Al-Mg/Al2O3 Composite by Coating with Antimony Trioxide Film ”
,Al-Qadisiya Journal for Engineering Science, Vol 1 , No 2 .

P.K. Mallick , 2007 “Fiber-Reinforced Composites: Materials, Manufacturing, an

Design” , 3rd Edition , CRC Press.
Sangeeta Nangia , 2002 “Behavior of Polyester Resin Composite (Mechanical
Properties) at Elevated Temperature”, TIFAC.
US Industry Forecasts to 2011 and 2016, 2007 “Glass Fibers”, Freedonia
Publishing .

1554
 The Iraqi Journal For Mechanical And Material Engineering, Special Issue (A)

ISSN :-1819-2076
*** **

[email protected] :-

130
Ali I. et.al. The Iraqi Journal For Mechanical And Material Engineering, Special Issue (A)

List of Contents
Page
No. Title
No.
ZIZIPHUS LEAVES EXTRACT AS CORROSION
10 INHIBITOR FOR MILD STEEL IN 3.5 M NaCl
75-82
Ali H. A. A. Abduallah Adnan A. Ateik A. A. Sultan
ITO/PHT/Metal
11 83-90

12 91-101

13 102-114

14 115-129

15 130-137
 The Iraqi Journal For Mechanical And Material Engineering, Special Issue (A)

(%40,%30, %20,%10)
(550g\cm2) (S)

(k)

Effect of Inorganic Flame Retardants Addition on Thermal Properties

of Advanced Composite Materials
Ali I. Al-Mosawi Sami M. Dakina Abulnasser S. Hadi Kadim D.Al-Murshedi
Tech Inst-Babylon Tech Inst-Babylon Tech Inst-Babylon Tech Inst-Babylon

ABSTRACT
This research aims to study the effect of inorganic flame retardant addition namely antimony
trioxide on thermal conductivity of advanced composite material consist of unsaturated polyester
resin reinforced by S type chopped glass fibers with density (550g/cm2) . different percents of
antimony trioxide (10%, 20%,30%,40%) added to composite material and affect on thermal
conductivity by using Fourier equation to calculate the thermal conductivity coefficient (k) for this
composite material before and after addition of flame retardant material ,where the thermal
Ali I. et.al. The Iraqi Journal For Mechanical And Material Engineering, Special Issue (A)

conductivity value improved after added trioxide and the best increment in conductivity was at
(40%) from antimony trioxide .
Keywords: Inorganic Flame Retardant , Composite Material , Thermal Conductivity .

(Introduction)

(Composite Material)

Matrix Material

Reinforcement Material

(Sb2O3) [Ali]

(E)
1
[Mushtaq ,Saad 2008]
AMCS
Ali

(E) (90?- 0?)

Unsaturated Polyester Resin

Thermosetting Resins
Cross
 Linking

260?C

(300?C)
8
1

O O O O O O
HOC-C=C-C O-C-C-O-C- --C-O-C-C-O-C-C=C-C--O-C-C-OH

n
Ester Groups n=3-6
1

(Antimony Trioxide)
( Sb2O3 )
(Cubic)
[9]
(Orthorhombic)
570oC
10
(Sb2O3) 1 570oC

1
Sb2O3
(g/cm3) (?C) (?C)
5.2(Cubic) , 5.67(Rhombohedral) 1425 656
Ali I. et.al. The Iraqi Journal For Mechanical And Material Engineering, Special Issue (A)

10
Sb2O3

(Thermal Conductivity)

[11]

(In-Plane

[12]

(Experimental Work)

( Palatel A420 )
(BASF Aktiengesellschaft)
(Glass Fibers)
S- (550 g/cm2)
(K and C Moulding Ltd)
 (Antimony Trioxide)
( ) (10µ) (Sb2O3)
(BDH Chemical Ltd Pool England)

(%60) (%40)
(3 25 mm
(%40,%30, %20, %10) mm)
75?C

(Thermal Conductivity Test) 3

( k) (Fourier Law)
T
Q k A
X

(W) Q
( W/m.?C ) k
(m2) A
( ?C/m ) T
X

(Heat Conduction Unit) (3)

(P.A.Hilton Ltd England)
Ali I. et.al. The Iraqi Journal For Mechanical And Material Engineering, Special Issue (A)

(Results and Discussion)

[12]

13

(k)

[12]

(Conclusions)
 1.12 1.15
Thermal Conductivity, k (W/m. ?C)

1.08 1.10

Thermal Conductivity, k (W/m. ?C)

1.04 1.05

1.00 1.00

0.96 0.95

0.92 0.90
20 30 40 50 60 20 30 40 50 60
Temperature, ?C Temperature, ?C
Sb2O3 %10
1.30 1.15
Thermal Conductivity, k (W/m. ?C)
Thermal Conductivity, k (W/m. ?C)

1.20
1.10

1.10

1.05

1.00

1.00
0.90

0.80 0.95
20 30 40 50 60 20 30 40 50 60
Temperature, ?C Temperature, ?C
Sb2O3 %30 Sb2O3 %20
1.60 1.60

Composite Material
1.50 C.M + 10% Sb2O3
Thermal Conductivity, k (W/m. ?C)
Thermal Conductivity, k (W /m. ?C)

C.M + 20% Sb2O3

1.40 C.M + 30% Sb2O3 1.40
C.M + 40% Sb2O3
1.30

1.20 1.20

1.10

1.00 1.00

0.90

0.80 0.80
20 30 40 50 60 20 30 40 50 60
Temperature, ?C Temperature, ?C
Sb2O3 %40
Ali I. et.al. The Iraqi Journal For Mechanical And Material Engineering, Special Issue (A)

(References)

7-efunda Engineering Fundamentals,2001 Polymer Material Properties .

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry U.S.Public Health Service (ATSDR)
,1992 Toxicological Profile for Antimony and Compounds ,September.
Ali I. Al-Mosawi ,2010 The Effect of Antimony Tetroxide Addition on Thermal
Conductivity of Araldite Resin Reinforced by Biaxial Glass Fibers , Al-Taqani Journal ,
Vol 23 , No 2 .
Ali Ibrahim Moslem,2003 Study Using of Antimony Trioxide Material as a Flame
Retardant Material , MSC Thesis , Engineering College , Babylon University , Iraq.
Eun-Sung Lee, Sang-Mock Lee, Daniel J.Shanefield, W.Roger Cannon, 2008 Enhanced
Thermal Conductivity of Polymer Matrix Composite Via High Solid Loading of Aluminum
Nitride in Epoxy Resin Journal of the American Ceramic Society ,Vol 91 ,No 4, PP1169-
1174.
European Flame Retardants Association(EFRA) , 2002 Flame Retardant Fact Sheet,
Antimony Trioxide .
Halem, Ali Hoby ,1999 Improvement Properties of Reinforced Plastic Materials , MSC
Thesis , Engineering College , Babylon University , Iraq.
Kahtan K.Al-Khazraji , Ali I.Al-Mosawi, 2004 Study of Thermal Behavior for Composite
Material Consisted from Unsaturated Polyester Resin Reinforced by Palms and Glass
Fibers , Journal of Babylon University , Engineering Sciences ,Vol 9, No 5, pp.867 876.
Michel Biron , 2007 Thermoplastics and Thermoplastic Composites , 1st Edition ,
Elsevier.
Mushtaq T. Al-Bdiry , Saad H. Al-Shafaie ,2008 Improvement of Temperature Resistance
of Al-Mg/Al2O3 Composite by Coating with Antimony Trioxide Film ,Al-Qadisiya
Journal for Engineering Science, Vol 1 , No 2 .
P.K. Mallick , 2007 Fiber-Reinforced Composites: Materials, Manufacturing, an Design ,
3rd Edition , CRC Press.
Sangeeta Nangia , 2002 Behavior of Polyester Resin Composite (Mechanical Properties) at
Elevated Temperature , TIFAC.
US Industry , 2007 Glass Fibers ,Freedonia Publishing .
This document was created with Win2PDF available at http://www.daneprairie.com.
The unregistered version of Win2PDF is for evaluation or non-commercial use only.
 ‫)‪The Iraqi Journal For Mechanical And Material Engineering, Special Issue (A‬‬

‫ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺒﻭﻟﻴﻤﻴﺭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺴﺎﺠﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺭ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺴﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺩ‪.‬ﻋﺒﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﻴﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﻭﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻲ – ﺒﺎﺒل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻲ – ﺒﺎﺒل‬ ‫ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻙ‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻙ‬ ‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﺼﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻴﻬﺩﻑ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺒﻭﻟﻴﻤﻴﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺭﺍﺘـﻨﺞ ﺍﻹﻴﺒﻭﻜـﺴﻲ ﻨـﻭﻉ ﻜﻭﻨﺒﻜـﺴﺘﺭﺍ‬
‫)‪ (EP-10‬ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻋﻡ ﺒﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺘﺠـﺎﻩ)‪ (45º-0º‬ﻨـﻭﻉ )‪ (S‬ﺫﺍﺕ ﻜﺜﺎﻓـﺔ ﺴـﻁﺤﻴﺔ‬
‫)‪ (550g\cm2‬ﺤﻴــﺙ ﺘــﻡ ﺇﺴــﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻨــﺴﺏ ﺘﻘﻭﻴــﺔ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔــﺔ ﻟﻠــﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺒﻬــﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻟﻴــﺎﻑ‬
‫)‪ (%80،%60،%40،%2‬ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻤﺩﻯ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴـﺔ ﻟﻠﻤـﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒـﺔ‬
‫ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺇﺴﺘﹸﺨﺩﻤﺕ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻓﻭﺭﻴﺭ ﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓـﻲ ﻗﻴﻤـﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﻤـل ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼـﻴل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ )‪ (k‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻡ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻨﺴﺏ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻷﻟﻴـﺎﻑ ﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴـﺔ ﻤـﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟـﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﻭﻫـﻲ‬
‫)‪ (%60, %40, %20‬ﻓﻲ ﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺩﻤﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺩ ‪ ،‬ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻁﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺒـﻴﻥ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ )‪ (k‬ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪Effect of Percentage of Fibers Reinforcement on Thermal and‬‬

‫‪Mechanical Properties for Polymeric Composite Material‬‬

‫‪Dr. Abbas A. Al-Jeebory‬‬ ‫‪Ali I. Al-Mosawi‬‬ ‫‪Sajed A. Abdul Allah‬‬

‫‪Al-Qadissiya University‬‬ ‫‪Technical Institute-Babylon‬‬ ‫‪Technical Institute-Babylon‬‬
‫‪College of Engineering‬‬ ‫‪Mechanical Department‬‬ ‫‪Mechanical Department‬‬

‫‪ABSTRACT‬‬
‫‪The objective of this research is to study the effect the change of reinforcement‬‬
‫‪percentage by fibers on the thermal conductivity for polymeric composite material‬‬
‫‪consist of conbextra epoxy (EP-10) resin reinforced by biaxial woven roving S–type‬‬
‫‪glass fibers (0º-45º) with density (550 g/cm2) where we used different percentage of‬‬
‫‪fibers reinforcement to the resin (20%,40%,60%,80%) and studied the influence that on‬‬
‫‪thermal conductivity for composite material due to this change, and we used Fourier‬‬

‫‪70‬‬

‫‪PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com‬‬

 ‫ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ‬ ‫ﺩ‪.‬ﻋﺒﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﻴﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﻭﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺒﻭﻟﻴﻤﻴﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫‪The Iraqi‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭ‬
‫‪Journal‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺴﻭﻱ‬
‫‪For Mechanical And Material Engineering, Special‬‬ ‫ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ‬
‫‪Issue‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ )‪(A‬‬
‫ﺴﺎﺠﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺭ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﷲ‬

‫‪equation to calculate the thermal conductivity coefficient (k),and we used‬‬

‫‪reinforcement percentages (20%,40%,60%) to reinforced the mechanical tests‬‬
‫‪specimens to calculated impact strength, tensile strength, compressive strength as‬‬
‫‪illustrated in diagrams which represent the relation between thermal conductivity‬‬
‫‪coefficient (k) with temperature and between mechanical properties and reinforcement‬‬
‫‪percentages.‬‬

‫‪Keywords: Composite Material, Thermal Conductivity, Thermal Properties.‬‬

‫)‪:(Introduction‬‬ ‫‪ – I‬ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻋ‪‬ﺭﻓﺕﹾ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺒﺄﺒﺴﻁ ﺼﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻨﺫ ﻗﺭﻭﻥ ﻋِﺩﺓ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺒﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺒﻴﻭﺘﻬﻡ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺨﻠﻁ ﻨﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺏ ﺒﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻁﻴﻥ ﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺕ‪ .‬ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻤﻊ‬
‫ﻤﺎﺩﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﻫﻭ ﺇﺴﺘﻨﺒﺎﻁ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ‬
‫ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻟﻡ ﺘﻜﻥ ﻤﺘﻭﻓﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻴﺔ ]ﻋﻠﻲ ‪ .[2003،‬ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻠﻭﺯ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺏ ‪ .‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺠﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ ﺇﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﹰ‪ .‬ﻭ ﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﻤﺎﺩﺘﻴﻥ ﻫﻤﺎ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ )‪.(Matrix Material‬‬

‫ﻭﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻋﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺭﺍﻤﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺃﻓﻀل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ ﻟﻤﺎ ﺘﻤﺘﺎﺯ ﺒﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺠﻴﺩﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺘﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺒﺈﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﻘﻭﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﺄﻜﺒﺭ ﻜﺴﺭ ﺤﺠﻤﻲ ﻟﻴﻔﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺭﺍﻤﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻜﻠﻔﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺠﻴﺔ ﻫﻭ ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺃﺴﺘﺭ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻨﻭل ﻓﻭﺭﻤﺎﻟﺩﻫﻴﺩ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻹﻴﺒﻭﻜﺴﻲ]‪.[Daniel, 2003‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ )‪.(Reinforcing Material‬‬

‫ﻴﺠﺏ ﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﻤﻴﺯﺘﻴﻥ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﺘﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻁﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺤﺘﻰ‬
‫ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻟﻙ ﻁﺭﻕ ﻋﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺩﻗﺎﺌﻕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺸﺘﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺃﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺸﻴﻭﻋﺎﹰ ﻨﻅﺭﺍﹰ ﻟﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺒﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻗﻭﺓ‬
‫ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺠﻴﺔ ‪ .‬ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺒﺄﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻭﺃﺸﻜﺎل ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﺸﻜل‬
‫ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻅﻔﺎﺌﺭ ﻤﺤﺎﻜﺔ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺒﻭﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻜﻴﻔﻼﺭ]‪.[Autar , 2006‬‬

‫‪71‬‬

‫‪PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com‬‬

 ‫‪Dr. Abbas, et.,The‬‬
‫‪al., Iraqi‬‬ ‫‪Journal‬‬
‫‪The Iraqi‬‬ ‫‪For Mechanical‬‬
‫‪Journal‬‬ ‫‪And And‬‬
‫‪For Mechanical‬‬ ‫‪Material‬‬ ‫‪Engineering,‬‬
‫‪Material‬‬ ‫‪Special‬‬
‫‪Engineering,‬‬ ‫‪IssueIssue‬‬
‫‪Special‬‬ ‫)‪(A) (A‬‬

‫‪ – II‬ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻹﻴﺒﻭﻜﺴﻲ ) ‪: (Epoxy Resin‬‬

‫ﻴﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻹﻴﺒﻭﻜﺴﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺠﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺒﻌﺩﻡ ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﺸﻜﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﺤﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺴﻼﺴل ﺒﻭﻟﻴﻤﻴﺭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ ﻤﺘﺸﺎﺒﻜﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺎﺒﻜﻲ )‪ .(Cross Linking‬ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻴﺒﻭﻜﺴﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺘﻴﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﺎﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻹﻴﺒﻭﻜﺴﺎﻴﺩ )‪ (Epoxide‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﺄﻟﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺫﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ ﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺫﺭﺘﻲ ﻜﺎﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﺘﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻹﻴﺒﻭﻜﺴﻲ ﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺎﹰ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻷُﺨﺭﻯ‬
‫‪ .[2006،‬ﻴﺘﻤﻴﺯ‬ ‫] ﺴﺎﺠﺩ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴل ﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺜﻼﺜﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺭﺒﻁ ﺘﺸﺎﺒﻜﻲ ﺒﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ )‪(Curing‬‬
‫ﻴﻤﺘﻠﻙ ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻹﻴﺒﻭﻜﺴﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﺼﻼﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘﻴﻥ ﻨﺴﺒﻴﺎﹰ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﺘﺼﺎﻕ ﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻲ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﺜل ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻴﺜﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﻜﺴﻴل ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﻁﻲ ﻤﺘﺎﻨﺔ ﻭﺇﻟﺘﺼﺎﻕ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﻜﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺼﻼﺩﺓ ﻭﻗﻭﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﺇﺩﺍﺀﺍﹰ ﻭﻅﻴﻔﻴﺎﹰ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺎﹰ‪ .‬ﺘﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﻫﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺠﺎﺕ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻠﺩﺍﺕ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺼﺤﻭﺏ ﺒﺈﻨﺒﻌﺎﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺘﺤﺭﺭ‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺜﺎﻨﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺠﻌل ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﺹ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻲ ﻗﻠﻴل ﺠﺩﺍﹰ )ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ‪ (%2‬ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﻜﺘﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ‬
‫ﻗﻭﺓ ﻭﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻤﺘﻠﻙ ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻴﺒﻭﻜﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻤﺘﺎﻨﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻌﺩ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺎﺒﻜﻲ ﻭﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺴل ﺍﻹﻟﻴﻔﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ ] ﺴﺎﺠﺩ ‪.[2006،‬‬

‫)‪:(Fibers Reinforcement‬‬ ‫‪ – III‬ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﻅﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺯﻭﻴﺩ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺴﺎﺀﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ ﺘﻤﺘﻠﻙ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻑ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺸﺩ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‪ .‬ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻤﻭﺯﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻤﻭﺯﻋﺔ ﻴﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻹﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺸﻭﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻫﻲ‬
‫‪ .[Mallick‬ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫]‪, 2007‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﻭﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻜﻴﻔﻼﺭ‬
‫‪ .‬ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺤﺼﻴﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺒﺸﻜل ﻭﺍﺴﻊ ﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻤﻴﺭﻴﺔ‬
‫)‪ (Woven Roving‬ﻤﻭﺯﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺠﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻤﻘﻁﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺘﻌﺎﻤﺩﺓ‬
‫) ‪ ( Chopped Strand‬ﺘﺘﻭﺯﻉ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻋﺸﻭﺍﺌﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺯﺠﺎﺠﻲ ) ‪ (Glass Fabric‬ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل ﺨﻴﻭﻁ ﻭﺃﺸﺭﻁﺔ ‪ .‬ﺘﻤﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻴﺯﺓ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺇﻤﺘﻼﻜﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺇﻨﺼﻬﺎﺭ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺠﻴﺩﺓ ﻭﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺸﺩ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ]‪.[Market Report , 2007‬‬

‫‪72‬‬

‫‪PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com‬‬

 ‫ﺒﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ‬ ‫‪ Journal‬ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ‬
‫‪The Iraqi‬‬ ‫‪Issue‬ﺍﻟﺠﺒﻭﺭﻱ‬
‫‪For Mechanical And Material Engineering, Special‬ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺩ‪.‬ﻋﺒﺎﺱ)‪(A‬ﻋﻠﻴﻭﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺒﻭﻟﻴﻤﻴﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺴﻭﻱ‬
‫ﺴﺎﺠﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺭ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﷲ‬

‫‪ -IV‬ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﻭﺼِﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ )‪:(Thermal Conductivity‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﺭﻕ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺴﻁﺤﻴﻥ ﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﻨﺘﻘل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺫﻭ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺫﻭ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻁﺌﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﹸﻌﺭﻑ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﻤ‪‬ﻭﺼِﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﻭﺼِﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺇﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﺒﺭ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ‬
‫ﺨﻼل ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺇﻨﺤﺩﺍﺭ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺴﻁﺤﻴﻥ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ‬
‫]‪ .[Kahtan,Ali,2004‬ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺒﺈﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ) ﺼﻠﺒﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺴﺎﺌﻠﺔ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﺯﻴﺔ ( ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻟﻪ ﺘﺼﻨﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﺎﺯﻟﺔ ﺃﻡ ﻤﻭﺼﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺓ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻓﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ )‪ (Fibers Orientation‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺒﺩﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﻗﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻹﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﻟﻲ ﻟﻸﻟﻴﺎﻑ )‪ (In-Plane‬ﻭﻤﻭﺼِﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻀﻌﻑ ﺒﺈﺘﺠﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﻤﻙ‪ . (Through the Thickness)‬ﺒﺸﻜل ﻋﺎﻡ ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺭﺍﺘﻨﺠﺎﺕ ﺒﻌﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺘﻭﻗﻌﺔ ﻨﻅﺭﺍﹰ ﻟﻘﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻟﻠﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ )ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ( ‪.‬‬

‫)‪:(The Mechanical Properties‬‬ ‫‪ – V‬ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ‬

‫ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﺍﻹﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺩ ﺒﻌﻴﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﻭﺍﺼﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻤﺜل ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ ﻭﻗﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻺﺴﺘﻁﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﻭﺃﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺱ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻷُﺨﺭﻯ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻫﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺯﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﻲ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺩ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﺜل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﻭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻠﺩﻨﺎﺕ ‪ .‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﻭﺴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪.(Impact Strength‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺩﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺘﹸﻌﺒﺭ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺩﻤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺭ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺤﻤل ﻤﻔﺎﺠﺊ ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺴﺎﹰ‬
‫ﻟﻤﺘﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﺘﺎﻨﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺒﺩﻱ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﺩﻤﺔ ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺩﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺭﺍﺘﻨﺠﺎﺕ ﺒﺈﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺴﻨﺎﺕ ﻤﺜل ﻤﻁﺎﻁ ﺒﻴﻭﺘﺎﺩﻴﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺩﻨﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺒﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ﻭﺘﺭﺍﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺴل ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻤﻴﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺩﻤﺔ ﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ‪.‬‬

‫‪73‬‬

‫‪PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com‬‬

 ‫‪Dr. Abbas, et.,The‬‬
‫‪al., Iraqi‬‬ ‫‪Journal‬‬
‫‪The Iraqi‬‬ ‫‪For Mechanical‬‬
‫‪Journal‬‬ ‫‪And Material‬‬
‫‪For Mechanical‬‬ ‫‪Engineering,‬‬
‫‪And Material‬‬ ‫‪Special‬‬
‫‪Engineering,‬‬ ‫‪IssueIssue‬‬
‫‪Special‬‬ ‫)‪(A) (A‬‬

‫) ‪.(Tensile Strength‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺩ‬

‫ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺩ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺴﺎﹰ ﻟﻘﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺎﻭل ﺴﺤﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻭﻜﺴﺭﻫﺎ ‪ .‬ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻗﻭﻴﺔ ﻫﺸﺔ ﻤﻐﻤﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺘﺘﺼﻑ ﺒﻜﻭﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻁﻴﻠﻴﺔ ‪ .‬ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺒﺎﻹﺴﺘﻁﺎﻟﺔ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺨﻁﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺇﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺠﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻁ ﻭﻤﻊ ﺇﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴل ﻴﺤﺼل ﺇﻨﺤﺭﺍﻑ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻭﺼﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﻀﻭﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﻥ ﺘﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺒﺎﻹﺴﺘﻁﺎﻟﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺘﻪ ‪.‬ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﻬﺸﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ ﺘﻔﺸل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻜﻠﻴﺎﹰ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -3‬ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ )‪.(Compressive Strength‬‬

‫ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﻤﺩﻯ ﺘﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﻌﺭﻀﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﻤل ﺇﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺴﺎﻜﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺃﻥ ﺘﻨﻜﺴﺭ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﻘﺎﺱ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ )‪ (Mpa‬ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺘﹸﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻜﺒﺭ ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺴﻙ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‪.‬‬

‫)‪:(Experimental Part‬‬ ‫‪ -VI‬ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻲ‬

‫ﻴﺸﻤل ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺃﻭﻻﹰ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ‪.‬‬

‫ﺘﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻹﻴﺒﻭﻜﺴﻲ ﻨﻭﻉ ﻜﻭﻨﺒﻜﺴﺘﺭﺍ )‪.(EP-10‬‬
‫ﺘﻡ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻹﻴﺒﻭﻜﺴﻲ ﻨﻭﻉ ﻜﻭﻨﺒﻜﺴﺘﺭﺍ )‪ (EP-10‬ﻜﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ )‪.(Glass Fibers‬‬
‫)‪ (45º- 0º‬ﻨﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺘﻡ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺤﺼﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺘﺠﺎﻩ‬
‫)‪ (S-Glass‬ﺫﺍﺕ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ )‪ (550g\cm2‬ﻓﻲ ﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻹﻴﺒﻭﻜﺴﻲ ﻨﻭﻉ ﻜﻭﻨﺒﻜﺴﺘﺭﺍ‬
‫)‪.(EP-10‬‬

‫ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺎﹰ‪ -‬ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺘﻡ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻟﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﺩﻭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﺤﺔ ﺘﻔﺎﺼﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ‬
‫)‪ ،(1‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻡ ﺘﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﻗﻁﻊ ﺩﺍﺌﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﺒﻘﻁﺭ )‪ .(25mm‬ﻴﺭﺵ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﺒﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺒﻭﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻓﻨﻴل ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻭل )‪ (polyvinyl Alcohol‬ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺴﻬل ﻓﺼل ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ‪ .‬ﺘﻡ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻠﺩ‬

‫‪74‬‬

‫‪PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com‬‬

 ‫ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ‬ ‫ﺩ‪.‬ﻋﺒﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﻴﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﻭﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺒﻭﻟﻴﻤﻴﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫‪The Iraqi‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭ‬
‫‪Journal‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺴﻭﻱ‬
‫‪For Mechanical And Material Engineering, Special‬‬ ‫ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ‬
‫‪Issue‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ )‪(A‬‬
‫ﺴﺎﺠﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺭ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﷲ‬

‫)‪ (Metaphenylene Diamic‬ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ ]‪ [3:1‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋل‬
‫ﻤﻌﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻓﺔ ‪ .‬ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ ﻭﺘﻨﺸﺭ‬
‫ﺒﻔﺭﺸﺎﺓ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻌﻪ ﺒﺎﻨﺘﻅﺎﻡ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺜﻡ ﻨﻀﻊ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﻟﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻟﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺴﻤﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻭﻫﻭ)‪ ، (3mm‬ﺜﻡ‬
‫ﻜﺒﺴﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻭﺘﺭﻜﺕ ﻟﺘﺘﺼﻠﺏ ‪ ،‬ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺘﻡ ﺇﺨﺭﺍﺠﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﻭﻭﻀﻌﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺭﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
‫)‪ (75 ºC‬ﻹﻜﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻠﺏ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ :(1‬ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻷﻭل‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ )ﺍﻟﻘﻁﻌﺔ(‬
‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬ ‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ )ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻭﺯﻨﻴﺔ ‪(%‬‬
‫‪80‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ )ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻭﺯﻨﻴﺔ ‪(%‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺩﻤﺔ )‪. (Impact Specimens‬‬
‫ﺘﻡ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺩﻤﺔ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ )‪ (ASTM-E23‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻼﺌﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺤﺹ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺼﺩﻤﺔ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺸﺎﺭﺒﻲ )‪ . (Charpy Impact‬ﻋﻤﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ )‪(0.5 mm‬‬
‫ﻭﻨﺼﻑ ﻗﻁﺭ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺯ)‪ (0.25 mm‬ﻭﺒﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺤﺯ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪. (45º‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺩ )‪. (Tensile Specimens‬‬

‫ﺘﻡ ﺇﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ )‪ (ISO-R-527‬ﻓﻲ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -3‬ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ )‪. (Compression Specimens‬‬

‫ﺘﻡ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺔ)‪ (ASTM-D618‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺒﺸﻜل‬
‫ﻤﻨﺸﻭﺭ ﺭﺒﺎﻋﻲ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺘﻡ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻨﺴﺏ ﻭﺯﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ )‪ (%60,%40,%20‬ﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻭﺒﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺜﻼﺙ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻟﻜل ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻭﺯﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (2‬ﻭﺃﺨﺫ‬
‫ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺹ ﺍﻹﻨﺤﺭﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺼل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺇﻥ ﻭﺠﺩ ‪.‬‬

‫‪75‬‬

‫‪PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com‬‬

 ‫)‪Dr. Abbas, et., al., The Iraqi Journal For Mechanical And Material Engineering, Special Issue (A‬‬

‫)‪The Iraqi Journal For Mechanical And Material Engineering, Special Issue (A‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ :(2‬ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻷﻭل‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ )ﺍﻟﻘﻁﻌﺔ(‬
‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬ ‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ )ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻭﺯﻨﻴﺔ ‪(%‬‬
‫‪60‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ )ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻭﺯﻨﻴﺔ ‪(%‬‬

‫) ‪.(Thermal Conductivity Measurement‬‬ ‫ﺜﺎﻟﺜﺎﹰ‪ -‬ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺘﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻓﻭﺭﻴﺭ ) ‪ ( Fourier Law‬ﻓﻲ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ )‪ (k‬ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬
‫ﻴﻨﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ∆T ‬‬
‫‪Q = − k × A× ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ ∆X ‬‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ = Q‬ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﻭﺘﻘﺎﺱ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ) ‪( W‬‬
‫‪ = k‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻴﻘﺎﺱ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ) ‪( W/m.ºC‬‬
‫‪ = A‬ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺘﻘﺎﺱ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺒﻊ )‪(m2‬‬
‫)‪ = (∆T∆X‬ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﻴﻘﺎﺱ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ) ‪( ºC/m‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ ) ‪ ( 1‬ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﻭﺼِﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ )‪(Heat Conduction Unit‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺼﻨﻊ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺸﺭﻜﺔ )‪ .(P.A.Hilton Ltd England‬ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﻋﻤل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺘﺴﻠﻴﻁ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺴﺨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﺭﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ‪ .‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ‬
‫ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﻤﺤﺎﺭ ﻴﺭ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻭﺯﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﺎﻨﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﻜل ﻤﺤﺭﺍﺭ ﻴﺒﻌﺩ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﺒﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫)‪ (10mm‬ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﺎﻨﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ رﻗﻢ )‪ :(1‬ﺟﮭﺎز ﻗﯿﺎس اﻟﻤﻮﺻﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارﯾﺔ‬

‫‪76‬‬

‫‪PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com‬‬

 ‫ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ‬ ‫ﺩ‪.‬ﻋﺒﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﻴﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﻭﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺒﻭﻟﻴﻤﻴﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫‪The Iraqi‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭ‬
‫‪Journal‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺴﻭﻱ‬
‫‪For Mechanical And Material Engineering, Special‬‬ ‫ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ‬
‫‪Issue‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ )‪(A‬‬
‫ﺴﺎﺠﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺭ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﷲ‬

‫)‪.(Mechanical Tests‬‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺒﻌﺎﹰ – ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺘﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺭ‪‬ﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺘﻡ‬
‫ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺌﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻲ – ﺒﺎﺒل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪. (Impact Test‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺩﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺃُﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻓﺤﺹ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺩﻤﺔ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺸﺎﺭﺒﻲ )‪ (Charpy Impact Instrument‬ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺭ‪‬ﻑ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺩﻯ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻟﺤِﻤل ﺍﻟﺼﺩﻡ ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺩﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪E‬‬
‫=‪R‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ =R‬ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺩﻤﺔ )‪. (kj/m2‬‬
‫‪ =E‬ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ =A‬ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﻀﻲ ﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ )‪. (mm2‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺩ ) ‪. (Tensile Test‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﺤﺩ‬ ‫ﺃُﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺤِﻤل ﺸﺩ ﻤﺤﻭﺭﻱ ﺒﺈﺘﺠﺎﻩ‬
‫‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻡ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺤِﻤل )‪ . (20 KN‬ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻵﺘﻲ‬
‫‪F‬‬
‫= ‪σ‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪. (N/m2‬‬ ‫‪ = σ‬ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺩ‬
‫)‪. (N‬‬ ‫‪ = F‬ﺍﻟﺤﻤِل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻁ‬
‫‪ = A‬ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﻀﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ )‪. (m2‬‬

‫) ‪.(Compression Strength Test‬‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ‬

‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻭﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺈﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬
‫ﻤﻜﺒﺱ ﻫﻴﺩﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻲ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻷﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﺤﻤل ﻤﺴﻠﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨﺘﺼﻑ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ‪.‬‬

‫‪77‬‬

‫‪PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com‬‬

 ‫)‪Dr. Abbas, et., al., The Iraqi Journal For Mechanical And Material Engineering, Special Issue (A‬‬

‫)‪The Iraqi Journal For Mechanical And Material Engineering, Special Issue (A‬‬

‫)‪. (Results and Discussion‬‬ ‫‪ -VI‬ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‬

‫‪ -1‬ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻓﻭﺭﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ)‪ (k‬ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻤﻊ ﺇﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (2‬ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻤﺜل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ )‪ (%80‬ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﻭ )‪ (%20‬ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺭﺍﺠﻌﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻤﻭﺼل ﺠﻴﺩ ﻟﻠﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ )‪ (%40‬ﻭﺇﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺇﻟﻰ )‪ (%60‬ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (3‬ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ )‪ (%60‬ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﻭ‬
‫)‪ (%40‬ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻤﺘﻭﻗﻌﺔ ﻨﻅﺭﺍﹰ ﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺠﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ)‪ (%60‬ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺩﺭﺝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬
‫ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (4‬ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ )‪ (%40‬ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﻭ )‪(%60‬‬
‫ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻫﻭ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﻭﺼل ﺠﻴﺩ ﻟﻠﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺫﻜﺭﻨﺎ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎﹰ ]‪.[F.Rondeaux, 2001‬‬

‫ﻭﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ )‪ (%80‬ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ ، (5‬ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺴﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻟﻸﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﻫﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻘﻭﻟﺔ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﻤﻔﻴﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺠﻴﺩ ﻤﻊ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺠﻴﺩﺓ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺩ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺨﺴﺎﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫]‪ .[F.Rondeaux, 2001‬ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (6‬ﻴﻤﺜل ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻨﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺒﻌﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺘﻤﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ‬
‫ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻗﻴﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻘﺒﻭﻟﺔ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺒﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ‪ .‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻫﺫﻩ‬

‫‪78‬‬

‫‪PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com‬‬

 ‫ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ‬ ‫ﺩ‪.‬ﻋﺒﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﻴﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﻭﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺒﻭﻟﻴﻤﻴﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫‪The Iraqi‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭ‬
‫‪Journal‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺴﻭﻱ‬
‫‪For Mechanical And Material Engineering, Special‬‬ ‫ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ‬
‫‪Issue‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ )‪(A‬‬
‫ﺴﺎﺠﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺭ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﷲ‬

‫ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃُﺠﺭﻴﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻹﻴﺒﻭﻜﺴﻲ ﻨﻭﻉ ﻜﻭﻨﺒﻜﺴﺘﺭﺍ )‪ (EP-10‬ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻭﻯ ﺒﺄﻟﻴﺎﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺤﺼﻠﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻁﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﹸﻤﺜل ﻗﻴﻡ‬
‫ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺩ ﻭﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺩﻤﺔ ﻭﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺩﻤﺔ ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (7‬ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﻗﻴﻡ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺩﻤﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺩﻤﺔ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻋﺎﻡ ﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻟﻠﺭﺍﺘﻨﺠﺎﺕ ﻨﻅﺭﺍﹰ ﻟﻬﺸﺎﺸﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﻘﻭﻴﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺩﻤﺔ ﻭﻴﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﺘﺤﻤل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻷﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻁﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴ‪‬ﺤﺴﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺩﻤﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ)‪ (%40‬ﻭ )‪.[Ali, 2009] (%60‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺩ ‪ .‬ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺠﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻬﺸﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺸﺩ ﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻨﺭﺍﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ ، (8‬ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺘﺘﺤﺴﻥ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺸﺩ‬
‫ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻷﻋﻅﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻁ ﺘﺘﺤﻤﻠﻪ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺭﻓﻊ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺩ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺘﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺒﻤﻁﻴﻠﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺩ ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺸﻐِل ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺤﻴﺯ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﻤﺢ ﺒﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺤِﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻁ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺃﻓﻀل ]‪.[Ali, 2009‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺠﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻗﻴﻡ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (9‬ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬
‫ﻴﻤﺜل ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻹﻴﺒﻭﻜﺴﻲ ﻨﻭﻉ ﻜﻭﻨﺒﻜﺴﺘﺭﺍ )‪ (EP-10‬ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻭﻯ ﺒﺄﻟﻴﺎﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺘﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺤﺎﺩ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﺒﺄﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﻨﻅﺭﺍﹰ ﻟﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤِﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ ﻭﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻭﻴﺭﻓﻊ ﻗﻴﻡ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻟﻺﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻤﻊ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻨﻔﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ]‪.[Kiichi , 2009‬‬

‫‪ -VII‬ﺍﻹﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺠﺎﺕ )‪.(Conclusions‬‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻁﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻨﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻵﺘﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺘﺤﺴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻹﻴﺒﻭﻜﺴﻲ ﻨﻭﻉ ﻜﻭﻨﺒﻜﺴﺘﺭﺍ )‪ (EP-10‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﻘﻭﻴﺘﻪ ﺒﺄﻟﻴﺎﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻟﻠﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ‪.‬‬

‫‪79‬‬

‫‪PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com‬‬

 Dr. Abbas, et., al., The Iraqi Journal For Mechanical And Material Engineering, Special Issue (A)

The Iraqi Journal For Mechanical And Material Engineering, Special Issue (A)

‫ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ ﻴﺭﺠﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ‬-2
. ‫ﺒﺄﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﻭﺼل ﺠﻴﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ‬

‫( ﻜﻭﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ‬EP-10) ‫ ﺇﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻹﻴﺒﻭﻜﺴﻲ ﻨﻭﻉ ﻜﻭﻨﺒﻜﺴﺘﺭﺍ‬-3
. ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻬﺸﺔ ﻜﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺠﺎﺕ‬
‫( ﺒﻌﺩ‬EP-10) ‫ﻥ ﻗﻴﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻹﻴﺒﻭﻜﺴﻲ ﻨﻭﻉ ﻜﻭﻨﺒﻜﺴﺘﺭﺍ‬‫ ﺘﺤﺴ‬-4
‫ﺘﻘﻭﻴﺘﻪ ﺒﺄﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺤِﻤل ﺍﻷﻜﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﺴﻭﻑ‬
. ‫ ﻭﺘﺘﺤﺴﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ‬. ‫ﺘﺘﺤﻤﻠﻪ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ‬

.(References) ‫ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬-VIII
Ali I.Al-Mosawi, (2009) . “ Study of Some Mechanical Properties for
Polymeric Composite Material Reinforced by Fibers ” , Journal of Al-
Qadisiya for Engineering Sciences , Vol 2 , No 1 ,pp.14 – 24 .
Autar K. Kaw ,(2006). “Mechanics of Composite Materials” , 2nd Edition ,
Taylor & Francis Group, LLC .
Daniel Gay , Suong V. Hoa , Stephen W. Tsai ,(2003). “Composite
Materials Design and Applications” , CRC Press LLC .
Dr. Kahtan K.Al-Khazraji , Ali I.Al-Mosawi , (2004) . “Effect Study of
Magnesium Oxide on Thermal Conductivity of Unsaturated Polyester
Resin” , , Journal of Babylon University , Engineering Sciences , Vol 9 ,
No 5 ,pp.859 – 866 .
F.Rondeaux , ph. Bredy and J.M.Rey,(2001) . “Thermal Conductivity
Measurements of Epoxy Systems at Low Temperature” , Cryogenic
Engineering Conference (CEC), USA, July 16-20 .
Kiichi Hasegawa1), Hiroshi Hirano1), Joji Kadota1), Masahiro ABE2),
Satoshi Matsuda2), Hajime Kishi2) and Atsushi Murakami2) , (2009) .
“Properties of GFRP Using Matrix Resin of Epoxy/ Acrylate
Interpenetrating Polymer Network” , Journal of the Society of Materials
Science, Japan Vol.54 No.4 , pp.447 – 452 .
Market Report ,(2007) . “Glass Fibers US Industry Forecasts to 2011 and
2016”, Freedonia publisher .

P.K. Mallick ,(2007 ) . “Fiber-Reinforced Composites: Materials,

Manufacturing, and Design”, 3rd Edition , CRC Press, Nov .

80

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

 ‫ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ‬ ‫ﺩ‪.‬ﻋﺒﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﻴﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﻭﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺒﻭﻟﻴﻤﻴﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫‪The Iraqi‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭ‬
‫‪Journal‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺴﻭﻱ‬
‫‪For Mechanical And Material Engineering, Special‬‬ ‫ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ‬
‫‪Issue‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ )‪(A‬‬
‫ﺴﺎﺠﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺭ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﷲ‬

‫ﺴﺎﺠﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺭ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﷲ ‪ ” . (2006)،‬ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺠﺴﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻹﻨﺤﻨﺎﺀ ﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻤﺘﺭﺍﻜﺒﺔ ﺒﻭﻟﻴﻤﻴﺭﻴﺔ “ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﺩﺒﻠﻭﻡ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ – ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ ‪،‬ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻲ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻠﻲ ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ ﻤﺴﻠﻡ ‪ ” . (2003)،‬ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﻜﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﹼﻬ‪‬ﺏ“‪،‬ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﺎﺠﺴﺘﻴﺭ ‪ ،‬ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﺎﺒل ‪.‬‬

‫‪2.0‬‬ ‫‪1.0‬‬

‫‪0.9‬‬

‫)‪Thermal Conductivity, k (W/m. ºC‬‬

‫)‪Thermal Conductivity, k (W/m. ºC‬‬

‫‪1.9‬‬
‫‪0.8‬‬

‫‪0.7‬‬
‫‪1.8‬‬
‫‪0.6‬‬

‫‪0.5‬‬
‫‪1.7‬‬
‫‪0.4‬‬

‫‪0.3‬‬
‫‪1.6‬‬

‫‪0.2‬‬

‫‪1.5‬‬ ‫‪0.1‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪35‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪45‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪55‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪35‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪45‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪55‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬
‫)‪Temperature,(ºC‬‬ ‫)‪Temperature,(ºC‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ :(3‬ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ :(2‬ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ‬
‫)‪ %60‬ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ‪ %40 +‬ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ( ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻭﺯﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫)‪ %80‬ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ‪ %20 +‬ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ( ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻭﺯﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫‪2.0‬‬ ‫‪2.0‬‬
‫)‪Thermal Conductivity, k (W/m. ºC‬‬

‫)‪Thermal Conductivity, k (W/m. ºC‬‬

‫‪1.9‬‬ ‫‪1.9‬‬

‫‪1.8‬‬ ‫‪1.8‬‬

‫‪1.7‬‬ ‫‪1.7‬‬

‫‪1.6‬‬ ‫‪1.6‬‬

‫‪1.5‬‬ ‫‪1.5‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪35‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪45‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪55‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪35‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪45‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪55‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬
‫)‪Temperature,(ºC‬‬ ‫)‪Temperature,(ºC‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ :(5‬ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ :(4‬ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ‬
‫)‪ %20‬ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ‪ %80 +‬ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ( ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻭﺯﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫)‪ %40‬ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ‪ %60 +‬ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ( ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻭﺯﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫‪81‬‬

‫‪PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com‬‬

 Dr. Abbas, et., al., The Iraqi Journal For Mechanical And Material Engineering, Special Issue (A)

The Iraqi Journal For Mechanical And Material Engineering, Special Issue (A)

200 2.0

Thermal Conductivity, k (W/m. ºC)

180 1.8

160 1.6
Impact Strength (Kj/m2)

140 1.4

120 1.2

100 1.0

80 0.8

60 0.6

80%Resin+20%Fibers
40 0.4
60%Resin+40%Fibers

40%Resin+60%Fibers
20 0.2
20%Resin+80%Fibers

0 0.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
Reinforcing Percentage (%) Temperature,(ºC)
‫ إﺧﺘﺒﺎر ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﺼﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎدة اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺔ‬: (7) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ رﻗﻢ‬ ‫ اﻟﻤﻮﺻﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارﯾﺔ ﻟﻨﺴﺐ اﻟﺘﻘﻮﯾﺔ اﻷرﺑﻌﺔ‬:(6) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ رﻗﻢ‬

220 400

200
350
Compression Strength (Mpa)

180
Tensile Strength (N/m )
2

300
160

140 250

120
200
100

80 150

60
100
40
50
20

0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Reinforcing Percentage (%) Reinforcing Percentage (%)

‫ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ‬: (9) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ‬ ‫ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺩ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ‬: (8) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ‬

82

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

 ‫‪ISSN:1992-0652‬‬

‫ﳎﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﺎﺑﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ‬

‫‪    /   ‬ر‪‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬
‫ر‪ ‬ا‪‬اع ‪ 629 /‬وزارة ا‪ ‬وا‪‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ ‪ ، 19‬اﻟﻌﺪد ‪ ، 3‬أﯾﻠﻮل ‪2011‬‬

 ‫ا‪‬دد)‪ /(3‬ا‪‬د)‪2011  (19‬‬ ‫‪  ‬ل ‪ /‬ا‪‬وم ا‪‬ر‪ ‬وا‪‬ط‪/‬‬

‫‪ ‬إ‪ ‬رات ا‪‬م‪  ‬و‪ ‬ا‪ ‬ا‪‬ار‪ ‬و‪‬‬

‫ا‪‬م‪‬ن ا‪‬‬
‫ﺠﻠﻴل ﻜﺭﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﻔﺎﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺤﻁﺎﻥ ﺨﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺭﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺴﻭﻱ‬
‫ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﺎﺒل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻲ – ﺒﺎﺒل‬

‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﺼﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺘﻡ ﺇﺴﺘﻌﺭﺍﺽ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﻭﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨـﺔ ﻤـﻥ ﻫـﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻷُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﻁﻼﺀ ﺒﺴﻤﻙ )‪ (2mm‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﻟﺼﻘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﺃﺴﺘﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﻭﺃﻟﻴـﺎﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻌﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻜﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻻﺼﻘﺔ ﻭﺩﺍﻋﻤﺔ ﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻷُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺃُﻭﻜـﺴﻴﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻋﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﹼﻠﻬﺏ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﹸﻌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﻡ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ .(2000ºC‬ﻟﻘﺩ‬
‫ﺃﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﻜﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﺒﻴﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺒﺎﻹﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻷُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺒﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻨﻙ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻴﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻤﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻋﺎﻗﺔ ﺇﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺇﻋﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﹼﻠﻬﺏ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ‪ :‬ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ‪ ،‬ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪Abstract‬‬
‫‪In the present study , the preparation method of antimony trioxide were expressed ,as well as‬‬
‫‪described the manufacturing method to form insulation layer from this oxide as a thickness of coating‬‬
‫‪layer (2mm) , paste on the composite material consist from unsaturated polyester resin and glass fibers‬‬
‫‪which acts as a paste and hold material to the insulation and flame retardant oxide. thermal erosion test‬‬
‫‪at (2000°C) was done to evaluate the performance of the antimony trioxide efficiency to flame‬‬
‫‪retardancy The result obtained from thermal erosion test show that the antimony trioxide efficiency as a‬‬
‫‪flame retardant material at this temperature. This study also indicated the possibility of improving‬‬
‫‪thermal properties of antimony trioxide by addition zinc borate which able to prevent flame spread and‬‬
‫‪increasing efficient of antimony trioxide to flame retardancy .‬‬
‫‪Keywords: Composite Material, Flame Retardant Material, Thermal Erosion‬‬
‫‪Resistance.‬‬
‫)‪. (Introduction‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺨﺎﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺌﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻟﺨﺴﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻓﺭﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻤﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﻟﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺌﻕ ﻭﻓﻲ ﻨﻔـﺱ ﺍﻟﻭﻗـﺕ‬
‫ﺘﻌﻤل ﻜﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺎﺯﻟﺔ ﻭﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬ‪‬ﺏ‪ (Flame Retardant Materials )‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻜـﻥ‬
‫ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨﻊ ﻨﻔـﺎﺫﻩ ﺩﺍﺨـل ﺍﻟﻤـﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻨﻊ ﺇﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭﻩ ﻭﺤﺘﻰ ﺇﺨﻤﺎﺩﻩ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻜﺎﻤل ‪،‬ﻭﺘﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬـﺏ ﻟﺘﺤـﺴﻴﻥ‬
‫]‪[Ali,2003‬‬
‫‪ .‬ﻭﺘﻀﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤـﺭﺍﺩ ﺤﻤﺎﻴﺘﻬـﺎ ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫ﺨﻭﺍﺼﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﻤﻌﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﺴﻤﺢ ﺒﺎﻹﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻵﻤﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻺﺸﺘﻌﺎل ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺨﻔـﺽ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺒﻠﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻺﺸﺘﻌﺎل ﻭﺨﻔﺽ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺇﺤﺘﺭﺍﻗﻬﺎ ]‪ .[Jürgen,1998‬ﺇﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﻋﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺇﻴﻘﺎﻓﻪ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻁﺒﻴﻌـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻤﻌﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺎﹰ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴـﺎﹰ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟـﺔ ﺍﻟـﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟـﺴﺎﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺘﺘﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻤﻊ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ)‪ (Combustion process‬ﺨﻼل ﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺒﻜﻼﻡ ﺁﺨﺭ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺨﻴﻥ )‪ (Heating‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜـﻙ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠـل )‪ (Decomposition‬ﻭﺍﻹﺸـﺘﻌﺎل‬

‫‪1225‬‬
‫‪Journal of Babylon‬‬ ‫‪19‬‬ ‫‪  ‬ل ‪ /‬ا‪‬وم ا‪‬ر‪ ‬وا‪‬ط‪ /‬ا‪‬دد) (‪ /‬ا‪‬د) ( ‪‬‬
‫‪2011 University/Pure‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪and Applied Science/ No.(3)/ Vol.(19):2011‬‬

‫)‪ (Ignition‬ﺃﻭ ﺇﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ )‪ (Flame spread‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﻋﺭﺽ ﻟﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﻭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻱ‬
‫ﻹﻋﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ]‪.[Horrocks,2009‬‬
‫ﺘﺴﻌﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﻫﺩﻓﻴﻥ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﻴﻥ‪ :‬ﺍﻷﻭل ﻫﻭ ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﻭﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃُﻭﻜـﺴﻴﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ)‪ (Antimony Trioxide‬ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻋﺎﻗﺔ ﺇﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺇﺨﻤﺎﺩﻩ ﻤﻤـﺎ ﻴﻘﻠـل ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺨﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﻟﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺌﻕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻫﻭ ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻷُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﻹﻋﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺇﺴـﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺘﻘﻨﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺎﺩﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﻌﻴﻘﺘﻴﻥ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺒﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻨﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻀﺎﻑ ﺒﻨﺴﺏ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ )‪. (Antimony Trioxide‬‬
‫ﻴﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻴﺔ)‪(Inorganic Flame Retardants‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻤﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ) ‪ ( Sb2O3‬ﺃﻭ ) ‪ ، ( Sb4O6‬ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺫﺍ ﻟﻭﻥ ﺃﺒﻴﺽ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻥ ﺇﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻌﺏ )‪ (Cubic‬ﻋﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ‬
‫‪ .‬ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﹰ ﺘﺤﺕ‬ ‫]‪[EFRA,2002‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻨﻲ )‪ (Orthorhombic‬ﺫﺍ ﻟﻭﻥ ﺃﺒﻴﺽ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ ، (570oC‬ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﻥ ﺇﻥ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻨﻲ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﹰ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫)‪ .[Chemserve,2000] (570oC‬ﻴﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻟﻭﺠﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻋﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﱠﻬﺏ ﻭﺒﺫﻟﻙ‬
‫ﻴﻘﻠل ﻤﻥ ﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﹸﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻟﻭﺠﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻴﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﺭﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺏ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻟﻭﺠﻴﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻤﻌﻴﻕ ﻟﻠﱠﻬﺏ ﺫﻭ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺘﻤﺎﺜل‬
‫ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎل ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻷُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﻭﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﹸﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﻴﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﻔﺽ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ﻭﺜﺎﻨﻴﺎﹰ‬
‫ﻴﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﱠﻬﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻴﺘﺒﺨﺭ ﻭﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﺤﻠل ﻭﻴﺤﺭﺭ ﻏﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻼﺸﺘﻌﺎل ﻤﺜل ﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﻭﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺭﻴﺕ ﻭﻜﻠﻭﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﻤﺎﺼﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ) ‪ . (Endothermic Reactions‬ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺘﻔﻜﻜﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﺤﺭﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻺﺸﺘﻌﺎل ﺘﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺨﻔﻴﻑ ﻤﺯﻴﺞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻺﺸﺘﻌﺎل ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﻋﺯل ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﺩﺍﺌﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻹﺘﺼﺎل ﺒﺎﻷﻭﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺯﺠﺎﺠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﻤﻨﻊ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﺘﻤﺜل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ )‪ (%50‬ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﱠﻬﺏ ]‪. [Chemical Land21,2000‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﹸﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﻴﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺴﺘﻨﺒﺎﻁ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﻭﻓﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻭﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺘﻌﺩﻴل ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻭﺘﺜﺒﻴﺕ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ ،‬ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻁﻼﺀ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻴﻨﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ]‪ .[EFRA,2002‬ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (1‬ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ‬
‫ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ)‪ ، (Sb2O3‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ)‪ (1‬ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻲ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻷُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ‪.‬‬

‫]‪[ATSDR,1992‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ)‪ : (1‬ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ)‪(Sb2O3‬‬
‫‪Property‬‬ ‫)‪Melting Point(ºC) Boiling Point(ºC‬‬ ‫)‪Density(g/cm3‬‬
‫‪Value‬‬ ‫‪656‬‬ ‫‪1425‬‬ ‫)‪5.2(Cubic) , 5.67(Rhombohedral‬‬

‫‪1226‬‬
 ‫ا‪‬دد)‪ /(3‬ا‪‬د)‪2011  (19‬‬ ‫‪  ‬ل ‪ /‬ا‪‬وم ا‪‬ر‪ ‬وا‪‬ط‪/‬‬

‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ رﻗﻢ)‪ : (1‬اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺐ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﻲ ﻷُوﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻷﻧﺘﯿﻤﻮن اﻟﺜﻼﺛﻲ)‪(Sb2O3‬‬

‫ﺒﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻨﻙ )‪. (Zinc Borate‬‬

‫ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺒﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻨﻙ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻤﻌﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺤل ﻤﺤل ﺃﻜﺎﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﻜﻤﻌﻴﻕ‬
‫ﻟﹼﻬﺏ ﻤﺤﻔﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻁﺎﻁ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﻋﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻁﺭﺡ ﺍﻟﺠﺫﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻨﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل ﻤﺴﺤﻭﻕ ﺃﺒﻴﺽ ﻤﺘﺒﻠﻭﺭ ﻭﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻹﻋﺘﻴﺎﺩﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (2‬ﻴﻭﻀﺢ‬
‫ﺒﻌﺽ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺒﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻨﻙ ‪.‬‬

‫]‪[Chemical Land21,2000‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ :(2‬ﺒﻌﺽ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺒﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻨﻙ‬
‫‪Property‬‬ ‫‪Appearance‬‬ ‫‪Melting Point °C‬‬ ‫‪Density g/cm3‬‬ ‫‪PH‬‬ ‫‪Mol Wt‬‬
‫‪Value‬‬ ‫‪White Crystalline‬‬ ‫‪980‬‬ ‫‪3.64‬‬ ‫‪7.6‬‬ ‫‪434.62‬‬

‫)‪. (Composite Materials‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ‬

‫ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻤﻊ ﻤﺎﺩﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﻤﻥ ﻫـﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﻤـﻊ ﻫـﻭ‬
‫ﺇﺴﺘﻨﺒﺎﻁ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻟﻡ ﺘﻜﻥ ﻤﺘﻭﻓﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻠﻭﺯ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺏ ‪ .‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺠﺎﺕ ﺒﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻫـﻲ ﺍﻷﻜﺜـﺭ‬
‫ﺇﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﹰ ]‪ .[Ali,2003‬ﻭ ﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﻤﺎﺩﺘﻴﻥ ﻫﻤﺎ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ)‪ : (Matrix Material‬ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﻤﺎ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺴﻴﺭﺍﻤﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ‬
‫ﺇﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﹰ ﻭﺇﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﹰ ﻟِﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺒﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺠﻴﺩﺓ‪.‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺠﻴﺔ ﻫﻭ ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻨﻭل ‪ ،‬ﺍﻹﻴﺒﻭﻜﺴﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﺃﺴﺘﺭ ]‪.[Mallick,2007‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ) ‪ :(Reinforcement Material‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻁﺭﻕ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺩﻗﺎﺌﻕ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺸﺘﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻭﻜﻤﺜﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﻭﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻜﻴﻔﻼﺭ ﻭ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ]‪.[US Industry, 2007‬‬

‫)‪. (Experimental Part‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻲ‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺘﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪1227‬‬
‫‪Journal of Babylon‬‬ ‫‪19‬‬ ‫‪  ‬ل ‪ /‬ا‪‬وم ا‪‬ر‪ ‬وا‪‬ط‪ /‬ا‪‬دد) (‪ /‬ا‪‬د) ( ‪‬‬
‫‪2011 University/Pure‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪and Applied Science/ No.(3)/ Vol.(19):2011‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ )‪ : (Antimony Trioxide - Sb2O3‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻤﺴﺤﻭﻕ ﺃﺒﻴﺽ ﺫﻭ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ‬
‫ﻤﻌﻴﻨﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭﻩ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺴﺨﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻨﻲ ‪.‬‬

‫)‪ : (Zinc Borate‬ﺇﺴــﺘﺨﺩﻤﺕ ﻤــﺎﺩﺓ ﺒــﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻨــﻙ ‪ 2335‬ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻤــﺯ‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﺒــﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻨــﻙ‬
‫)‪ (2ZnO.3B2O3.3.5H2O‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺸﺭﻜﺔ )‪ (C-Tech Corporation‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺒﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺠﻴﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺇﻋﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (3‬ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻲ ﻟﺒﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻨﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ :(3‬ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻲ ﻟﺒﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻨﻙ‬

‫‪Compound‬‬ ‫‪Zinc Oxide‬‬ ‫‪Boric Anhydride‬‬ ‫‪Water of Hydration‬‬
‫‪Symbol‬‬ ‫‪ZnO‬‬ ‫‪B2O3‬‬ ‫‪H2O‬‬
‫‪Content%‬‬ ‫‪37‬‬ ‫‪47‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬

‫)‪ : (Unsaturated Polyester Resin‬ﺘﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻫـﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤـﺙ ﺇﺴـﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﺃﺴﺘﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺒﻊ‬
‫ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﺃﺴﺘﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺒﻊ ) ‪. ( Palatel A420‬‬

‫)‪ :(Glass Fibers‬ﺘﻡ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺤﺼﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻌﺔ ﻨـﻭﻉ ‪ E-‬ﺫﺍﺕ ﻜﺜﺎﻓـﺔ‬ ‫‪ -4‬ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ‬
‫)‪.(600g/cm3‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺜﻼﺙ ﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ‪،‬ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻤﺘﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬـﺏ ﻭﻫـﻲ‬
‫ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ)‪ (Sb2O3‬ﺒﺸﻜل ﺤﺭ ﻤﺭﺓ ﻭﻤﺭﺓ ﺃُﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻨﺴﺏ ﻭﺯﻨﻴﺔ ﻤـﻥ ﺒـﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻨـﻙ‬
‫)‪ (%20,%10‬ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺒﺴ‪‬ﻤﻙ‪ ،(2mm)‬ﺘﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﺃﺴﺘﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﻭ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻌﺔ ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﺴ‪‬ﻤﻙ‪،(4mm)‬ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻗﻁﻌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﻻﺫ ﺒﺴ‪‬ﻤﻙ‪(2mm)‬‬
‫ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺴﻤﻙ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ )‪ (8mm ±1%‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (2‬ﻴﻤﺜل ﺭﺴﻤﺎﹰ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻴﺎﹰ ﻟﺸﻜل ﻋﻴﻨـﺔ ﺇﺨﺘﺒـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ‬

‫‪2mm‬‬
‫‪4mm‬‬
‫‪2mm‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻁﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﻻﺫﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ)‪ : (2‬ﺸﻜل ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻲ ﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺘﺘﻡ ﺒﺘﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﻗﻁﻊ ﺩﺍﺌﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻌﺔ ﻭﺒﻘﻁﺭ‬
‫)‪ (80 mm‬ﻭﺒﻨﻔﺱ ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (4‬ﺇﺫ ﺘﻡ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻟﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﺩﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌـﺭﻑ‬
‫)‪ ( Hand Lay Up‬ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ‪ .‬ﺘﻡ ﻁﻼﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻨﻲ ﺒﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﻨﻴﺵ ﻟﺘﻔﺎﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﺘـﺼﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﺒﺈﺴﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﻴﺭﺵ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﺒﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﻓﻨﻴل ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻭل )‪ (polyvinyl Alcohol‬ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺴﻬل ﻓـﺼل ﺍﻟﻨﻤـﺎﺫﺝ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ‪ .‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺠﻠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﺃﺴﺘﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﻭﺘﺨﻠﻁ ﺠﻴﺩﺍﹰ ﻤﻌـﻪ ﺘـﺴﻤﻰ ﻫـﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤـﺎﺩﺓ‬

‫‪1228‬‬
 ‫ا‪‬دد)‪ /(3‬ا‪‬د)‪2011  (19‬‬ ‫‪  ‬ل ‪ /‬ا‪‬وم ا‪‬ر‪ ‬وا‪‬ط‪/‬‬
‫)‪ (Cobalt Octoatel‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﻭﺒﺎﻟﺕ ﻓﻌﺎل ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ )‪ (6%‬ﺒﻌـﺩﻫﺎ ﺘـﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴـﻪ ﺍﻟﻤـﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤـﺼﻠﺩﺓ‬
‫)‪ (MEKPO‬ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ )‪. (2%‬‬
‫ﻴﺘﻡ ﻭﻀﻊ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ ﻭﺘﻨﺸﺭ ﺒﻔﺭﺸﺎﺓ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻌﻪ ﺒﺎﻨﺘﻅﺎﻡ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺜﻡ ﻨﻀﻊ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﻟﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻟﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤـﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺭﻜﺒـﺔ ﺒﺎﻟـﺴﻤﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ‪ .‬ﺘﻡ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤـﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ‪،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺇﺴﺘﹸﺨﺩﻡ )‪ (40%‬ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻭﺯﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﺃﺴﺘﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﻭ)‪ (60%‬ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻭﺯﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻌﺔ‪ .‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﻭﺒﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻨﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤـﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﻜﺒﺴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﻭﺘﺘﺭﻙ ﻟﺘﺘﺼﻠﺏ ‪ .‬ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ )ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ‪ +‬ﺃﻟﻴـﺎﻑ ‪ +‬ﺍﻟﻤـﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﺏ( ﻭﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺭﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (75ºC‬ﻹﻜﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻠﺏ ‪.‬‬

‫‪2mm‬‬

‫‪80mm‬‬

‫‪10mm‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ)‪ : (3‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ -3‬ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﺴﺘﹸﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﹸﻌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺒﻠﻎ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻬﺎ )‪ (2000ºC‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻡ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬـﺏ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (4‬ﻭﺘـﺴﻠﻴﻁﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺒﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ )‪ (10mm‬ﻭ )‪ (20mm‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻟﻲ ‪ .‬ﺜﻡ ﺘﻡ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺒﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻨﻙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜـﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺒﻨﺴﺏ ﻭﺯﻨﻴﺔ )‪ (%20,%10‬ﻭﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺒﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺸﹸﻌﻠﺔ ﻭﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﯿﻨﺔ اﻹﺧﺘﺒﺎر‬ ‫ُ‬

‫اﻟﺸﻌﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺮار‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺳﻚ ﻟﺘﺜﺒﯿﺖ ُ‬
‫اﻟﺸﻌﻠﺔ‬

‫‪00.0000‬‬

‫ﺟﮭﺎز ﻗﯿﺎس درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺰﻟﻖ ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺒﻌﺪ اﻟﻌﯿﻨﺔ‬

‫ﺧﻠﻒ ﻋﯿﻨﺔ اﻹﺧﺘﺒﺎر‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ُ‬
‫اﻟﺸﻌﻠﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارﯾﺔ‬
‫] ‪[Ali,2003‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ)‪ : (4‬ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ‬

‫‪1229‬‬
‫‪Journal of Babylon‬‬ ‫‪19‬‬ ‫‪  ‬ل ‪ /‬ا‪‬وم ا‪‬ر‪ ‬وا‪‬ط‪ /‬ا‪‬دد) (‪ /‬ا‪‬د) ( ‪‬‬
‫‪2011 University/Pure‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪and Applied Science/ No.(3)/ Vol.(19):2011‬‬

‫)‪. (Results and Discussion‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‬

‫ﻴﻤﺜل ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺴﺎﹰ ﻟﻤﺩﻯ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻹﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﹼﻠﻬﺏ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺼﻼﺤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻜﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺎﺯﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (5‬ﻴﻤﺜل ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﹸﻌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻴﺔ ﻭﺒﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ )‪ (10mm‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺨﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﺸﹸﻌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻹﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻤﻊ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﺸﹸﻌﻠﺔ‪.‬ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺘﻘﻭﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻭﺇﺨﺘﺭﺍﻗﻪ‬
‫ﻟﻬﺎ ﻤﺴﺒﺒﺎﹰ ﺇﻨﺩﻓﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨل ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺇﻨﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ‪ .‬ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺒﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻨﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﹸﻌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺇﻨﻪ ﺒﺈﻀﺎﻓﺔ )‪ (%10‬ﻤﻥ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺒﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻨﻙ ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ‪،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﻹﻨﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯل ‪ ،‬ﺇﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻑ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﺎﹰ ﺒﺈﻀﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫)‪ (%20‬ﻤﻥ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺒﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻨﻙ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺇﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻴﺭﺠﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻥ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺒﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻨﻙ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻌﻨﺩ ﺇﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺒﻁﺭﺡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ‬
‫ﻭﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻨﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺯﺠﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ‪ ،‬ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻤﺘﺼﺎﺼﻬﺎ‬
‫]‪[Heinrich,2000‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻭﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺒﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻨﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (6‬ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺇﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﹸﻌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻴﺔ ﻭﺒﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺘﺴﻠﻴﻁ ﻟﻠﺸﹸﻌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫)‪ (20mm‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﻹﻨﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻤﻘﺭﻭﻨﺔ ﺒﺈﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺨﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﺸﹸﻌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺩ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ )‪ ، (10mm‬ﻭﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺼل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﹸﻌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺘﺴﻠﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﺸﹸﻌﻠﺔ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﻘﻠﻴل ﺇﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﹸﻌﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﺯل‬
‫ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺇﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﺒﺈﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺒﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻨﻙ )‪ (%10‬ﻭ )‪(%20‬‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﻹﻨﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺇﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺼل ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺒﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻨﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺒﻁﺭﺡ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺒﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ‬
‫ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻤﻴﺔ ]‪. [Edward,2000‬‬

‫)‪.(Conclusions‬‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺠﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﺒﻌﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﻭﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺨﻁﻁﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺇﻨﺼﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﻷُﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻭﻴﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻸُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺘﺤﺴ‪‬ﻥ‪ ‬ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﻹﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﺒﺈﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺒﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻨﻙ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺘـﺯﺩﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺒﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻨﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪1230‬‬
 2011  (19)‫د‬‫ ا‬/(3)‫دد‬‫ا‬ /‫ط‬‫ وا‬‫ر‬‫وم ا‬‫ ا‬/ ‫ل‬  
120 120

100 100

Surface Temperature,(ºC)
Surface Temperature,(ºC)

80 80

60 60

40 40

Pure Sb2O3 Pure Sb2O3

20 20
Sb2O3 + 10% Zinc Borate Sb2O3 + 10% Zinc Borate

Sb2O3 + 20% Zinc Borate Sb2O3 + 20% Zinc Borate

0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50
Time,(sec) Time,(sec)

20mm ‫ ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬:(6) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ‬ 10mm ‫ ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬:(5) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ‬

. (References) ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry U.S.Public Health Service,1992
“Toxicological Profile for Antimony and Compounds ”,
September.(www.atsdr.cdc.gov).
Chemserve Company Limited , 2000 “ Antimony Trioxide ”. (www.chemserve.com).
Chemical Land21 Company, 2000 “ Zinc Borate ”, Korea. (www. Chemical
Land21.com).
Edward A.Myszak , 2000 “ Use of Submicro Inorganic Flame Retardants in Polymeric
Systemic ”, Nyacol Nano Technologies, Inc.
European Flame Retardants Association(EFRA) , 2002 “ Flame Retardant Fact Sheet,
Antimony Trioxide”.
Heinrich Horacek and Stefan pieh International ,49,2000 “ The Importance of
Intumescent Systems for Fire protection of plastic Materials ”, polymer .
Horrocks, A.R.; Price, D. ,2009 “ Fire Retardant Materials ” , First Edition , Taylor
and Francis Group , LLC Publishing.
Jürgen H. Troitzsch, 1998 “ overview of Flame Retardants ” , Chimica Oggi/chemistry
Today , Volume 16.
Mallick ,P.K. ,2007 “Fiber-Reinforced Composites: Materials, Manufacturing, and
Design” , 3rd Edition , CRC Press, Nov.
Moslem,Ali Ibrahim ,2003 “ Study Using of Antimony Trioxide Material as a Flame
Retardant Material ”, MSC Thesis , Babylon University , Iraq .
US Industry Forecasts to 2011 and 2016, 2007 “Glass Fibers”, Freedonia.

1231
 ‫)‪The Iraqi Journal For Mechanical And Material Engineering, Special Issue (A‬‬

‫ﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺒﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻨﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺠﻠﻴل ﻜﺭﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﻔﺎﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺤﻁﺎﻥ ﺨﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺭﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺴﻭﻱ‬
‫ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﺎﺒل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻲ – ﺒﺎﺒل‬

‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﺼﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺘﻡ ﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺒﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻨﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤـﻥ ﻤﻌﻴﻘـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬـﺏ ﻏﻴـﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴـﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺘﻡ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﹸﻌﻠﺔ ﺍﻷُﻭﻜﺴﻲ ﺃﺴﺘﻠﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪(3000ºC‬‬
‫ﻗﺒل ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺒﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻨﻙ ﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ‪ .‬ﺘﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺇﺴـﺘﻌﺭﺍﺽ ﻁﺭﻴﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﻭﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻷُﻭﻜـﺴﻴﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﻁﻼﺀ ﺒﺴﻤﻙ )‪ (2mm‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﻟﺼﻘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻤﻜﻭﻨـﺔ ﻤـﻥ ﺭﺍﺘـﻨﺞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﺃﺴﺘﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﻭﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻌﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻜﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻻﺼـﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺩﺍﻋﻤﺔ ﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻷُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ‪ .‬ﻟﻘﺩ ﺃﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﻜﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻓـﻲ ﻫـﺫﻩ ﺍﻟـﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺒﻴﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺒﺎﻹﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﺜﺎﻟـﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜـﺴﻴﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺒﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻨﻙ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻤﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻋﺎﻗـﺔ ﺇﻨﺘـﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬـﺏ‬
‫ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻋﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ‪ :‬ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪Performance Evaluation of Zinc Borate to Improvement Thermal‬‬

‫‪Properties of Antimony Trioxide at Elevated Temperatures‬‬
‫‪Ali I. Al-Mosawi‬‬ ‫‪Kahtan K.Al-Khazraji‬‬ ‫‪Jaleel K.Al-Kafaji‬‬
‫‪Technical Inst-Babylon‬‬ ‫‪University of Technology‬‬ ‫‪Babylon University‬‬

‫‪Abstract .‬‬
‫‪In the present study , Zinc borate was evaluated as inorganic flame retardant‬‬
‫‪material to improves thermal properties to antimony trioxide in elevated temperatures.‬‬
‫‪Thermal erosion test at (3000°C) was done before and after addition zinc borate . The‬‬
‫‪preparation method of antimony trioxide was explained ,as well as manufacturing to‬‬
‫‪form (2mm) layer as a coating and insulating bed . Then, paste on the composite‬‬
‫‪material which consist of unsaturated polyester resin and glass fibers that acts as a paste‬‬
‫‪and hold material for the insulation and flame retardant oxide.‬‬

‫‪54‬‬
 ‫)‪Dr. Kahtan et., al., The Iraqi Journal For Mechanical And Material Engineering, Special Issue (A‬‬

‫)‪The Iraqi Journal For Mechanical And Material Engineering, Special Issue (A‬‬

‫‪Thermal erosion results show good efficiency of antimony trioxide as a flame retardant‬‬
‫‪material at high temperature. This study also indicated the possibility of improving‬‬
‫‪thermal properties of antimony trioxide by addition zinc borate which able to prevent‬‬
‫‪flame spread and increasing efficient of antimony trioxide to flame retardancy .‬‬
‫‪Keywords: Composite Material, Flame Retardant Material, Thermal Erosion.‬‬

‫)‪. (Introduction‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬ‪‬ﺏ‪ ‬ﻫﻲ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺘﻤﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﻭﻤﻨﻊ ﻨﻔﺎﺫﻩ ﺩﺍﺨل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻨﻊ ﺇﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭﻩ ﻭﺤﺘﻰ ﺇﺨﻤﺎﺩﻩ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻜﺎﻤل ‪ .‬ﺘﻀﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬ‪‬ﺏ‪ ‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻟﻴﺱ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺨﻭﺍﺼﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﹸﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻤﻌﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﺩﺍﺌﻥ )‪ ، (Plastics‬ﺍﻷﻨﺴﺠﺔ )‪ ، (Textiles‬ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﺌﺭ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫]‪[1‬‬
‫‪ .‬ﺘﻀﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬ ‫)‪ (Electronic Circuits‬ﻭﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺩ ﺤﻤﺎﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﻤﻌﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﺴﻤﺢ ﺒﺎﻹﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻵﻤﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﻭﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻺﺸﺘﻌﺎل ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺨﻔﺽ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻺﺸﺘﻌﺎل ﻭﺨﻔﺽ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺇﺤﺘﺭﺍﻗﻬﺎ ‪ .‬ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ‬
‫ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﻤﻌﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﻔﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻭﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻭﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺭﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺘﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ ]‪.[2‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﻤﻌﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﺴﻤﺢ ﺒﺎﻹﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻵﻤﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻺﺸﺘﻌﺎل ﻋـﻥ ﻁﺭﻴـﻕ‬
‫ﺨﻔﺽ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻺﺸﺘﻌﺎل ﻭﺨﻔﺽ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺇﺤﺘﺭﺍﻗﻬﺎ ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﻋﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺇﻴﻘﺎﻓـﻪ ﺘﻌﺘﻤـﺩ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻤﻌﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺎﹰ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴـﺎﹰ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻷُﻭﻜﺴﻲ ﺃﺴﺘﻠﻴﻨﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺘﺘﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻤﻊ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺤﺘـﺭﺍﻕ‬
‫ﺨﻼل ﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺒﻜﻼﻡ ﺁﺨﺭ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺨﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠـل )‪(Decomposition‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻹﺸﺘﻌﺎل ﺃﻭ ﺇﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﻋﺭﺽ ﻟﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﻭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻱ ﻹﻋﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ]‪.[3‬‬

‫)‪. (Zinc Borate‬‬ ‫ﺒﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻨﻙ‬

‫ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺒﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻨﻙ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻤﻌﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺤل ﻤﺤـل‬
‫ﺃﻜﺎﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﻜﻤﻌﻴﻕ ﻟﹼﻬﺏ ﻤﺤﻔﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﺩﺍﺌﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻁﺎﻁ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴـﺔ ﺇﻋﺎﻗـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻁﺭﺡ ﺍﻟﺠﺫﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻨﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸـﻜل ﻤـﺴﺤﻭﻕ ﺃﺒـﻴﺽ‬
‫ﻤﺘﺒﻠﻭﺭ ﻭﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻹﻋﺘﻴﺎﺩﻴﺔ ‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻤﻌﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬـﺏ ﻏﻴـﺭ ﺍﻟﻌـﻀﻭﻴﺔ ﺇﻟـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻴﺘﺒﺨﺭ ﻭﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﺤﻠل ﻭﻴﺤﺭﺭ ﻏﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺸﺘﻌﺎل ﻤﺜل ﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﺜﺎﻨـﻲ‬

‫‪55‬‬
‫ﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺒﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻨﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﺤﻁﺎﻥ ﺨﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺭﺠﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺴﻭﻱ‬
‫‪The Iraqi Journal For Mechanical And Material Engineering, Special‬‬ ‫ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ‪Issue‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻲ )‪(A‬‬
‫ﺠﻠﻴل ﻜﺭﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﻔﺎﺠﻲ‬

‫ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﻭﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺭﻴﺕ ﻭﻜﻠﻭﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﻐـﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺤـﺴﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻲ ﻟﻤﻌﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ‪ .‬ﻴﻨـﺘﺞ ﺃﻜﺜـﺭ ﻫـﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒـﺎﺕ ﺘﻔـﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﻤﺎﺼـﺔ ﻟﻠﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫)‪ . (Endothermic Reactions‬ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻔﻜﻜﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﺤﺭﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻺﺸﺘﻌﺎل ﺘﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺨﻔﻴﻑ ﻤﺯﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻐـﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺒﻠـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻺﺸﺘﻌﺎل ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﻋﺯل ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﺩﺍﺌﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻹﺘﺼﺎل ﺒﺎﻷﻭﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺯﺠﺎﺠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﻤﻨﻊ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﺘﻤﺜل ﻤﻌﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻏﻴـﺭ‬
‫‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺠـﺩﻭل ﺭﻗـﻡ )‪(1‬‬ ‫]‪[4‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻴﺔ ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ )‪ (%50‬ﻤﻥ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﱠﻬﺏ‬
‫ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺒﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻨﻙ ‪.‬‬
‫]‪[4‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (1‬ﺒﻌﺽ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺒﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻨﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ)‪(g/cm3‬‬ ‫‪pH‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺼﻬﺎﺭ)‪(ºC‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ‬
‫‪3.64‬‬ ‫‪7.6‬‬ ‫‪980‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬

‫)‪. (Antimony Trioxide‬‬ ‫ﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ‬

‫ﻭﻴﻤﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ )‪ (Sb2O3‬ﺃﻭ ) ‪ ، ( Sb4O6‬ﻟﻭﻨﻪ ﺃﺒﻴﺽ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻥ ﺇﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻨﻴﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﻨﻴﺘﻪ ﻤﻜﻌﺒﺔ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﺒﻴﺽ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻥ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﻨﻴﺘﻪ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻴﺫﻭﺏ ﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻁﻔﻴﻑ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺫﻭﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺎﻴﺩﺭﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺘﺎﺴﻴﻭﻡ‬
‫ﻭﺤﺎﻤﺽ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﻜﻠﻭﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻔﻑ ﻭﺤﺎﻤﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺭﻴﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯﻴﻥ ﻭﻴﺫﻭﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﺜل ﺤﺎﻤﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﺘﺎﺭﻴﻙ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻜﻭﻨﻪ ﻗﺎﺒﻼﹰ ﻟﻠﺫﻭﺒﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﹰ‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫]‪[5‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﹰ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ ، (570oC‬ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﻥ ﺇﻥ ﺜﺎﻟﺙ‬
‫ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻨﻲ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﹰ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ .[6] (570oC‬ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪(1‬‬
‫ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ)‪ ، (Sb2O3‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ)‪ (2‬ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻷُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ‪.‬‬

‫]‪[7‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ)‪ (2‬ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ)‪(Sb2O3‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ)‪(g/cm3‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ)‪(ºC‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺼﻬﺎﺭ)‪(ºC‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ‬
‫)‪5.2(Cubic) , 5.67(Rhombohedral‬‬ ‫‪1425‬‬ ‫‪656‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬

‫‪56‬‬
 ‫)‪Dr. Kahtan et., al., The Iraqi Journal For Mechanical And Material Engineering, Special Issue (A‬‬

‫)‪The Iraqi Journal For Mechanical And Material Engineering, Special Issue (A‬‬

‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ رﻗﻢ)‪: (1‬اﻟﺒﻨﯿﺔ اﻟﺒﻠﻮرﯾﺔ ﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ُأوﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻷﻧﺘﯿﻤﻮن)‪(Sb2O3‬‬

‫)‪. (Composite Materials‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ‬

‫ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻤﻊ ﻤﺎﺩﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﻫﻭ ﺇﺴﺘﻨﺒﺎﻁ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻟﻡ ﺘﻜﻥ ﻤﺘﻭﻓﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌـﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴـﺭ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻠﻭﺯ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺏ ‪ .‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟـﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻓـﺈﻥ‬
‫ﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺠﺎﺕ ﺒﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ ﺇﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﹰ ]‪ .[1‬ﻭ ﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻴﺠـﺏ ﺘـﻭﻓﺭ‬
‫ﻤﺎﺩﺘﻴﻥ ﻫﻤﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ)‪ : (Matrix Material‬ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﻤﺎ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺴﻴﺭﺍﻤﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ ﺇﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﹰ ﻭﺇﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﹰ ﻟِﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺒﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺠﻴﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺜﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺠﻴﺔ ﻫﻭ ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻨﻭل ‪ ،‬ﺍﻹﻴﺒﻭﻜﺴﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﺃﺴﺘﺭ ]‪.[8‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ) ‪ :(Reinforcement Material‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻁﺭﻕ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺩﻗﺎﺌﻕ‬
‫‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺸﺘﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻭﻜﻤﺜﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺒﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻜﻴﻔﻼﺭ ﻭ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ]‪.[9‬‬

‫)‪. (Experimental Part‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻲ‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺘﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ )‪ : (Antimony Trioxide - Sb2O3‬ﻭﻫـﻭ ﻤـﺴﺤﻭﻕ ﺃﺒـﻴﺽ‬
‫)‪BDH‬‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﻴ‪‬ﺤﻀﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺴﺨﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬـﺯ ﻤـﻥ ﻗﺒـل ﺸـﺭﻜﺔ‬
‫‪ (Chemical Ltd Pool England‬ﻭﺒﺤﺠﻡ ﺤ‪‬ﺒ‪‬ﻴﺒﻲ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ)‪ . (15µ‬ﺘـﻡ ﺘـﺴﺨﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤـﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻨﻲ ﻓﺭﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (600ºC‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺘﻜﹶﻭﻥ‪ ‬ﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜـﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤـﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻭﻟﻤﺩﺓ ﺜﻼﺙ ﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻭﻟﻔﺘﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﺘﻘﻁﻌﺔ ﻴ‪‬ﺴﺨﻥ‪ ‬ﻟﻤﺩﺓ ﻨﺼﻑ ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﺨﺭﺍﺠﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻥ‬

‫‪57‬‬
‫ﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺒﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻨﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﺤﻁﺎﻥ ﺨﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺭﺠﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺴﻭﻱ‬
‫‪The Iraqi Journal For Mechanical And Material Engineering, Special‬‬ ‫ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ‪Issue‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻲ )‪(A‬‬
‫ﺠﻠﻴل ﻜﺭﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﻔﺎﺠﻲ‬

‫ﻭﻴﻁﺤﻥ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺘﻜﺘﻠﻪ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺨﻴﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺜﻡ ﻴ‪‬ﻌﺎﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻥ ﻤﺭﺓ ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﻜﺘﻤل ﺘﺤﻭل ﻜـل‬
‫ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﺒﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻨﻙ )‪ : (Zinc Borate‬ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺕ ﻤـﺎﺩﺓ ﺒـﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻨـﻙ ‪ 2335‬ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟـﺼﻴﻐﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ )‪ (2ZnO.3B2O3.3.5H2O‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒـل ﺸـﺭﻜﺔ )‪(C-Tech Corporation‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺒﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺠﻴﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻋﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (3‬ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻲ ﻟﺒـﻭﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﻨﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (3‬ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻲ ﻟﺒﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻨﻙ‬

‫ﻣﺎء اﻟﺘﻤﯿﺆ‬ ‫إﻧﮭﺎﯾﺪرﯾﺪ اﻟﺒﻮرﯾﻚ‬ ‫ُأوﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﺰﻧﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺐ‬
‫‪H2O‬‬ ‫‪B2O3‬‬ ‫‪ZnO‬‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻣﺰ‬
‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪47‬‬ ‫‪37‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮى ‪%‬‬

‫)‪ : (Unsaturated Polyester Resin‬ﺘـﻡ ﻓـﻲ ﻫـﺫﺍ‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﺃﺴﺘﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺒﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﺃﺴﺘﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺒﻊ ) ‪. ( Palatel A420‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ )‪ :(Glass Fibers‬ﺘﻡ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺤﺼﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻌﺔ ﻨـﻭﻉ ‪E-‬‬
‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ )‪.(2.6 g/cm3‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺜﻼﺙ ﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻤﺘﻜﻭﻨـﺔ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﻤـﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺤﺭ ﻤﺭﺓ ﻭﻤﺭﺓ ﺃُﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻨﺴﺏ ﻭﺯﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺒﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻨﻙ )‪ (%20,%10‬ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺒﺴ‪‬ﻤﻙ‪ ،(2mm)‬ﺘﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﺴ‪‬ﻤﻙ‪ ،(4mm)‬ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻗﻁﻌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﻻﺫ ﺒﺴ‪‬ﻤﻙ‪ (2mm)‬ﻭﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﻜـﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺴﻤﻙ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ )‪ . (8mm ±1%‬ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (2‬ﻴﻤﺜل ﺭﺴﻤﺎﹰ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻴﺎﹰ ﻟـﺸﻜل ﻨﻤـﻭﺫﺝ‬
‫ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ‬

‫‪2mm‬‬
‫‪4mm‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻁﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﻻﺫﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪2mm‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ)‪ : (2‬ﺸﻜل ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻲ ﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬

‫‪58‬‬
 ‫)‪Dr. Kahtan et., al., The Iraqi Journal For Mechanical And Material Engineering, Special Issue (A‬‬

‫)‪The Iraqi Journal For Mechanical And Material Engineering, Special Issue (A‬‬

‫ﺘﻡ ﺘﺸﻜﻴل ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﺘﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﻗﻁﻊ ﺩﺍﺌﺭﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟـﺸﻜل ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻷﻟﻴـﺎﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻌﺔ ﻭﺒﻘﻁﺭ )‪ (80 mm‬ﻭﺒﻨﻔﺱ ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟـﺸﻜل ﺭﻗـﻡ‬
‫)‪ (3‬ﺇﺫ ﺘﻡ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻟﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﺩﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ‪ .‬ﻴﺭﺵ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﺒﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﻓﻨﻴـل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺴﻬل ﻓﺼل ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ‪ .‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺠﻠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﺃﺴـﺘﺭ‬
‫ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﻭﺘﺨﻠﻁ ﺠﻴﺩﺍﹰ ﻤﻌﻪ ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤـﺎﺩﺓ )‪ (Cobalt Octoatel‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﺘﺤﺘـﻭﻱ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﻜﻭﺒﺎﻟﺕ ﻓﻌﺎل ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ )‪ (%6‬ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺘﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻠﺩﺓ )‪ (MEKPO‬ﺒﻨـﺴﺒﺔ )‪ . (%2‬ﻴـﺘﻡ‬
‫ﻭﻀﻊ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ ﻭﺘﻨﺸﺭ ﺒﻔﺭﺸﺎﺓ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻌﻪ ﺒﺎﻨﺘﻅﺎﻡ ﺒﻌـﺩﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺜﻡ ﻨﻀﻊ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﻟﺒﻘﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺴﻤﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ‪ .‬ﺘﻡ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻜـل ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ‪،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺇﺴﺘﹸﺨﺩﻡ )‪ (%40‬ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻭﺯﻨﻴﺔ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﺃﺴﺘﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﻭ)‪ (%60‬ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻭﺯﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻌـﺔ‪ .‬ﺒﻌـﺩ ﺫﻟـﻙ‬
‫ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﻭﺒﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻨﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻭﻴﺘﻡ‬
‫ﻜﺒﺴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﻭﺘﺘﺭﻙ ﻟﺘﺘﺼﻠﺏ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺘﺴﺨﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ )‪ (75ºC‬ﻹﻜﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻠﺏ ‪.‬‬

‫‪2mm‬‬

‫‪80mm‬‬
‫‪10mm‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ)‪ : (3‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ -3‬ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﺴﺘﹸﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﹸﻌﻠﺔ ﺍﻷُﻭﻜﺴﻲ ﺃﺴﺘﻠﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺒﻠﻎ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻬـﺎ )‪(3000ºC‬‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻡ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (4‬ﻭﺘـﺴﻠﻴﻁﻬﺎ ﺒﻤـﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ )‪ (15mm‬ﻭ )‪ (20mm‬ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻟﻲ ‪ .‬ﺜﻡ ﺘﻡ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺒﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻨﻙ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺜﺎﻟـﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜـﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤـﻭﻥ ﻭﺒﻨـﺴﺏ ﻭﺯﻨﻴـﺔ‬
‫)‪ (%20,%10‬ﻭﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺒﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺸﹸﻌﻠﺔ ﻭﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ‪.‬‬

‫‪59‬‬
‫ﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺒﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻨﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﺤﻁﺎﻥ ﺨﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺭﺠﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺴﻭﻱ‬
‫‪The Iraqi Journal For Mechanical And Material Engineering, Special‬‬ ‫ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ‪Issue‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻲ )‪(A‬‬
‫ﺠﻠﻴل ﻜﺭﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﻔﺎﺠﻲ‬

‫ﻧﻤﻮذج اﻹﺧﺘﺒﺎر‬ ‫ُ‬

‫اﻟﺸﻌﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺮار‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺳﻚ ﻟﺘﺜﺒﯿﺖ ُ‬
‫اﻟﺸﻌﻠﺔ‬

‫‪00.0000‬‬

‫ﺟﮭﺎز ﻗﯿﺎس درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺰﻟﻖ ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺒﻌﺪ اﻟﻌﯿﻨﺔ‬

‫ﺧﻠﻒ ﻧﻤﻮذج اﻹﺧﺘﺒﺎر‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ُ‬
‫اﻟﺸﻌﻠﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارﯾﺔ‬
‫]‪[1‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ)‪ (4‬ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ‬

‫)‪. (Results and Discussion‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‬

‫ﻴﻤﺜل ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺴﺎﹰ ﻟﻤﺩﻯ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻹﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ‬
‫ﺼﻼﺤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻜﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺎﺯﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (5‬ﻴﻤﺜل ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﹸﻌﻠﺔ ﺍﻷُﻭﻜﺴﻲ ﺃﺴﺘﻠﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﻭﺒﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ )‪ (15mm‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺨﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﺸﹸﻌﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻹﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻤﻊ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﺸﹸﻌﻠﺔ ‪ .‬ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺘﻘﻭﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻭﺇﺨﺘﺭﺍﻗﻪ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻤﺴﺒﺒﺎﹰ ﺇﻨﺩﻓﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨل ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺇﻨﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (6‬ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺇﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﹸﻌﻠﺔ ﺍﻷُﻭﻜﺴﻲ ﺃﺴﺘﻠﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﻭﺒﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺘﺴﻠﻴﻁ ﻟﻠﺸﹸﻌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪ . (20mm‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬
‫ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﻹﻨﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻤﻘﺭﻭﻨﺔ ﺒﺈﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬
‫ﺨﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﺸﹸﻌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺩ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ )‪ ، (15mm‬ﻭﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﻫﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺼل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﹸﻌﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺘﺴﻠﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﺸﹸﻌﻠﺔ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﻘﻠﻴل ﺇﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﹸﻌﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﺯل ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺇﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (7‬ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺒﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻨﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﹸﻌﻠﺔ ﺍﻷُﻭﻜﺴﻲ ﺃﺴﺘﻠﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻁﺔ ﺒﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ )‪ (15mm‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻨﻼﺤﻅ‬
‫ﺇﻨﻪ ﺒﺈﻀﺎﻓﺔ )‪ (%10‬ﻤﻥ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺒﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻨﻙ ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ‪،‬ﺤﻴﺙ‬
‫ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﻹﻨﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯل ‪ ،‬ﺇﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻑ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﺎﹰ ﺒﺈﻀﺎﻓﺔ )‪(%20‬‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺒﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻨﻙ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺇﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻴﺭﺠﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻥ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬

‫‪60‬‬
 ‫)‪Dr. Kahtan et., al., The Iraqi Journal For Mechanical And Material Engineering, Special Issue (A‬‬

‫)‪The Iraqi Journal For Mechanical And Material Engineering, Special Issue (A‬‬

‫ﺒﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻨﻙ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻌﻨﺩ ﺇﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺒﻁﺭﺡ ﻫﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻭﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻨﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺯﺠﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ‪ ،‬ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻤﺘﺼﺎﺼﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻭﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺒﻭﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﻨﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺘﺴﻠﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﺸﹸﻌﻠﺔ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺒﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻨﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (8‬ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻤﺜل ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﹸﻌﻠﺔ ﺍﻷُﻭﻜﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻨﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺃﺴﺘﻠﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺒﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻗﺩﺭﻫﺎ )‪ ، (20 mm‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﻹﻨﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺇﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺼل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺒﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻨﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺒﻁﺭﺡ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺒﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻤﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫)‪.(Conclusions‬‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺠﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﺒﻌﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﻭﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻤﺨﻁﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺇﻨﺼﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﻷُﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻭﻴﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻸُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﻟﻠﺸﹸﻌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻜﻠﻤـﺎ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﻤـﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺼـﻠﺔ ﺒـﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻷُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﹸﻌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻁﺔ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺇﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺼﻠﺔ ﻟﻸُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺘﺤﺴ‪‬ﻥ‪ ‬ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﻹﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﺒﺈﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺒﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻨﻙ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺒﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻨﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪120‬‬ ‫‪120‬‬

‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬
‫)‪Surface Temperature,(ºC‬‬
‫)‪Surface Temperature,(ºC‬‬

‫‪80‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬

‫‪60‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬

‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬

‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪0.0 0.3 0.5 0.8 1.0 1.3 1.5 1.8 2.0 2.3 2.5 2.8 3.0 3.3 3.5 3.8 4.0‬‬ ‫‪0.0‬‬ ‫‪0.3‬‬ ‫‪0.5‬‬ ‫‪0.8‬‬ ‫‪1.0‬‬ ‫‪1.3‬‬ ‫‪1.5‬‬ ‫‪1.8‬‬ ‫‪2.0‬‬
‫)‪Time,(sec‬‬ ‫)‪Time,(sec‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ :(6‬ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ‪20mm‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ :(5‬ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ‪15mm‬‬

‫‪61‬‬
‫ﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺒﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻨﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﺤﻁﺎﻥ ﺨﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺭﺠﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺴﻭﻱ‬
The Iraqi Journal For Mechanical And Material Engineering, Special Issue‫ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ‬
(A) ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺠﻠﻴل ﻜﺭﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﻔﺎﺠﻲ‬

120 120

110 110

100 100

Surface Temperature,(ºC)
Surface Temperature,(ºC)

90 90

80 80
70 70

60 60

50 50
40 40
30 Zinc Borate Addition 30 Zinc Borate Addition
20 % 10 Zinc Borate 20 % 10 Zinc Borate
10 % 20 Zinc Borate 10 % 20 Zinc Borate

0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5
Time,(sec) Time,(sec)

‫ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺒﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻨﻙ‬:(8) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ‬ ‫ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺒﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻨﻙ‬:(7) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ‬
(20mm ‫)ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬ (15mm ‫)ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬

. (References) ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬
1- Ali Ibrahim Moslem ,2003 “ Study Using of Antimony Trioxide Material
as a Flame Retardant Material ”, M.SC Thesis , Babylon University ,
Iraq .
2- Jürgen H. Troitzsch, 1998 “ overview of Flame Retardants ” , Chimica
Oggi/chemistry Today , Volume 16.
3- Horrocks, A.R. and Price, D. ,2009 “ Fire Retardant Materials ” , 1st
Edition , Taylor and Francis Group , LLC Publishing.
4- Chemical Land21 Company, 2000 “ Zinc Borate ”, Korea. (www.
Chemical Land21.com).
5- European Flame Retardants Association(EFRA) , 2002 “ Flame
Retardant Fact Sheet, Antimony Trioxide”.
6- Chemserve Company Limited , 2000 “ Antimony Trioxide ”.
7- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry U.S.Public Health
Service,1992 “Toxicological Profile for Antimony and Compounds ” ,
September.
8- Mallick ,P.K. ,2007 “Fiber-Reinforced Composites: Materials,
Manufacturing, and Design ” , 3rd Edition , CRC Press, Nov.

9- US Industry Forecasts to 2011 and 2016, 2007 “ Glass Fibers ” ,

Market Report , Freedonia Publisher .

62
 ‫)‪The Iraqi Journal For Mechanical And Material Engineering, Special Issue (C‬‬

‫‪Issn :-1819-2076‬‬
‫*************************************************************‬

‫ﺗﻌﻨﻮن اﻟﻤﺮاﺳﻼت إﻟﻰ‪ /‬ﻣﺪﯾﺮھﯿﺌﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﺮﯾﺮ‪/‬اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﻌﺮاﻗﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﮭﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻤﯿﻜﺎﻧﯿﻜﯿﺔ وھﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻤﻮاد‪/‬ﻛﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﮭﻨﺪﺳﺔ‪/‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺑﻞ ‪ /‬اﻟﻌﺮاق‪ -‬ص‪.‬ب ) ‪ / (4‬رﻗﻢ اﻟﮭﺎﺗﻒ )‪ . (030/245387‬داﺧﻠﻲ )‪. (1155‬‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ‬
‫‪[email protected]‬‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺮﯾﺪ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ ‪:-‬‬

‫‪450‬‬
 The Iraqi Journal For Mechanical And Material Engineering, Special Issue (C)

‫ﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺌﻕ ﺒﺈﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻼﺀ ﺒﻤﻌﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ‬

‫ﻗﺤﻁﺎﻥ ﺨﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺭﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﺠﻠﻴل ﻜﺭﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﻔﺎﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺴﻭﻱ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﺎﺒل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻲ – ﺒﺎﺒل‬

: ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﺼﺔ‬
‫ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺌﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺩﻱ ﺍﻷﻜﺒـﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴـﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻌـﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﻓـﻲ ﻫﻜـﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻤﺠﺎل ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻠﻴل ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺌﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺘﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﻜﺎﻤل ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﻟﺩ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻴـﺭﺍﻥ‬
‫ ﺘﻡ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻋﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻭﻤﻨﻊ ﺇﻨﺘﺸـﺎﺭﻩ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﺜﻠـﺔ ﺒﺜﺎﻟـﺙ‬، ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬. ‫ﻭﺇﻨﻬﺎﺀ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘﻪ‬
‫( ﻴﺘﻡ ﻟﺼﻘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﻤـﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺘﺭﺍﻜﺒـﺔ‬2mm) ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﻁﻼﺀ ﺒﺴﻤﻙ‬، (Sb2O3)‫ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﺃﺴﺘﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﻭﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻌﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺍﻜﺒﺔ ﻜﻤـﺎﺩﺓ ﻻﺼـﻘﺔ‬
‫ ﻟﻘﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﺽ ﻁﺒﻘـﺔ ﺍﻟﻁـﻼﺀ ﺍﻷُﻭﻜﺴـﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﻟـﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴـﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴـﺔ‬. ‫ﻭﺩﺍﻋﻤﺔ ﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻷُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ‬
‫( ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﹸﻌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷُﻭﻜﺴﻲ ﺃﺴـﺘﻠﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻤـﻥ‬3000ºC)‫( ﻭ‬2000ºC)
‫ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺼـﻭل ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ‬، ‫ﺃﺠل ﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻭﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻋﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ‬
. ‫ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﻜﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
. ‫ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺘﺭﺍﻜﺒﺔ‬، ‫ ﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ‬، ‫ ﻤﻌﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ‬: ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ‬

PROTECTION OF INDUSTRIAL FOUNDATIONS FROM FIRES

BY USING FLAME RETARDANTS COATING TECHNIQUE

Ali I.Al-Mosawi Jaleel K.Al-Kafaji Kahtan K.Al-Khazraji

Technical Institute - Babylon Babylon University University of Technology

ABSTRACT :
The maintain industrial foundations safety considered the greatest challenge to workers in this
field to minimize and eliminated the dangerous of fires or completely removes through resist the
flame generated from fires and terminated its activity . In the present study , a material has ability
to reacts flame and prevent spread which represent antimony trioxide (Sb2O3) was offered ,as a
coating layer (2mm) thickness past on surface of composite material consist from unsaturated
polyester resin and chopped glass fibers acts as a paste and hold material to the flame retardants
layer . oxide layer was exposed to high temperatures (2000°C) and (3000°C) by using thermal
erosion test with oxyacetylene and gas torch to evaluate the performance of the antimony trioxide
efficiency to flame retardancy, where the result showed that the antimony trioxide efficiency of
as a flame retardant material in high temperatures.

Keywords:, Flame Retardants , Antimony Trioxide , Composite Material.

451
 ‫ﻋﻠﻲ ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺴﻭﻱ‬
‫ﻗﺤﻁﺎﻥ ﺨﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺭﺠﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﻼﺀ ﺒﻤﻌﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ‬
‫‪The‬‬ ‫ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺈﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬
‫‪Iraqi‬‬ ‫‪For‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺌﻕ‬
‫‪Journal‬‬ ‫‪ Mechanical‬ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫‪And‬‬‫‪Material‬ﻤﺎﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺤ‬ ‫‪Issue‬ﺍﻟﺨﻔﺎﺠﻲ‬
‫‪Engineering, Special‬‬ ‫ﺠﻠﻴل ﻜﺭﻴﻡ‬
‫)‪(C‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ )‪: (Introduction‬‬

‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻤﻌﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬ‪‬ﺏ‪ ‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸـﺭ ﺤﻴـﺙ ﺘﻌﻤـل‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨﻊ ﻨﻔﺎﺫﻩ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻨﻊ ﺇﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭﻩ ﻭﺤﺘﻰ ﺇﺨﻤﺎﺩﻩ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻜﺎﻤل ‪،‬ﻭﺘﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻟـﻴﺱ ﻟﻬـﺎ ﺍﻟﻘـﺩﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺨﻭﺍﺼﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ‪ .‬ﻤﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﹸﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻌﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻫـﻲ ﺍﻟﻠـﺩﺍﺌﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﻨﺴﺠﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﺌﺭ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ‪ .‬ﺘﻀﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﺼـﻨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤـﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤـﺭﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺤﻤﺎﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﻤﻌﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﺴﻤﺢ ﺒﺎﻹﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻵﻤﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺒﻠﻴـﺔ ﻟﻺﺸـﺘﻌﺎل ﻋـﻥ‬
‫ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺨﻔﺽ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻺﺸﺘﻌﺎل ﻭﺨﻔﺽ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺇﺤﺘﺭﺍﻗﻬﺎ ]‪.[1‬‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻙ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻋﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬ‪‬ﺏ‪ ‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﺼـﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻫـﻲ ‪ :‬ﻤﻌﻴﻘـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬ‪‬ـﺏ‪ ‬ﻏﻴـﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﻫﻤﻬﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻟﻭﺠﻴﻥ ‪،‬ﻫﺎﻴﺩﺭﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻟﻤﻨﻴﻭﻡ ‪،‬ﺒـﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻨـﻙ‬
‫ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ‪ .‬ﻤﻌﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﹼ ‪‬ﻬﺏ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻟﻭﺠﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﻀﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺨﺎﺹ ﻋﻨﺼﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻭﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻠﻭﺭ ‪ .‬ﻤﻌﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬ‪‬ـﺏ‪‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺴﻔﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺘﻀﻡ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻋﺎﻡ ﺃﺴﺘﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺴﻔﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭﺭﺜﻭﻓﻭﺴﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﻨﻴﻭﻡ ‪،‬ﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﻓﻭﺴـﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﻨﻴـﻭﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺴـﻔﻭﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺭ ‪ .‬ﻤﻌﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﹼ ‪‬ﻬﺏ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻴﺘﺭﻭﺠﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﻤﻴﻥ ﻭﻤﺸﺘﻘﺎﺘﻪ ]‪.[2‬‬
‫ﻴﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ)‪ (Antimony Trioxide‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻘـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬـﺏ ﻏﻴـﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻀـﻭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻴﻤﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ )‪ (Sb2O3‬ﺃﻭ ) ‪ ، ( Sb4O6‬ﻟﻭﻨﻪ ﺃﺒﻴﺽ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻥ ﺇﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﹰﺍ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺒﻨﻴﺘـﻪ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴـﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﻨﻴﺘﻪ ﻤﻜﻌﺒﺔ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﺒﻴﺽ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻥ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﻨﻴﺘـﻪ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﻴـﺔ ‪ .‬ﻴﻜـﻭﻥ ﺜﺎﻟـﺙ‬
‫ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﹰ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ ، (570oC‬ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﻥ ﺇﻥ ﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤـﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻨـﻲ‬
‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭﹰﺍ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ .[3] (570oC‬ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (1‬ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴـﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤـﻭﻥ‬
‫)‪ ،(Sb2O3‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ)‪ (1‬ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻲ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻷُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ‪.‬‬

‫] ‪[3‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ)‪ (1‬ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ)‪(Sb2O3‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ)‪(g/cm3‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ)‪(ºC‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺼﻬﺎﺭ)‪(ºC‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ‬
‫)‪5.2(Cubic) , 5.67(Rhombohedral‬‬ ‫‪1425‬‬ ‫‪656‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬

‫] ‪[3‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ)‪: (1‬ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ)‪(Sb2O3‬‬

‫‪452‬‬
‫‪Ali ibrahim et., al.,The Iraqi The‬‬
‫‪Journal‬‬
‫‪Iraqi For‬‬ ‫‪Mechanical‬‬
‫‪Journal‬‬ ‫‪And Material‬‬
‫‪For Mechanical‬‬ ‫‪Engineering,‬‬
‫‪And Material‬‬ ‫‪Engineering,Special‬‬ ‫)‪Issue(C‬‬
‫‪Special Issue‬‬ ‫)‪(C‬‬

‫)‪: (Composite Materials‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺍﻜﺒﺔ‬

‫ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺍﻜﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻤﻊ ﻤﺎﺩﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﻤـﻊ‬
‫ﻫﻭ ﺇﺴﺘﻨﺒﺎﻁ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻟﻡ ﺘﻜﻥ ﻤﺘﻭﻓﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﻤـﻭﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺍﻜﺒﺔ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻠﻭﺯ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺏ ‪ .‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺠﺎﺕ ﺒﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺼـﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻫـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ ﺇﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﹰ ]‪ .[4‬ﻭ ﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺘﺭﺍﻜﺒﺔ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﻤﺎﺩﺘﻴﻥ ﻫﻤﺎ ]‪:[5‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ)‪ : (Matrix Material‬ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﻤﺎ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺴﻴﺭﺍﻤﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ‬
‫ﺇﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﹰ ﻭﺇﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﹰ ﻟِﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺒﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺠﻴﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻨﻭل‬
‫‪،‬ﺍﻹﻴﺒﻭﻜﺴﻲ ‪،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﺃﺴﺘﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ) ‪ :(Reinforcement Material‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻁﺭﻕ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺩﻗﺎﺌﻕ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺸﺘﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻭﻜﻤﺜﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﻭﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻜﻴﻔﻼﺭ ﻭ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺙ ]‪ [Ali‬ﺒﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ )‪ (Sb2O3‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺸـﻤﻠﺕ ﻜـل ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ‪.‬ﻟﻘﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺤﺸﻭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺘﺭﺍﻜﺒﺔ ﻤﻜﻭﻨـﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﺃﺴﺘﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻭﻯ ﺒﺄﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻌﺔ ﻨﻭﻉ )‪ (E‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺤﺴـﻨﺕ ﻗﻴﻤـﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼـﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻷُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ]‪.[1‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﺎﻥ ]‪ [Mushtaq ,Saad 2008‬ﻓﻘﺩ ﻗﺎﻤـﺎ ﺒﻁـﻼﺀ ﺴـﻁﺢ‬
‫ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺘﺭﺍﻜﺒﺔ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ‪ AMCS‬ﺒﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﻭﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤـﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠـﺔ‬
‫]‪ .[6‬ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺙ ]‪ [Ali‬ﺒﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺭﺍﺒﻊ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼـﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺘﺭﺍﻜﺒﺔ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻹﺭﻟﺩﺍﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻭﻯ ﺒﺄﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻅﻔﺎﺌﺭ ﻤﺤﺎﻜـﺔ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴـﺔ ﺍﻹﺘﺠـﺎﻩ‬
‫)‪ (90º- 0º‬ﻨﻭﻉ )‪ (E‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺤﺴﻨﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻷُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ]‪. [7‬‬
‫ﺘﺴﻌﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﻫﺩﻓﻴﻥ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﻴﻥ‪ :‬ﺍﻷﻭل ﻫﻭ ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﻭﺘﺼـﻨﻴﻊ ﻤـﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻌﻴﻘـﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬـﺏ ﻤﻜﻭﻨـﺔ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻋﺎﻗﺔ ﺇﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺇﺨﻤﺎﺩﻩ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﻘﻠل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺨﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﻟـﺩﺓ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺌﻕ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻫﻭ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻋﺎﺯل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻤﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺘﺤﻤـل ﺩﺭﺠـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺘﺼل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ )‪ (3000ºC‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺇﻋﺎﻗﺘﻪ ﻹﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ‪.‬‬

‫)‪: (Experimental Part‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻲ‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺘﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ )‪ : (Antimony Trioxide - Sb2O3‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﺴﺤﻭﻕ ﺃﺒﻴﺽ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﻴ‪‬ﺤﻀﺭ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺘﺴﺨﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﺯ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒـل ﺸـﺭﻜﺔ ‪ BDH) (Chemical Ltd Pool England‬ﻭﺒﺤﺠـﻡ‬
‫ﺤﺒ‪‬ﻴﺒﻲ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ)‪. (15µ‬‬
‫‪‬‬

‫‪453‬‬
 ‫ﻋﻠﻲ ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺴﻭﻱ‬
‫ﻗﺤﻁﺎﻥ ﺨﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺭﺠﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﻼﺀ ﺒﻤﻌﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ‬
‫‪The‬‬ ‫ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺈﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬
‫‪Iraqi‬‬ ‫‪For‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺌﻕ‬
‫‪Journal‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ‬ ‫‪And‬ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂﺕ‬
‫‪Mechanical‬‬ ‫‪Material Engineering, Special‬ﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ‬
‫‪Issue‬ﺍﻟﺨﻔﺎﺠﻲ‬
‫ﺠﻠﻴل ﻜﺭﻴﻡ‬
‫)‪(C‬‬

‫)‪ : (Unsaturated Polyester Resin‬ﺘﻡ ﻓـﻲ ﻫـﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤـﺙ ﺇﺴـﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﺃﺴﺘﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺒﻊ‬
‫ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﺃﺴﺘﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺒﻊ ) ‪. ( Palatel A420‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ )‪ :(Glass Fibers‬ﺘﻡ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺤﺼﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠـﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻌـﺔ ﻨـﻭﻉ ‪ E-‬ﺫﺍﺕ ﻜﺜﺎﻓـﺔ‬
‫)‪.(2.6 g/cm3‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺜﻼﺙ ﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻤﺘﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻘـﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬـﺏ ﻭﻫـﻲ‬
‫ﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺒﺴ‪‬ﻤﻙ‪ ،(2mm)‬ﺘﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺍﻜﺒﺔ ﻭﺘﻜـﻭﻥ ﺒﺴ‪‬ـﻤﻙ‪،(4mm)‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻗﻁﻌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﻻﺫ ﺒﺴ‪‬ﻤﻙ‪ (2mm)‬ﻭﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺴﻤﻙ ﺍﻟﻨﻤـﻭﺫﺝ )‪. (8mm ±1%‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (2‬ﻴﻤﺜل ﺭﺴﻤﹰﺎ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻴﺎﹰ ﻟﺸﻜل ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺍﻜﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ‬

‫‪2mm‬‬
‫‪4mm‬‬
‫‪2mm‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻁﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﻻﺫﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ)‪ : (2‬ﺸﻜل ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻲ ﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺘﻡ ﺘﺸﻜﻴل ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﺘﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﻗﻁﻊ ﺩﺍﺌﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻌـﺔ ﻭﺒﻘﻁـﺭ‬
‫)‪ (80 mm‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻡ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻟﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﺩﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ‪ .‬ﺘﻡ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘـﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻨﻴـﺔ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺍﻜﺒﺔ ‪،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺇﺴﺘﹸﺨﺩﻡ )‪ (%40‬ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻭﺯﻨﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﺃﺴﺘﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﻭ)‪ (%60‬ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻭﺯﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻌﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -3‬ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺇﺴﺘﹸﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﹸﻌﻠﺔ ﻫﻤﺎ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺸﹸﻌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻴـﺔ ﻭﺘﺒﻠـﻎ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻬـﺎ )‪(2000ºC‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﹸﻌﻠﺔ ﺍﻷُﻭﻜﺴﻲ ﺃﺴﺘﻠﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺒﻠﻎ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻬﺎ )‪ (3000ºC‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻡ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻭﻫـﻲ ﺜﺎﻟـﺙ‬
‫ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗـﻡ )‪ (3‬ﻭﺘﺴـﻠﻴﻁﻬﺎ ﺒﻤﺴـﺎﻓﺎﺕ‬
‫)‪ .(20mm،15mm،10mm،5mm‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻭﺨﺯﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺨﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﻗـﺕ )ﺒـﺎﻟﺜﻭﺍﻨﻲ(‬
‫ﻓﻘﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺒﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴل )‪ (AD‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻨﻅﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺜﺒـﺕ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺴـﻭﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻲ ‪ .‬ﺘﻡ ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﻗﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ‪/‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌـﺔ ﺘﻜﺭﻴـﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﺘـﺅﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﻅﻬـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻜل ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ ﺸﺎﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺴﻭﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻤـﻥ ﺨـﻼل ﻤـﺯﺩﻭﺝ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻨﻭﻉ ‪ K‬ﻤﻭﺼﻭل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﹸﻌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪454‬‬
 ‫‪Ali ibrahim et., al.,The Iraqi The‬‬ ‫‪Iraqi For‬‬
‫‪Journal‬‬ ‫‪Journal‬‬ ‫‪For Mechanical‬‬
‫‪Mechanical‬‬ ‫‪And Material‬‬
‫‪And Material‬‬ ‫‪Engineering,Special‬‬
‫‪Engineering,‬‬ ‫‪Special Issue‬‬
‫)‪Issue(C‬‬
‫)‪(C‬‬

‫ﻧﻤﻮذج اﻹﺧﺘﺒﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻌﻠﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارﯾﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺰدوج ﺣﺮاري ﻧﻮع ‪K‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺳﻚ ﻟﺘﺜﺒﯿﺖ اﻟﺸﻌﻠﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺰﻟﻖ ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺒﻌﺪ اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج ﻋﻦ‬

‫اﻟﺸﻌﻠﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارﯾﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ)‪ : (3‬ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ‬

‫)‪: (Results and Discussion‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (4‬ﻴﻤﺜل ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻘـﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬـﺏ ﻭﻫـﻲ‬
‫ﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﻭﺒﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺘﺴﻠﻴﻁ ﻟﻠﺸﻌﻠﺔ ﻗﺩﺭﻫﺎ )‪ (5mm‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺨﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﺸـﻌﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻹﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻤﻊ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻠﺔ‪.‬ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺘﻘﻭﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﻘﺩﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻭﺇﺨﺘﺭﺍﻗﻪ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻤﺴﺒﺒﺎﹰ ﺇﻨﺩﻓﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨل ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﻨـﺘﺞ ﻋﻨـﻪ ﺇﻨﻬﻴـﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤـﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ‪ .‬ﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻨﻴﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺴﻠﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺈﻤﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﺴﺒﺒﺎﹰ ﺘﻐﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﻓﻲ ﻫﻴﻜﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴـﺅﺩﻱ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﺤﻭﻟﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﺎﻋﻲ ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺭﺍﺒﻊ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤـﻭﻥ ﺃﻴﻀـﺎﹰ ﻴﻌﺘﺒـﺭ ﻤـﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻌﻴﻘـﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬـﺏ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺒﺈﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ ﺘﺴﻠﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻴﻤﺘﺹ ﺍﻷُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﺎﻋﻲ ﺒﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻔﻜﻴﻜـﻪ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﻤﺭﺓ ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬـﺏ ﻭﺇﺨﺘـﺭﻕ ﻁﺒﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻷُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪120‬‬

‫‪110‬‬

‫‪100‬‬

‫‪90‬‬
‫)‪Surface Temperature,(ºC‬‬

‫‪80‬‬

‫‪70‬‬

‫‪60‬‬

‫‪50‬‬

‫‪40‬‬

‫‪30‬‬

‫‪20‬‬

‫‪10‬‬

‫‪0‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬
‫)‪Time,(sec‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ :(4‬ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ )‪(5mm‬‬

‫‪455‬‬
 ‫ﻋﻠﻲ ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺴﻭﻱ‬
‫ﻗﺤﻁﺎﻥ ﺨﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺭﺠﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﻼﺀ ﺒﻤﻌﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ‬
‫‪The‬‬ ‫ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺈﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬
‫‪Iraqi‬‬ ‫‪For‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺌﻕ‬
‫‪Journal‬‬ ‫‪ Mechanical‬ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫‪And‬‬‫‪Material‬ﻤﺎﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺤ‬ ‫‪Issue‬ﺍﻟﺨﻔﺎﺠﻲ‬
‫‪Engineering, Special‬‬ ‫ﺠﻠﻴل ﻜﺭﻴﻡ‬
‫)‪(C‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (5‬ﻴﻤﺜل ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴـﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤـﻭﻥ ﻭﺒﻤﺴـﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ )‪ (10mm‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﻹﻨﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻤﻘﺭﻭﻨـﺔ ﺒﺈﺭﺘﻔـﺎﻉ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺨﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺩ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴـﺎﻓﺔ )‪، (5mm‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺼل ﺇﻟﻰ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻷُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸـﻌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴـﺔ ﺒﺯﻴـﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺘﺴﻠﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻠﺔ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﻘﻠﻴل ﺇﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﺯل ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻨﻴـﺔ ﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤـﺔ ﺇﻨﺘﺸـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ‪.‬‬

‫‪120‬‬

‫‪110‬‬

‫‪100‬‬

‫‪90‬‬
‫)‪Surface Temperature,(ºC‬‬

‫‪80‬‬

‫‪70‬‬

‫‪60‬‬

‫‪50‬‬

‫‪40‬‬

‫‪30‬‬

‫‪20‬‬

‫‪10‬‬

‫‪0‬‬
‫‪0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20‬‬
‫)‪Time,(sec‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ :(5‬ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ )‪(10mm‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (6‬ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺇﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻠﺔ ﺍﻷُﻭﻜﺴﻲ ﺃﺴـﺘﻠﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺜﺎﻟـﺙ‬
‫ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﻭﺒﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺘﺴﻠﻴﻁ ﻟﻠﺸﻌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪ . (15mm‬ﻓﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﻌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻴـﺔ ﻓﺎﻨـﻪ ﺒﺯﻴـﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺘﺴﻠﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻠﺔ ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﻹﻨﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻤﻊ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﻭﺒﺸﻜل ﺃﻗـل‬
‫ﻤﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ‪ .‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺇﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ )‪ ، (3000ºC‬ﻭﻫـﻲ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻠﺔ ﺍﻷُﻭﻜﺴﻲ ﺃﺴﺘﻠﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺴﺭﻴﻌﺔ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺨﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻠﺔ ﻤـﻊ‬
‫ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻹﻨﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯل ﺭﻏﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻔﺼل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯل ﻭﻴﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺇﻟـﻰ‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻠﺔ ﺍﻷُﻭﻜﺴﻲ ﺃﺴﺘﻠﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﺨﺘﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻟﺔ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻨﺩﻓﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻤـﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻟﺔ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺃﺴﺭﻉ‬
‫ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻨﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ‪.‬‬

‫‪456‬‬
 ‫‪Ali ibrahim et., al.,The Iraqi The‬‬ ‫‪Iraqi Journal‬‬
‫‪Journal‬‬ ‫‪For Mechanical‬‬
‫‪For Mechanical‬‬ ‫‪And And‬‬ ‫‪Material‬‬
‫‪Material‬‬ ‫‪Engineering,Special‬‬
‫‪Engineering,‬‬ ‫‪Special Issue‬‬
‫)‪Issue(C‬‬
‫)‪(C‬‬

‫‪120‬‬

‫‪110‬‬

‫‪100‬‬

‫‪90‬‬

‫)‪Surface Temperature,(ºC‬‬
‫‪80‬‬

‫‪70‬‬

‫‪60‬‬

‫‪50‬‬

‫‪40‬‬

‫‪30‬‬ ‫) ‪Torch Temperature, ( C‬‬

‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪2000 C‬‬

‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪3000 C‬‬

‫‪0‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30‬‬
‫)‪Time,(sec‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ :(6‬ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ )‪(15mm‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗـﻡ )‪ (7‬ﻴﻤﺜل ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻌﻠﺔ ﺍﻷُﻭﻜﺴﻲ ﺃﺴﺘﻠﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻁﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺜﺎﻟـﺙ‬
‫ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﻭﺒﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ )‪ (20 mm‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴـﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤـﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺼﻠﺔ ﺒﻴﻨﻪ ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻴﺔ ‪ .‬ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺘﺤﺴﻥ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤـﺔ ﺍﻷُﻭﻜﺴـﻴﺩ ﻟﻠﺸـﻌﻠﺔ ﺍﻷُﻭﻜﺴـﻲ‬
‫ﺃﺴﺘﻠﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﻹﻨﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺃﻱ ﺇﺭﺘﻔﻌﺕ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺭﺠـﻊ ﺇﻟـﻰ‬
‫ﺇﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺼل ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻹﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ‪.‬‬

‫‪120‬‬

‫‪110‬‬

‫‪100‬‬

‫‪90‬‬
‫)‪Surface Temperature,(ºC‬‬

‫‪80‬‬

‫‪70‬‬

‫‪60‬‬

‫‪50‬‬

‫‪40‬‬

‫‪30‬‬ ‫) ‪Torch Temperature , ( C‬‬

‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪2000 C‬‬

‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪3000 C‬‬

‫‪0‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪35‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬
‫)‪Time,(sec‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ :(7‬ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ )‪(20mm‬‬

‫‪457‬‬
 ‫ﻋﻠﻲ ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺴﻭﻱ‬
‫ﻗﺤﻁﺎﻥ ﺨﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺭﺠﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﻼﺀ ﺒﻤﻌﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ‬
The‫ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺈﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬
Iraqi ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺌﻕ‬For
Journal ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂﺕ‬And
Mechanical ‫ﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ‬Material Engineering, Special
‫ﺍﻟﺨﻔﺎﺠﻲ‬Issue
‫ﺠﻠﻴل ﻜﺭﻴﻡ‬
(C)

:(Conclusions) ‫ﺍﻹﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺠﺎﺕ‬
: ‫ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﺒﻌﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﻭﻫﻲ‬

‫ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬-1
.‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺼﻠﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻁﺔ‬
‫ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺍﻜﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﺃﺴﺘﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻭﻯ ﺒﺄﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻌﺔ‬-2
. ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ ﻋﺸﺭﺓ ﺃﻀﻌﺎﻑ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻼﺀ ﺒﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ‬

: (References) ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬

 Ali I.Al-Mosawi ,2010“The Effect of Antimony Tetroxide Addition on Thermal

Conductivity of Araldite Resin Reinforced by Biaxial Glass Fibers”, Al-Taqani
Journal , Vol 23 , No 2 .
 Ali Ibrahim Moslem ,2003 “ Study Using of Antimony Trioxide Material as a
Flame Retardant Material ”, M.SC Thesis , Babylon University , Iraq .
 Horrocks, A.R. and Price, D. ,2009 “ Fire Retardant Materials ” , 1st Edition ,
Taylor and Francis Group , LLC Publishing.
 Jürgen H. Troitzsch, 1998 “ overview of Flame Retardants ” , Chimica
Oggi/chemistry Today , Volume 16.
 Mallick ,P.K. ,2007 “Fiber-Reinforced Composites: Materials, Manufacturing,
and Design ” , 3rd Edition , CRC Press, Nov.
 Michel Biron , 2007 “ Thermoplastics and Thermoplastic Composites ” , 1st
Edition , Elsevier.
 Mushtaq T. Al-Bdiry , Saad H. Al-Shafaie ,2008“ Improvement of Temperature
Resistance of Al-Mg/Al2O3 Composite by Coating with Antimony Trioxide Film ” ,
Al-Qadisiya Journal for Engineering Science, Vol 1 , No 2 .

458
 ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻲ – اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ واﻟﻌﺸﺮون ‪ /‬اﻟﻌﺪد ‪2010 - 4‬‬

‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﺎﻋﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻹﺭﻟﺩﺍﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻭﻯ‬
‫‪+‬‬
‫ﺒﺄﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺘﺠﺎﻩ‬
‫‪Study the Effect of Antimony Tetroxide Addition on Thermal Conductivity‬‬
‫‪for Araldite Resin Reinforced by Biaxial Glass Fibers‬‬
‫٭‬
‫ﻋﻠﻲ ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺴﻭﻱ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺹ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺘﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻭﻫـﻲ ﺃُﻭﻜـﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤـﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺒـﺎﻋﻲ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼـﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻹﺭﻟﺩﺍﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻭﻯ ﺒﺄﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠـﺎﺝ ﺒـﺸﻜل ﻅﻔـﺎﺌﺭ ﻤﺤﺎﻜـﺔ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴـﺔ ﺍﻹﺘﺠـﺎﻩ‬
‫)‪ (90º- 0º‬ﻨﻭﻉ )‪ (E-Glass‬ﺫﺍﺕ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺴـﻁﺤﻴﺔ )‪ (300 g\m2‬ﺤﻴـﺙ ﺘـﻡ ﺇﻀـﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻷُﻭﻜـﺴﻴﺩ ﺒﻨـﺴﺏ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔــﺔ‬
‫)‪ (%30, %20,%10‬ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻤﺩﻯ ﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻹﻀﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺕ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻓـﻭﺭﻴﺭ ﻟﺤـﺴﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ )‪ (k‬ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻗﺒل ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻁﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ )‪ (k‬ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ‪ :‬ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪Abstract‬‬
‫‪This research studied the effect of flame retardant material addition which is‬‬
‫‪antimony tetroxide on thermal conductivity of composite material consist of araldite‬‬
‫‪resin reinforced by biaxial woven roving E–type glass fibers (0°-90°) with density‬‬
‫)‪(300 g\m2) where we added a different percentage from antimony tetroxide (10%, 20%,30%‬‬
‫‪and study the effect on thermal conductivity and we used Fourier equation to calculate‬‬
‫‪the thermal conductivity coefficient (k) for this composite material before and after‬‬
‫‪addition of flame retardant material illustrated in diagrams which represent the relation‬‬
‫‪between thermal conductivity coefficient (k) with temperature .‬‬
‫‪Keywords:- Flame Retardant Material , Thermal Conductivity , Composite Material .‬‬

‫)‪. (Introduction‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ‬

‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﺃﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺼﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﺄﻨﻪ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺇﻨﺤﺩﺍﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺠﺴﻡ ﻤﺎ ﻓﺴﻭﻑ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ‬
‫ﺇﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﻟﻠﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻁﺌﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺒﺈﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴل )‪ (Conduction‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺇﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻴﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻤﻊ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺇﻨﺤﺩﺍﺭ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﻋﺘﻴﺎﺩﻱ]‪ . [1‬ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺠﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺒﺼﻴﻐﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻷُﻭﻟﻰ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺇﻫﺘﺯﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﺸـﺒﻜﺔ‬

‫‪+‬ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﺴﺘﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ‪ ، 2008/8/16‬ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﻗﺒﻭل ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺭ ‪. 2009/3/19‬‬

‫٭ﻤﺩﺭﺱ ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩ ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻲ ‪ -‬ﺒﺎﺒل‬

‫‪45‬‬

‫‪PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com‬‬

 ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻲ – اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ واﻟﻌﺸﺮون ‪ /‬اﻟﻌﺪد ‪2010 - 4‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﺈﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﺎﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﻴﺤﺩﺜﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻤـﻭﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻓﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻤﻌﺘﻤﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﹸﻅﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺃﻗﻭﻯ ﺒﺎﻹﺘﺠﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﻭﻟﻲ ﻟﻸﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻭﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻀﻌﻑ ﺒﺈﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻙ ]‪. [2‬‬
‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺸﻭﺍﺕ )‪ (Fillers‬ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴـﺔ ﺃﻭﻻ‬
‫ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﻀﺎﻑ ﺒﻨﺴﺏ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ‪ .‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻁﻠـﺏ‬
‫ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ‪،‬ﺍﻟﺠﺴﺎﺀﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﻨﺔ‪،‬ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﻜﺜـﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﻭﺍﺕ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﺎﹰ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻜﺎﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ]‪. [3‬‬

‫)‪. (Antimony Tetroxide‬‬ ‫ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﺎﻋﻲ‬

‫ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﺎﻋﻲ )‪ (Sb2O4‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻴﺔ )‪Inorganic Flame Retardant‬‬
‫‪ ،(Material‬ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺴﺨﻴﻥ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺨﻤﺎﺴﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻌﺩﻥ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤـﻭﻥ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫)‪ . (900 ºC-800ºC‬ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﺎﻋﻲ ﺃﺒﻴﺽ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻥ ﻭﻻ ﻴﺫﻭﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﻴـﺘﻡ ﺇﻀـﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺍﻟﻤـﻭﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﺩﺍﺌﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل ﺤﺸﻭﺍﺕ ﻹﺤﺩﺍﺙ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ ﺘﻭﺼﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺃﻭ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﻀـﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺒـﺸﻜل ﻁﺒﻘـﺔ ﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ‪ .‬ﻴﻔﻘﺩ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻷﻭﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺴﺨﻴﻨﻪ ﺒﺸﺩﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ)‪ (1060ºC‬ﻤﺘﺤﻭﻻﹰ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ )‪ . (Sb2O3‬ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﺎﻋﻲ ‪،‬ﻫﻭ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﻤﺯﺩﻭﺝ ﻤﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤـﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﻭ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻤﺎﺴﻲ]‪ .[4‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (900ºC‬ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﺎﻋﻲ ﻤﺘﻀﻤﻨﺎﹰ‬
‫ﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﻭﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻤﺎﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨـﺼﻬﺭﻴﻥ)‪ . (Fused‬ﺍﻟـﺸﻜل ﺭﻗـﻡ )‪ (1‬ﻴﻭﻀـﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻭﺭﻱ ﻷُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (1‬ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺨـﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴـﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴـﺔ ﻟﻬـﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻷُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ رﻗﻢ )‪(1‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻭﺭﻱ ﻷُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﺎﻋﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ : (1‬ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻷُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﺎﻋﻲ‬

‫‪Property‬‬ ‫)‪Formation Temperature(ºC‬‬ ‫)‪Density(g/cm3‬‬ ‫)‪Melting Point(ºC‬‬

‫‪Value‬‬ ‫‪800-900‬‬ ‫‪6.59‬‬ ‫)‪1060(break‬‬

‫‪46‬‬

‫‪PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com‬‬

 ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻲ – اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ واﻟﻌﺸﺮون ‪ /‬اﻟﻌﺪد ‪2010 - 4‬‬

‫)‪. (Composite Materials‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ‬

‫ﻋ‪‬ﺭﻓﺕﹾ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺒﺄﺒﺴﻁ ﺼﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻨﺫ ﻗﺭﻭﻥ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺒﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺒﻴﻭﺘﻬﻡ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ‬
‫ﺨﻠﻁ ﻨﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺏ ﺒﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻁﻴﻥ ﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺘﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻁﻭﺭﻴﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬
‫ﻤﺭﺘﺒﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁﺔ ﻓﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺎﹰ ﺃﻭ ﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺎﹰ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻤﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﻻ ﺘﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﺭﻜﺏ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ‪ .‬ﻭ ﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﻤﺎﺩﺘﻴﻥ ﻫﻤﺎ ‪-:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ )‪. (Matrix Material‬‬

‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ ﺃﻤﺎ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ )‪ (Metallic Materials‬ﻤﺘﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻭﺴﺒﺎﺌﻜﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺒﺜﻘل ﻭﺯﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻭﻤﺘﺎﻨﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪،‬ﺃﻭ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺴﻴﺭﺍﻤﻴﻜﻴﺔ )‪ (Ceramic Materials‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﺘﺎﺯ ﺒﺨﻔﺔ ﻭﺯﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺼﺩﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﺒﻭﻟﻴﻤﻴﺭﻴﺔ )‪ (Polymeric Materials‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ ﺇﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﹰ ﻭﺇﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﹰ ﻟِﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺒﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺠﻴﺩﺓ]‪ .[4‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻴﻤﺭﻴﺔ ﻫﻭ ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻹﻴﺒﻭﻜﺴﻲ ﻭ ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﺃﺴﺘﺭ‪.‬‬

‫)‪. (Reinforcing Material‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻴﺠﺏ ﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﻤﻴﺯﺘﻴﻥ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﺘﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻁﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻁﺭﻕ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺩﻗﺎﺌﻕ )‪ (Reinforcing by Particulate‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺒﻘﻁﺭ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ )‪ (1µm‬ﻭﺒﺄﺸﻜﺎل ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﺒﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺭﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘ‪‬ﺸﺭﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺸﺘﺕ )‪ (Reinforcing by Dispersed‬ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﺎﺌﻕ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ )‪ . (0.1µm‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺃﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺸﻴﻭﻋﺎﹰ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ )‪ (Reinforcing by Fibers‬ﻨﻅﺭﺍﹰ ﻟِﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺒﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻗﻭﺓ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺠﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺒﺄﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻭﺃﺸﻜﺎل ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﻓﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻘﹶﻁﻊ‪ ‬ﺃﻭ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻅﻔﺎﺌﺭ‬
‫ﻤﺤﺎﻜﺔ ]‪.[4‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺘﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫)‪. (Antimony Tetroxide‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﺎﻋﻲ‬

‫ﺘﻡ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﺎﻋﻲ ﻜﺤﺸﻭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺒﻨﺴﺏ ﻭﺯﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪. (%30,%20,%10‬‬

‫)‪. (Araldite Resin‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻹﺭﻟﺩﺍﻴﺕ‬

‫ﺘﻡ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻹﺭﻟﺩﺍﻴﺕ )‪ (CY223‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻹﻴﺒﻭﻜﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺴﻨﺔ ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺴﺎﺌل ﻟﺯﺝ ﺸﻔﺎﻑ‬
‫ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺘﻪ) ‪ . (1.2g\cm3-1.15g\cm3‬ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (2‬ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻲ ‪.‬‬

‫‪47‬‬

‫‪PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com‬‬

 ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻲ – اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ واﻟﻌﺸﺮون ‪ /‬اﻟﻌﺪد ‪2010 - 4‬‬

‫‪O‬‬ ‫‪CH3‬‬ ‫‪OH‬‬ ‫‪CH3‬‬ ‫‪O‬‬

‫‪CH2-CH- CH2-O-‬‬ ‫‪-C-‬‬ ‫‪-O-CH2-CH-CH2-O-‬‬ ‫‪-C-‬‬ ‫‪-O-CH2-CH-CH2‬‬

‫‪CH3‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪CH3‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪(2‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻲ ﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻹﺭﻟﺩﺍﻴﺕ]‪[2‬‬

‫‪ -3‬ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ )‪. (Glass Fibers‬‬

‫ﺘﻤﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺩﺓ ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺇﻤﺘﻼﻜﻬﺎ ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺇﻨﺼﻬﺎﺭ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺠﻴﺩﺓ ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻙ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻅﻔﺎﺌﺭ ﻤﺤﺎﻜﺔ )‪ (Woven Roving‬ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺒﺸﻜل ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻤﻘﻁﻌﺔ )‪ (Chopped Strand‬ﺃﻭ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺯﺠﺎﺠﻲ )‪ (Glass Fabric‬ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل ﺨﻴﻭﻁ ﻭﺃﺸﺭﻁﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺘﻡ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺤﺼﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺘﺠﺎﻩ )‪ (90º- 0º‬ﻨﻭﻉ )‪ (E-Glass‬ﻓﻲ ﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺭﻟﺩﺍﻴﺕ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ) ‪. (300g\m2‬ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (2‬ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﺠﺪول رﻗﻢ)‪ : (2‬ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎت أﻟﯿﺎف اﻟﺰﺟﺎج وﻧﺴﺒﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﯾﺔ ]‪[5‬‬

‫‪Compound‬‬ ‫‪SiO2‬‬ ‫‪Al2O3‬‬ ‫‪B2O3‬‬ ‫‪Na2O & K2O‬‬ ‫‪MgO‬‬ ‫‪CaO2‬‬ ‫‪TiO2 FeO‬‬ ‫‪Fe‬‬
‫‪Content%‬‬ ‫‪52-56‬‬ ‫‪12-16‬‬ ‫‪5-10‬‬ ‫‪0-2‬‬ ‫‪0-5‬‬ ‫‪16-25‬‬ ‫‪0-1.5 0-0.8‬‬ ‫‪0.1‬‬

‫ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ )‪ (%40‬ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻭﺯﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻹﺭﻟﺩﺍﻴﺕ ﻭ)‪ (%60‬ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻭﺯﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺘﺠﺎﻩ‪ .‬ﺘﻡ ﺘﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﻗﻁﻊ ﺩﺍﺌﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﺒﻘﻁﺭ)‪ ، (25mm‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻹﺭﻟﺩﺍﻴﺕ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺨﻠﻁﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻠﺩﺓ‬
‫)‪ (HY953‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺴﺎﺌﻠﺔ ﺘﻀﺎﻑ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ )‪ (%25‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﻭﻴﺨﻠﻁ ﺠﻴﺩﺍﹰ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﻴ‪‬ﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻨﺴﺏ‬
‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﺎﻋﻲ)‪ ، (%30, %20, %10‬ﻭﺘﺨﻠﻁ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺠﻴﺩﺍﹰ ﺜﻡ ﺘﻜﺒﺱ ﺴﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻜﻮن ھﺬه اﻟﻌﯿﻨﺎت ﺑﻘﻄﺮ)‪ (25mm‬ﻭﺴﻤﻙ )‪ (3mm‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﺤﻀﺭ ﻜﺎﻵﺘﻲ ‪ :‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﻭﻀﻊ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻹﺭﻟﺩﺍﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻭﻁ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻠﺩﺓ ﻭﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﺎﻋﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ ﺜﻡ ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻭﺘﻜﺭﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺤﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺘﻜﺒﺱ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻭﺘﺘﺭﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﻟﺘﺘﺼﻠﺏ‬
‫ﺒﺸﻜل ﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ ‪.‬‬

‫)‪. (Thermal Conductivity Measurement‬‬ ‫ﻗﯿﺎس اﻟﻤﻮﺻﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارﯾﺔ‬

‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﺭﻕ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺴﻁﺤﻴﻥ ﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﻨﺘﻘل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺫﻭ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺫﻭ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻁﺌﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﹸﻌﺭﻑ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﻤ‪‬ﻭﺼ‪‬ﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﻭﺼ‪‬ﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬

‫‪48‬‬

‫‪PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com‬‬

 ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻲ – اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ واﻟﻌﺸﺮون ‪ /‬اﻟﻌﺪد ‪2010 - 4‬‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺇﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﺒﺭ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺨﻼل ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺇﻨﺤﺩﺍﺭ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺴﻁﺤﻴﻥ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻩ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ]‪. [6‬‬
‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻓﻭﺭﻴﺭ )‪ (Fourier Law‬ﻓﻲ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ )‪ ( k‬ﻭﻴﻨﺹ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺤﻴﺙ ‪-:‬‬
‫‪ ∆T ‬‬ ‫‪ = Q‬ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﻭﺘﻘﺎﺱ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ) ‪( W‬‬
‫‪Q = − k × A× ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ ∆X ‬‬ ‫‪ = k‬ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻴﻘﺎﺱ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ) ‪( W/m.ºC‬‬
‫)‪(m2‬‬ ‫‪ = A‬ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﺇﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺘﻘﺎﺱ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫‪ = ∆T‬ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﻴﻘﺎﺱ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ) ‪( ºC/m‬‬‫(‬ ‫‪∆X‬‬
‫)‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ ) ‪ ( 3‬ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤ‪‬ﻭﺼ‪‬ﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ )‪ (Heat Conduction Unit‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺼﻨﻊ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺸﺭﻜﺔ‬
‫)‪ .(P.A.Hilton Ltd England‬ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﻋﻤل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺴﻠﻴﻁ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺴﺨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺩﺍﺨل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﺭﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ‪ .‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﻤﺤﺎﺭ ﻴﺭ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻭﺯﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﺎﻨﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﻜل ﻤﺤﺭﺍﺭ ﻴﺒﻌﺩ ﻋﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﺒﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ )‪ (10mm‬ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﺎﻨﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪(3‬‬

‫ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬

‫)‪. (Results and Discussion‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻫﻭ ﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﺎﻋﻲ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻁﺌﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻷُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻌﺭﺽ‬
‫ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (4‬ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ)‪(k‬‬
‫ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻹﺭﻟﺩﺍﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻭﻯ ﺒﺄﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺒﺎﻹﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻤﻊ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻁﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻗ‪‬ﺒل ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺒﺸﻜل‬
‫ﺒﻁﻲﺀ ﻭﺘﺩﺭﻴﺠﻲ ﻭﻴﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻥ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ ‪.‬‬

‫‪49‬‬

‫‪PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com‬‬

 ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻲ – اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ واﻟﻌﺸﺮون ‪ /‬اﻟﻌﺪد ‪2010 - 4‬‬

‫‪0.40‬‬

‫)‪Thermal Conductivity, k (W/m. ºC‬‬

‫‪0.38‬‬

‫‪0.36‬‬

‫‪0.34‬‬

‫‪0.32‬‬

‫‪0.30‬‬

‫‪0.28‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬ ‫‪70‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬
‫‪Temperature, ºC‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪(4‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻹﺭﻟﺩﺍﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻭﻯ ﺒﺄﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺘﺠﺎﻩ‬

‫ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺒﺈﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﺎﻋﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﻨﻼﺤﻅﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (5‬ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻤﻀﺎﻓﺎﹰ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ )‪(%10‬‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﺎﻋﻲ )‪ (Sb2O4‬ﻭﻴﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻜﻭﻥ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﺎﻋﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻁﺌﺔ ﻴﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤﺜل‬
‫ﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺃﻏﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﺯل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻁﺌﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺴﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﺎﻋﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪0.40‬‬
‫)‪Thermal Conductivity, k (W/m. ºC‬‬

‫‪0.38‬‬

‫‪0.36‬‬

‫‪0.34‬‬

‫‪0.32‬‬

‫‪0.30‬‬

‫‪0.28‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬ ‫‪70‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬
‫‪Temperature, ºC‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪(5‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻹﺭﻟﺩﺍﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻭﻯ ﺒﺄﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻣﻀﺎﻓﺎ ً إﻟﯿﮫ )‪ (%10‬ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﺎﻋﻲ‬

‫‪50‬‬

‫‪PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com‬‬

 ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻲ – اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ واﻟﻌﺸﺮون ‪ /‬اﻟﻌﺪد ‪2010 - 4‬‬

‫ﻭﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ )‪ (%20‬ﻴﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻤﻊ ﺇﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻭﻟﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺘﺯﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﺸﻜل‬
‫ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪. (6‬‬

‫‪0.44‬‬

‫‪0.42‬‬
‫)‪Thermal Conductivity, k (W/m. ºC‬‬
‫‪0.40‬‬

‫‪0.38‬‬

‫‪0.36‬‬

‫‪0.34‬‬

‫‪0.32‬‬

‫‪0.30‬‬

‫‪0.28‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬ ‫‪70‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬
‫‪Temperature, ºC‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪(6‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻹﺭﻟﺩﺍﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻭﻯ ﺒﺄﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻣﻀﺎﻓﺎ إﻟﯿﮫ )‪ (%20‬ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﺎﻋﻲ‬
‫ً‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻹﺭﻟﺩﺍﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻭﻯ ﺒﺄﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﻴﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻭﺒﺸﻜل ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻷُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ )‪ (%30‬ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (7‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ ﻴﺭﺠﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻜﻭﻥ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﺎﻋﻲ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻭﺼﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻜﻭﻨﻪ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺎﺯﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪0.50‬‬

‫‪0.48‬‬
‫)‪Thermal Conductivity, k (W/m. ºC‬‬

‫‪0.46‬‬

‫‪0.44‬‬

‫‪0.42‬‬

‫‪0.40‬‬

‫‪0.38‬‬

‫‪0.36‬‬

‫‪0.34‬‬

‫‪0.32‬‬

‫‪0.30‬‬

‫‪0.28‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬ ‫‪70‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬
‫‪Temperature, ºC‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪(7‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻹﺭﻟﺩﺍﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻭﻯ ﺒﺄﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻣﻀﺎﻓﺎ ً إﻟﯿﮫ )‪ (%30‬ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﺎﻋﻲ‬

‫‪51‬‬

‫‪PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com‬‬

 ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻲ – اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ واﻟﻌﺸﺮون ‪ /‬اﻟﻌﺪد ‪2010 - 4‬‬

‫ﺍﻹﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺠﺎﺕ )‪. (Conclusions‬‬

‫ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻁﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻨﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻵﺘﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺒﺈﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﻟﻠﺘﻭﺼﻴل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺇﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺒﺈﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﺎﻋﻲ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻷُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﻜﻭﻥ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﺎﻋﻲ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻭﺼل ﻟﻠﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻁﺌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺇﻨﻪ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺎﺯﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻨﻌﻜﺱ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫)‪. (References‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﺒﺭﻫﺎﻥ ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻨﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺤﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺒﻬﺠﺕ ﻤﺠﻴﺩ ﻤﺼﻁﻔﻰ ” ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﺎﺕ ﺇﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ“ ‪ ،‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل ‪ ،‬ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ‪،‬ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ‪. 1988،‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﻋﻠﻲ ﻫﻭﺒﻲ ﺤﻠﻴﻡ ” ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﺩﺍﺌﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺴﺎﺓ“ ‪ ،‬ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﺎﺠﺴﺘﻴﺭ‪ ،‬ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ‪،‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﺎﺒل ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ‪.1999 ،‬‬

‫‪ -3‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻗﺤﻁﺎﻥ ﺨﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺭﺠﻲ ‪،‬ﻋﻠﻲ ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺴﻭﻱ ” ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﻴﺴﻴﻭﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﺃﺴﺘﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺒﻊ “ ‪ ،‬ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﺎﺒل ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ ‪ ، 9‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ‪، 866-859: 5‬‬
‫‪. 2004‬‬

‫‪ -4‬ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺴﻭﻱ ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻲ ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ ﻤﺴﻠﻡ ” ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﻜﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬ‪‬ﺏ“ ‪ ،‬ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻤﺎﺠﺴﺘﻴﺭ ‪،‬ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﺎﺒل ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ‪.2003 ،‬‬

‫‪5- George Lubin “ Handbook of Fiberglass and Advanced Plastics Composite”, First‬‬
‫‪Edition , 1975.‬‬

‫‪6- F.P. Incropera and D.P.DeWitt “ Introduction to Heat Transfer”, Third Edition,‬‬
‫‪John Wiley &Sons , 1996.‬‬

‫‪52‬‬

‫‪PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com‬‬

 ‫‪2010185‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫ﺠﻠﻴل ﻜﺭﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﻔﺎﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺤﻁﺎﻥ ﺨﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﺨﺯﺭﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺴﻭﻱ‬

‫ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﺎﺒل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻲ – ﺒﺎﺒل‬

‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﺼﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻸﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺨﻁﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺴﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺒﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺌﻕ‬
‫ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻬﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﻟﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺌﻕ ﻭﻓﻲ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻜﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺎﺯﻟﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺠﺎﺀﺕ ﻫـﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻫﺎﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺘﻴﻥ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﹸﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ ) ‪ . ( Sb2O3‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺘﻡ ﺇﺴﺘﻌﺭﺍﺽ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﺍﹸﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﻭﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻷُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﻁـﻼﺀ ﺒـﺴﻤﻙ‬
‫)‪ (2mm‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﻟﺼﻘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﺃﺴﺘﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﻭﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻭﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤـﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻜﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻻﺼﻘﺔ ﻭﺩﺍﻋﻤﺔ ﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻷُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﹸﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺯل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻭﺇﻋﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺒﻨﻭﻋﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷُﻭﻜﺴﻲ ﺃﺴﺘﻠﻴﻨﻴﺔ ‪ .‬ﻟﻘﺩ ﺃﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﻡ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (2000ºC‬ﻭ )‪ (3250ºC-3000ºC‬ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﹸﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜـﻲ‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺯل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ ‪ :‬ﻣﺎدة ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎدة ﻣﻌﯿﻘﺔ ّﻟﻠﮭﺐ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ّ‬

‫اﻟﻠﮭﺐ ‪.‬‬
‫‪Abstract‬‬
‫‪Due to the increasing important to search about materials which have the capability to limit from‬‬
‫‪hazard and losses caused by fires and also search about materials have the ability to resistant generated‬‬
‫‪flame from fires and in the same time acts as an insulator material so, this study introduced a material‬‬
‫‪combined between these characteristics , this material is antimony trioxide (Sb2O3). In the present study‬‬
‫‪, the preparation method of antimony trioxide and manufacturing method to form insulation layer from‬‬
‫‪this oxide as a thickness of coating layer (2mm) were expressed , which paste on the composite material‬‬
‫‪consist from unsaturated polyester resin and glass fibers which acts as a paste and hold material to the‬‬
‫‪insulation and flame retardant oxide. Thermal erosion test was done with oxyacetylene and gas torch to‬‬
‫‪evaluate the performance of the antimony trioxide efficiency to thermal insulation and flame‬‬
‫‪retardancy. The result obtained from thermal erosion test done at (2000°C) and (3000°C-3250°C) were‬‬
‫‪showed that the antimony trioxide efficiency of as a flame retardant material and in the same time its‬‬
‫‪efficiency in the thermal insulation at high temperature.‬‬

‫‪Keywords: Composite Material, Flame Retardant Material, Flame Resistance.‬‬

‫)‪. (Introduction‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ‬

‫ﺘﹸﻌﺭ‪‬ﻑﹾ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬ‪‬ﺏ‪ ‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨـﻊ‬
‫ﻨﻔﺎﺫﻩ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻨﻊ ﺇﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭﻩ ﻭﺤﺘﻰ ﺇﺨﻤﺎﺩﻩ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻜﺎﻤل ‪،‬ﻭﺘﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻟﻬـﺎ ﺍﻟﻘـﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫]‪[Ali,2003‬‬
‫‪ .‬ﻭﺘﻀﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺨﻭﺍﺼﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺩ ﺤﻤﺎﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﻤﻌﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﺴﻤﺢ ﺒﺎﻹﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻵﻤﻥ ﻟﻠﻤـﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﻟﻬـﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺒﻠﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻺﺸﺘﻌﺎل ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺨﻔﺽ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻺﺸﺘﻌﺎل ﻭﺨﻔﺽ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺇﺤﺘﺭﺍﻗﻬﺎ ]‪.[Cynthia,2000‬‬
‫ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﻤﻌﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﻔﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻭﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺒـﺭﻭﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺒـﻭﺭﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺘـﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ‬
‫‪،‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻜﺎﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﻭﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺃُﻭﻜـﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤـﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜـﻲ )‪(Antimony Trioxide‬‬

‫‪2113‬‬

‫‪PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com‬‬

 ‫‪Journal of2010‬‬
‫‪Babylon18‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬
‫‪University/Pure‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪and Applied Science/No.(5)/Vol(18):2010‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻭﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺩﻋﻰ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻟﻭﺠﻴﻨﻴـﺔ ﻤﺭﻜﺒـﺎﺕ ﻜـل ﻤـﻥ‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫]‪[Heinrich,2000‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺴﻔﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻭﺭﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺘﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻙ ﺇﺴﻠﻭﺒﺎﻥ ﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺎﻥ ﻹﻋﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻭﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﺍﻷﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨﻊ ﻭﺼﻭل ﺍﻷﻭﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻬـﺏ‬
‫ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺘﻭﻟﻴﺩ ﻏﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻺﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺴﺒﺏ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺘـﺴﻤﻡ ﺍﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬـﺏ ﺒﺎﻟﺠـﺫﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺇﺨﻤﺎﺩﻩ ‪ .‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻹﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻟﺘﻬﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻥ ﻤﻌﻴﻘـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬـﺏ‬
‫ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻜﻲ ﺘﺘﻔﻜﻙ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺨﻔﺽ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺇﺘﻘﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﺍﻹﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ]‪. [Akram,1993‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺘﻬﺩﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﻭﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ) ‪Antimony‬‬
‫‪ (Trioxide‬ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻋﺎﻗﺔ ﺇﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺇﺨﻤﺎﺩﻩ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﻘﻠل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺨﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﻟﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺌـﻕ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻋﺎﺯل ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻤﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺘﺤﻤل ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺘﺼل ﺇﻟـﻰ‬
‫ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ )‪ (3000ºC‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺇﻋﺎﻗﺘﻪ ﻹﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ )‪ (Flame Spread‬ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺫﻟـﻙ ﻋـﻥ ﻁﺭﻴـﻕ ﺇﺨﺘﺒـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ )‪. (Antimony Trioxide‬‬

‫ﻭﻴﻤﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻴﺔ‬
‫) ‪ ( Sb2O3‬ﺃﻭ ) ‪ ، ( Sb4O6‬ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺫﺍ ﻟﻭﻥ ﺃﺒﻴﺽ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻥ ﺇﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻌﺏ )‪ (Cubic‬ﻋﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻨﻲ )‪ (Orthorhombic‬ﺫﺍ ﻟﻭﻥ ﺃﺒﻴﺽ‬
‫‪ .‬ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﹰ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ ، (570oC‬ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﻥ ﺇﻥ‬ ‫] ‪[EFRA,2002‬‬

‫ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻨﻲ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﹰ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪.[Chemserve,2000] (570oC‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (1‬ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ)‪ ، (Sb2O3‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ)‪ (1‬ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻲ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻷُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ‪.‬‬

‫]‪[ATSDR,1992‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ)‪ : (1‬ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﹸﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ) ‪(Sb2O3‬‬
‫)‪Property Melting Point(ºC) Boiling Point(ºC‬‬ ‫)‪Density(g/cm3‬‬
‫‪Value‬‬ ‫‪656‬‬ ‫‪1425‬‬ ‫)‪5.2(Cubic) , 5.67(Rhombohedral‬‬

‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ رﻗﻢ)‪ : (1‬اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺐ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﻲ ُ‬

‫ﻻوﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻷﻧﺘﯿﻤﻮن اﻟﺜﻼﺛﻲ)‪(Sb2O3‬‬

‫‪2114‬‬

‫‪PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com‬‬

 ‫‪2010185‬‬

‫)‪. (Composite Materials‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ‬

‫ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻤﻊ ﻤﺎﺩﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﻤـﻊ ﻫـﻭ‬
‫ﺇﺴﺘﻨﺒﺎﻁ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻟﻡ ﺘﻜﻥ ﻤﺘﻭﻓﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﻤـﻭﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻠﻭﺯ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﺏ ‪ .‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺠﺎﺕ ﺒﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ ﺇﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﹰ ]‪ .[Ali,2003‬ﻭ ﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﻤﺎﺩﺘﻴﻥ ﻫﻤﺎ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ)‪ : (Matrix Material‬ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﻤﺎ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺴﻴﺭﺍﻤﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ‬
‫ﺇﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﹰ ﻭﺇﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﹰ ﻟِﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺒﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺠﻴﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺠﻴﺔ ﻫﻭ‬
‫ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻨﻭل ‪ ،‬ﺍﻹﻴﺒﻭﻜﺴﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﺃﺴﺘﺭ ]‪.[Mallick,2007‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ) ‪ :(Reinforcement Material‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻁﺭﻕ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺩﻗﺎﺌﻕ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺸﺘﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻭﻜﻤﺜﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﻭﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻜﻴﻔﻼﺭ ﻭ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ]‪.[US Industry, 2007‬‬

‫)‪. (Experimental Part‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻲ‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺘﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ )‪ : (Antimony Trioxide - Sb2O3‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻤـﺴﺤﻭﻕ ﺃﺒـﻴﺽ ﺫﻭ‬
‫ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﻲ ‪.‬‬

‫)‪ : (Unsaturated Polyester Resin‬ﺘﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﺃﺴﺘﺭ‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﺃﺴﺘﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺒﻊ‬
‫ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺒﻊ ) ‪ ( Palatel A420‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪.(2‬‬

‫)‪ :(Glass Fibers‬ﺘﻡ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺤﺼﻴﺭﺓ ﻤـﻥ ﺃﻟﻴـﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠـﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻌـﺸﻭﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻨـﻭﻉ ‪E-‬‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ‬
‫)‪ (E-glass‬ﺫﺍﺕ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ )‪.(600g/cm3‬‬

‫‪O‬‬ ‫‪O‬‬ ‫‪O‬‬ ‫‪O‬‬ ‫‪O‬‬ ‫‪O‬‬

‫‪HOC-C=C-C O-C-C-O-C-‬‬ ‫‪--C-O-C-C-O-C-C=C-C--O-C-C-OH‬‬

‫‪n‬‬

‫‪Ester Groups‬‬ ‫‪n=3-6‬‬

‫]‪[Ali,2003‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ)‪ :(2‬ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻲ ﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﺃﺴﺘﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺒﻊ‬

‫‪2115‬‬

‫‪PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com‬‬

 ‫‪Journal of2010‬‬
‫‪Babylon18‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬
‫‪University/Pure‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪and Applied Science/No.(5)/Vol(18):2010‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﻧﻤﺎذج إﺧﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﺘﻌﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارﯾﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺜﻼﺙ ﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ‪،‬ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟـﻰ ﻤﺘﻜﻭﻨـﺔ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﹸﻭﻜـﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤـﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ)‪ (Sb2O3‬ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﺴ‪‬ﻤﻙ‪ ،(2mm)‬ﺘﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﺃﺴﺘﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺒﻊ‬
‫ﻭ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻭﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﺴ‪‬ﻤﻙ‪،(4mm)‬ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻗﻁﻌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔـﻭﻻﺫ ﺒـﺴ‪‬ﻤﻙ‪(2mm)‬‬
‫ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺴﻤﻙ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ )‪ (8mm ±1%‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (3‬ﻴﻤﺜل ﺭﺴﻤﺎﹰ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻴﺎﹰ ﻟﺸﻜل ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺇﺨﺘﺒـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ‬

‫‪2mm‬‬
‫‪4mm‬‬
‫‪2mm‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻁﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﻻﺫﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ)‪ : (3‬ﺸﻜل ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻲ ﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺘﺘﻡ ﺒﺘﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﻗﻁﻊ ﺩﺍﺌﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺠﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻌـﺸﻭﺍﺌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺒﻘﻁﺭ )‪ (80 mm‬ﻭﺒﻨﻔﺱ ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (4‬ﺇﺫ ﺘﻡ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻟﺒـﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﺩﻭﻴـﺔ‬
‫)‪ ( Hand Lay Up‬ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ‪ .‬ﺘﻡ ﻁﻼﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻨﻲ ﺒﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟـﻭﺭﻨﻴﺵ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﺒﺈﺴﻡ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻔﺎﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﺘﺼﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﻴﺭﺵ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﺒﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﻓﻨﻴل ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻭل )‪ (polyvinyl Alcohol‬ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺴﻬل ﻓﺼل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ‪ .‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺠﻠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﺃﺴﺘﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﻭﺘﺨﻠﻁ ﺠﻴﺩﺍﹰ ﻤﻌﻪ ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ )‪ (Cobalt Octoatel‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﻭﺒﺎﻟﺕ ﻓﻌﺎل ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ )‪ (6%‬ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺘﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤـﺼﻠﺩﺓ‬
‫)‪ (MEKPO‬ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ )‪. (2%‬‬
‫ﻴﺘﻡ ﻭﻀﻊ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ ﻭﺘﻨﺸﺭ ﺒﻔﺭﺸﺎﺓ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻌﻪ ﺒﺎﻨﺘﻅﺎﻡ ﺒﻌـﺩﻫﺎ ﺘﻭﻀـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺜﻡ ﻨﻀﻊ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﻟﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻟﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤـﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺭﻜﺒـﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﺴﻤﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ‪ .‬ﺘﻡ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﻟـﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﻤـﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ‪،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺇﺴﺘﹸﺨﺩﻡ )‪ (40%‬ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻭﺯﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﺃﺴﺘﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﻭ)‪ (60%‬ﻨـﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺯﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻭﺍﺌﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﹸﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﻜﺒﺴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﻭﺘﺘﺭﻙ ﻟﺘﺘﺼﻠﺏ ‪ .‬ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ )ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ‪ +‬ﺃﻟﻴـﺎﻑ ‪+‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﺏ( ﻭﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺭﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (75ºC‬ﻹﻜﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻠﺏ ‪.‬‬

‫‪2mm‬‬

‫‪80mm‬‬
‫‪10mm‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ)‪ : (4‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬

‫‪2116‬‬

‫‪PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com‬‬

 ‫‪2010185‬‬

‫‪ -3‬إﺧﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﺘﻌﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارﯾﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﺴﺘﹸﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺒﻠﻎ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻬـﺎ )‪(2000ºC‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻌﻠﺔ ﺃﻷُﻭﻜﺴﻲ ﺃﺴﺘﻴﻠﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺘﻬﺎ )‪ ( 3250ºC- 3000ºC‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻡ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻭﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺍﹸﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗـﻡ )‪ (5‬ﻭﺘـﺴﻠﻴﻁﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺒﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ )‪ (5mm‬ﻭ )‪ (10mm‬ﻭ )‪ (15mm‬ﻭ )‪ (20mm‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻟﻲ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﯿﻨﺔ اﻹﺧﺘﺒﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻌﻠﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺤﺮار‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺳﻚ ﻟﺘﺜﺒﯿﺖ اﻟﺸﻌﻠﺔ‬

‫‪00.0000‬‬

‫ﺟﮭﺎز ﻗﯿﺎس درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺰﻟﻖ ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺒﻌﺪ اﻟﻌﯿﻨﺔ‬

‫ﺧﻠﻒ ﻋﯿﻨﺔ اﻹﺧﺘﺒﺎر‬ ‫ﻋﻦ اﻟﺸﻌﻠﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارﯾﺔ‬
‫]‪[Ali,2003‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ)‪ : (5‬ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ‬

‫)‪. (Results and Discussion‬‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ واﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‬

‫ﻴﻤﺜل ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺴﺎﹰ ﻟﻤﺩﻯ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻹﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺼﻼﺤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻜﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺎﺯﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (6‬ﻴﻤﺜل ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﻭﺒﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺘﺴﻠﻴﻁ ﻟﻠﺸﻌﻠﺔ ﻗﺩﺭﻫﺎ )‪ (5mm‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺨﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻹﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻤﻊ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻠﺔ ‪ .‬ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺘﻘﻭﺩ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻭﺇﺨﺘﺭﺍﻗﻪ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻤﺴﺒﺒﺎﹰ ﺇﻨﺩﻓﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨل ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺇﻨﻬﻴﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (7‬ﻓﻴﻤﺜل ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﻭﺒﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ )‪ (10mm‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﻹﻨﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻤﻘﺭﻭﻨﺔ ﺒﺈﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺨﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺩ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ )‪(5mm‬‬
‫‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺼل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﹸﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺘﺴﻠﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻠﺔ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﻘﻠﻴل ﺇﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﺯل ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺇﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (8‬ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺇﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻠﺔ ﺍﻷُﻭﻜﺴﻲ ﺃﺴﺘﻠﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﹸﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﻭﺒﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺘﺴﻠﻴﻁ ﻟﻠﺸﻌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪ . (15mm‬ﻓﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﻌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻴﺔ ﻓﺎﻨﻪ ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺘﺴﻠﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻠﺔ ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﻹﻨﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻤﻊ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﻭﺒﺸﻜل‬
‫ﺃﻗل ﻤﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪2117‬‬

‫‪PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com‬‬

 ‫‪Journal of2010‬‬
‫‪Babylon18‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬
‫‪University/Pure‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪and Applied Science/No.(5)/Vol(18):2010‬‬

‫ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺇﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ )‪ ، (3250ºC-3000ºC‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻠﺔ ﺍﻷُﻭﻜﺴﻲ ﺃﺴﺘﻠﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺴﺭﻴﻌﺔ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺨﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻠﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻓﺘﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻹﻨﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯل ﺭﻏﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻔﺼل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯل ﻭﻴﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻠﺔ ﺍﻷُﻭﻜﺴﻲ ﺃﺴﺘﻠﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﺨﺘﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻟﺔ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻨﺩﻓﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻟﺔ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﹸﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﺒﺸﻜل‬
‫ﺃﺴﺭﻉ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﻘﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻹﻨﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﹸﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (9‬ﻓﻴﻤﺜل ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻌﻠﺔ ﺍﻷُﻭﻜﺴﻲ ﺃﺴﺘﻠﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻁﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﹸﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﻭﺒﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ )‪ (20 mm‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﹸﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺼﻠﺔ ﺒﻴﻨﻪ ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻴﺔ ‪ .‬ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺘﺤﺴﻥ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻷُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺸﻌﻠﺔ ﺍﻷُﻭﻜﺴﻲ ﺃﺴﺘﻠﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﻹﻨﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﹸﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﺃﻱ ﺇﺭﺘﻔﻌﺕ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺭﺠﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺼل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻹﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ‪.‬‬

‫)‪.(Conclusions‬‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺠﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﺒﻌﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﻭﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﺃﺴﺘﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻭﻯ ﺒﺄﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻭﺍﺌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ ﻋﺸﺭﺓ ﺃﻀﻌﺎﻑ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻼﺀ ﺒﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﹼﻬﺏ ﻭﻫﻲ‬
‫ﻤﺴﺤﻭﻕ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺨﻁﻁﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺇﻨﺼﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﻷُﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻭﻴﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻸُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -3‬ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺃُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﻴﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﻟﻠﺸﻌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺼﻠﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷُﻭﻜـﺴﻴﺩ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻁﺔ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺇﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺼﻠﺔ ﻟﻸُﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ‪.‬‬

‫‪2118‬‬

‫‪PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com‬‬

 2010185
120 120

110 110

100 100
Surface Temperature,(ºC)

Surface Temperature,(ºC)
90 90

80 80

70 70

60 60

50 50

40 40

30 30

20 20

10 10

0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time,(sec) Time,(sec)

‫ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬:(7) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ‬ ‫ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬:(6) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ‬
(10mm ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻴﺔ )ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬ (5mm ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻴﺔ )ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬

120 120

110 110

100 100
Surface Temperature,(ºC)

Surface Temperature,(ºC)

90 90

80 80

70 70

60 60

50 50

40 40

30 Torch Temperature , ( C ) 30 Torch Temperature, ( C )

20 2000 C 20 2000 C

10 3000 C 10 3000 C

0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
Time,(sec) Time,(sec)

‫ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬:(9) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ‬ ‫ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬:(8) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻠﺔ ﺍﻷُﻭﻜﺴﻲ ﺃﺴﺘﻠﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻠﺔ ﺍﻷُﻭﻜﺴﻲ ﺃﺴﺘﻠﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬
(20mm ‫)ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬ (15mm ‫)ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬

. ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry U.S.Public Health Service,1992
“Toxicological Profile for Antimony and Compounds
”,September.(www.atsdr.cdc.gov).
dewit ,Cynthia,2000 “ Brominated Flame Retardants ”, Swedish Environmental
protection Agency.
Chemserve Company Limited , 2000 “ Antimony Trioxide ”. (www.chemserve.com).
European Flame Retardants Association(EFRA) , 2002 “ Flame Retardant Fact
Sheet, Antimony Trioxide”.

2119

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

 Journal of2010   
Babylon18
University/Pure
5 and Applied Science/No.(5)/Vol(18):2010

Horacek ,Heinrich and pieh ,Stefan ,2000 “ The Importance of Intumescent Systems
for Fire protection of plastic Materials ”, polymer International ,49.
Mallick ,P.K. ,2007 “Fiber-Reinforced Composites: Materials, Manufacturing, and
Design” Third Edition , CRC Press, Nov.
Moslem,Ali Ibrahim ,2003 “ Study Using of Antimony Trioxide Material as a Flame
Retardant Material ”, MSC Thesis , Babylon University , Iraq .
Mohammad ,Akram Aziz ,1993“ Plastic Chemistry ”, Books House Publishing –
Mosul .
US Industry Forecasts to 2011 and 2016, 2007 “Glass Fibers”, Freedonia.

2120

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

ISSN-L: 2223-9553, ISSN: 2223-9944
Vol. 4 No. 3 May 2013 Academic Research International

THEORETICAL APPROACH TO MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF

RESINOUS COMPOSITE
Ali I. Al-Mosawi 1, Abdul Razaq Mohammed 2, Ali R. Yousif 3
Technical Institute, Babylon,
IRAQ.
1
[email protected]

ABSTRACT
This investigation evaluated the tensile and flexural properties of polystyrene resin
reinforced with different weight fracture from random glass fibres (20%, 40%, and
60%)by using Ansys program version (11). The standard specification (ISO-R-527)
and (ASTM D790) were used to fabricant the tensile and flexural test samples
respectively by Ansys program. The theoretical data shows that high tensile and
flexural strength value for polystyrene resin after reinforcing with random glass
fibres and this strength will increase with increasing weight fracture of fibres.
Keywords: Polystyrene resin, Mechanical properties, Ansys program

INTRODUCTION
A composite is a structural material that consists of two or more constituents that are
combined at a macroscopic level and are not soluble in each other. One constituent is called
the reinforcing phase and the one in which it is embedded is called the matrix (Kaw, 2006).
The composite material however, generally possesses characteristic properties, such as
stiffness, strength, weight, high-temperature performance, corrosion resistance, hardness, and
conductivity that are not possible with the individual components by themselves (DeGarmo,
et al., 2008).
There are many types of composite materials and several methods of classifying them, one
such method is bases on geometry and consists of three distinct families (Ali et al,2012):
1. Laminar Composites: laminar composites are those having distinct lagers of materials
bonded together in some manner.
2. Particular Composites: particular composites consist of discrete particles of one
material surrounded by a matrix of another material.
3. Fibre-Reinforced Composites: the most popular type of composite material is the
fibre-reinforced composite geometry.
Generally, the composite material contains two elements:
1. Matrix material: it is the continuous phase; it may be metal, ceramic or polymer
matrix. The polymer matrix is considered the best because of its mechanical and
thermal properties, and also it can reinforce by a large fibre volume fraction
compared with metal and ceramic matrix.
In addition to the low cost and easy fabrication, as example for this materials
araldite resin, polyester, and epoxy resin. Araldite resin belong to epoxy group
which has excellent thermal and physical properties, and usually used in composite
materials for different applications, where it distinct by excellent adhesive capability
especially to fibres, also it retain constant dimensions after dryness (Dobrzański et
al, 2006).

www.journals.savap.org.pk Copyright © 2013 SAVAP International

96 www.savap.org.pk
 ISSN-L: 2223-9553, ISSN: 2223-9944
Part-I: Natural and Applied Sciences Vol. 4 No. 3 May 2013

2. Reinforcing material: The distributed phase is called reinforcement, many

reinforcement materials are available in a variety of forms; continuous fibres; short
fibres; whiskers, particles...etc. Reinforcements include organic fibres such as
carbon and kevlar fibres, metallic fibres, ceramic fibres, and particles (Ali et al,
2012).
Polystyrene (PS) has a wide range of properties including versatility, rigidity, clarity, and
brittleness. It’s a poor barrier to oxygen and water vapor. But the most unique property of
PS is thermoforming, the ability to form and foam. Two familiar products made of foamed
PS are coffee cups and fast food clam shell containers. Used in a variety of applications
because of its low cost and easy ability to be processed, PS is often used in automobiles,
insulation, disposables, packaging, toys, construction, electronics, and housewares. PS is also
used for sour cream and cottage cheese containers, and horticultural products such as trays,
packs, and flats (Ali et al, 2012).
(G.Morom etal, 1986) studied the effect of hybrid fibres (Carbon/Kevlar) on the impact
strength of epoxy resin. also (Ali,2009) investigated the effect of changing the reinforcement
percentage by fibres on Mechanical properties, for composite material consists of conbextra
epoxy (EP-10) resin reinforced by biaxial woven roving kevlar fibres. (Azhdar,1992) studied
the impact fracture toughness of fibre reinforced epoxy resin.( Al-Jeebory et al,2009) studied
effect the change of reinforcement percentage of fibres on the thermal and mechanical
properties for polymeric composite material consist of conbextra epoxy (EP-10) resin
reinforced by biaxial woven roving S–type glass fibres.

TENSILE STRENGTH
A tensile test is a fundamental mechanical test where a carefully prepared sample is loaded in
a very controlled manner while measuring the applied load and the elongation of the sample
over some distance. Tensile strength or ultimate strength is defined as the maximum load that
results during the tensile test, divided by the cross-sectional area of the test sample.
Therefore, tensile strength, like yield strength, is expressed in Mpa. Tensile tests are used to
determine the modulus of elasticity, elastic limit, elongation, proportional limit, and reduction
in area, tensile strength, yield point, yield strength and other tensile properties [9]. Tensile
strength can be obtained from the following formula:

σ = P A ………………………………….(1)

where :
σ = tensile strength (N/m2)
P = test load (N)
A = cross section area of sample (m2)

FLEXURAL STRENGTH
The flexural strength of a material is defined as its ability to resist deformation under load.
For materials that deform significantly but do not break, the load at yield, typically measured
at 5% deformation/strain of the outer surface, is reported as the flexural strength or flexural
yield strength. The test beam is under compressive stress at the concave surface and tensile
stress at the convex surface (see Fig.1) (Sharafeddin et al, 2013). Then another object applies
load on the central part of the concrete, between the platforms, and gradually increases
pressure until the concrete breaks. The flexural strength of concrete is estimated based on the

Copyright © 2013 SAVAP International www.journals.savap.org.pk

www.savap.org.pk 97
ISSN-L: 2223-9553, ISSN: 2223-9944
Vol. 4 No. 3 May 2013 Academic Research International

weight of the load that collapses the concrete, the distance between the platforms and the
width and thickness of the object being tested. An object’s flexural strength also correlates
with its tensile strength, or the object’s ability to be stretched without significantly changing
its shape (Schlichting et al, 2010).
When an object is made to bend, it is also somehow stretched, although only in a localized
area. In occupational fields such as construction and engineering, knowing a material's
flexural and tensile strengths is important in order to make sure that the material is strong
enough to use in structures. Hard but brittle objects, such as wood concrete, alloys and
plastic, are used more often in construction than elastic and ductile objects such as rubber,
gold or silver, so it is more important to evaluate the formers flexural and tensile strengths
(Schlichting et al, 2010). Flexural strength can be obtained from the following formula:

3PS …………………………………. (2)

σ = F ×S =
2bt 2
Where:
F = Maximum load (N)
S = Distance between loading points (mm)
b = Sample width (mm)
t = Sample thickness (mm)

Figure 1. (A) Under flexure, any beam will experience compressive (load side, ∆l < 0) and tensile
(opposite side, ∆l > 0) stresses. (B) Under load, half of section AA will be compressed while the other
half will be subject to tensile efforts.
In theory, an object’s flexural and tensile strengths would be in similar ranges if there is
homogeneity in the materials used, meaning that the substances used are mixed in equally. If
the substances are not uniformly mixed, then the flexure and tensile strengths might
drastically vary in different areas of the object. Another factor that can change an object’s
flexural and tensile strengths are defects. For example, a rope with torn fibres might increase
its tensile strength, as the fibres can stretch longer, but it might decrease its flexural strength,
especially when load is applied on the area where the fibres are weakest (Gomec et al, 2005).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this study, Ansys program version (11) was used to estimated tensile and flexural strength
for polystyrene resin before and after reinforced with different weight fracture random glass
fibres (20%, 40%, and 60%). Specific Properties for both resin and fibres was input in
database of Ansys program, as well as standard shape of samples, and applied different
amount of loads to make a theoretical emulation to experimental tensile and flexural test, and

www.journals.savap.org.pk Copyright © 2013 SAVAP International

98 www.savap.org.pk
 ISSN-L: 2223-9553, ISSN: 2223-9944
Part-I: Natural and Applied Sciences Vol. 4 No. 3 May 2013

then draw the obtained data after applied the loads. Table 1 shows the specifications used to
draw test samples.
Following a short description to materials used:
1. Polystyrene Resin with (1.05 g/cm3) density.
2. Random glass fibres E-type with (2.6g/cm3) density.
3. Test samples: standard specification (ISO-R-527) was used with rectangular
section.
4. Flexural Strength Samples: (ASTM-D790) was used as a rectangular shape
(10mm×135mm).
Table 1. Specifications used to draw test samples

Model Type of Element Element No. Nodes No.

Tensile Linear Solid 185 Geometry , 8 Nods ,3-D Modeling 3922 10961

Flexural Linear Solid 185 Geometry , 8 Nods ,3-D Modeling 5145 10290

RESULTS & DISCUSSION

Tensile strength of polystyrene resin before reinforcement was shown in Figure 2, where we
observed that, low tensile strength for this resin when exposed to loads, because of in general
the resins considered a brittle materials, which accepted with experimental results obtained
by (Ali et al, 2012).
After reinforcing by fibres this property will be improved greatly as shown in Figure 3 which
represent the tensile strength to polystyrene resin after reinforcing with (20%) glass fibres,
where the strength of resin will increased due to the fibres will withstand the maximum part
of loads and by consequence will raise the strength of composite material and this also
accepted with experimental results obtained by (Al-Jeebory et al, 2009).
The tensile strength will be increased as the fibres percentage addition increased as illustrated
in Fig.4 and Fig.5 which represent tensile strength to polystyrene resin after reinforcing with
(40%) and (60%) from glass fibres respectively . These fibres will be distributed on large area
in the resin which will be improved tensile strength greatly (Kiichi et al, 2009).
Flexural Strength: as mentioned above, the resin is brittle; therefore its flexural strength is
low before reinforcement as shown in Fig .6. But after added the fibres to this resin the
flexural strength will be raise to the producing material because the high modulus of elasticity
of these fibres will helps to carry a large amount of loads and raise this strength as illustrated
in Fig.7, Fig.8 and Fig.9 which represent tensile strength to polystyrene resin after reinforcing
with (20%), (40%) and (60%) from glass fibres respectively (Schlichting et al, 2010).

CONCLUSIONS
From the obtained results we get: Improvement of mechanical properties after reinforcement
by glass fibres .Increased tensile and impact strength with increasing fibres weight fracture.

Copyright © 2013 SAVAP International www.journals.savap.org.pk

www.savap.org.pk 99
ISSN-L: 2223-9553, ISSN: 2223-9944
Vol. 4 No. 3 May 2013 Academic Research International

Figure 2. Tensile strength to polystyrene resin before reinforcement

Figure 3. Tensile strength to polystyrene resin after reinforcing with (20%) glass fibres

Figure 4. Tensile strength to polystyrene resin after reinforcing with (40%) glass fibres

www.journals.savap.org.pk Copyright © 2013 SAVAP International

100 www.savap.org.pk
 ISSN-L: 2223-9553, ISSN: 2223-9944
Part-I: Natural and Applied Sciences Vol. 4 No. 3 May 2013

Figure 5. Tensile strength to polystyrene resin after reinforcing with (60%) glass fibres

Figure 6. Flexural strength to polystyrene resin before reinforcement

Figure 7. Flexural strength to polystyrene resin after reinforcing with (20%) glass fibres
Copyright © 2013 SAVAP International www.journals.savap.org.pk
www.savap.org.pk 101
ISSN-L: 2223-9553, ISSN: 2223-9944
Vol. 4 No. 3 May 2013 Academic Research International

Figure 8. Flexural strength to polystyrene resin after reinforcing with (40%) glass fibres

Figure 9. Flexural strength to polystyrene resin after reinforcing with (60%) glass fibres

REFERENCES
Al-Jeebory A. A. & Al-Mosawi, A. I. (2009). Effect of percentage of Fibres Reinforcement
on Thermal and Mechanical Properties for Polymeric Composite Material, The Iraqi
Journal for mechanical and materials Engineering , Special Issue ,1 st Conference of
Engineering College, pp70-82.
Al-Mosawi, A. I., Ammash, H. K. & Salaman, A. J. (2012). Properties of Composite
Materials Databook. 2 nd edition. Lambert Academic Publishing LAP.
Al-Mosawi A. I. (2009). Study of Some Mechanical Properties for Polymeric Composite
Material Reinforced by Fibres. Al-Qadessiyah Journal For Engineering Science, 2(1),
pp.14–24 .
Al-Mosawi, I., Ali, M. M., Yousif, A. R. & Hamza, S. M. (2012). Theoretical estimation to
flexural strength of araldite composite used for manufacturing electrical circuits
plates. Academic Research International, 3(3), pp.34-37.

www.journals.savap.org.pk Copyright © 2013 SAVAP International

102 www.savap.org.pk
 ISSN-L: 2223-9553, ISSN: 2223-9944
Part-I: Natural and Applied Sciences Vol. 4 No. 3 May 2013

Al-Mosawi, A. I. and Hatif, A. H. (2012). Reinforcing by Palms-Kevlar Hybrid Fibres and

Effected on Mechanical Properties of Polymeric Composite Material. Journal of
Babylon university, 20(1), pp.188-193.
Azhdar, B. A. (1992). Impact Fracture Toughness of Fibre Reinforced Epoxy Resin, M.Sc
Thesis ,U.O.T.
DeGarmo, E. P., Black, J. T. & Kohser, R. A. (2008). Materials and processes in
Manufacturing (10th Edition). John Wiley & Sons.
Dobrzański, L. A., Ziębowicz B. and Drak M. 2006. Mechanical properties and the structure
of magnetic composite materials. Journal of Achievements in Materials and
Manufacturing Engineering, 18(1-2), pp.79-82.
(http://www.ivsl.org:http://libhub.sempertool.dk.tiger.sempertool.dk/libhub?func=search&qu
ery=resid:fb019b5277dbef9087b5e4978cb20a24).
E. P. DeGarmo, J. T., Black, & kosher, R. A. (2008). Materials and processes in
Manufacturing (10th Edition). John Wiley & Sons.
G. Morom, E. & Drukkler, A. (1986). Weinberg, and J. Banbaji “Impact behavior of Carbon /
Kevlar Hybrid Composites. Composites, 17(2), pp150-153.
Gomec, Y., Dorter, C., Dabanoglu, A. & Koray, F. (2005). Effect of resin-based material
combination on the compressive and the flexural strength. Journal of Oral
Rehabilitation , 32(2), pp.122-127.
(http://www.ivsl.org:http://libhub.sempertool.dk.tiger.sempertool.dk/libhub?
func=search&query=resid:ec2229c5fa3289760fd9a183296304f5) .
Kaw, A. K (2006). Mechanics of Composite Materials. (2nd Edition). Taylor and Francis
Group, LLC .
Kiichi, H., Hiroshi, H., Kadota, Joji., ABE, M., Matsuda, S., Kishi, H. & Murakami, A.
(2009). Properties of GFRP Using Matrix Resin of Epoxy/ Acrylate Interpenetrating
Polymer Network, Journal of the Society of Materials Science, Japan 54(4),.pp.447
– 452.
Schlichting, L.H., de Andrada, M.A.C., Vieira, L.C.C., de Oliveira Barra, G.M. & Magne P .
(2010) .Composite resin reinforced with pre-tensioned glass fibres. Influence of
prestressing on flexural properties. Dental Materials 26(2), pp. 118-125.
(http://www.ivsl.org:http://libhub.sempertool.dk.tiger.sempertool.dk/libhub?
func=search&query=resid:57b87002bd54d613c1f397ed91bfbe2c) .
Sharafeddin, F., Alavi, A. A. & Talei, Z. (2013). Flexural Strength of Glass and Polyethylene
Fibre Combined with Three Different Composites . Journal of Dentistry, 14(1),
pp.13-19 (http://www.ivsl.org:http://libhub.sempertool.dk.tiger.sempertool.dk/libhub?
func=search&query=resid:e5bee7ad2f14f308c70a3ae1ab6695fb) .

Copyright © 2013 SAVAP International www.journals.savap.org.pk

www.savap.org.pk 103
 Journal of Babylon University/Engineering Sciences/ No.(4)/ Vol.(22): 2014

Theoretical Evaluation to Tensile Strength of

Composite Material by Using Ansys Program
Ali I. Al-Mosawi
Technical Institute - Babylon
Email:[email protected]
Abstract
In this research the tensile strength of vinyl ester resin reinforced with different weight percentage
(20%,40%,60%) from Woven roving glass fibers (E) type (0°-45°) has been studied theoretically by
using Ansys program version (11) to estimation the effect of different reinforcing under variation
loading. The standard specification (ISO-R-527)was used to fabricant the test specimens in Ansys
program.The theoretical results shows that high tensile strength value for vinyl ester resin after
reinforcing with glass fibers due to high elastic modulus for these fibers and this strength will increase
with increasing percentage of fibers and this agree with the experimental results obtained from tensile
test .
Keywords: Tensile strength , Vinyl ester resin, Composite Material .
‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﺼﺔ‬
‫( ﻤﻥ ﺃﻟﻴـﺎﻑ‬%60,%40,%20) ‫ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺘﻡ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺩ ﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴل ﺃﺴﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻭﻯ ﺒﻨﺴﺏ ﻭﺯﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫( ﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﺘﺤـﺕ‬Ansys Version 11) ‫( ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺎﹰ ﺒﺈﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ‬٤٥°-٠°) ‫( ﺒﺸﻜل ﺤﺼﻴﺭﺓ‬E) ‫ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﻨﻭﻉ‬
‫ ﻟﻘﺩ ﺒﻴﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘـﺎﺌﺞ‬. (Ansys) ‫( ﻓﻲ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺒﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ‬ISO-R-527) ‫ ﺃُﻋﺘﻤﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬.‫ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﻭﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺩ ﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴل ﺃﺴﺘﺭ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﻘﻭﻴﺘﻪ ﺒﺄﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻹﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻭﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﺘﻔﻕ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺇﺨﺘﺒـﺎﺭ‬
. ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺩ‬
.‫ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ‬، ‫ ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴل ﺃﺴﺘﺭ‬، ‫ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺩ‬:‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎﺤﻴﺔ‬
Introduction .
A composite is commonly defined as a structural material that consists of two
or more combined constituents that are combined at a macroscopic level and are not
soluble in each other. One constituent is called the reinforcing phase and the one in
which it is embedded is called the matrix [Auter,2006]. The reinforcing phase material
may be in the form of fibers, particles, or flakes. The matrix phase materials are
generally continuous. Examples of composite systems include concrete reinforced
with steel and epoxy reinforced with graphite fibers, etc [Mallic,2007]. The composite
material however, generally possesses characteristic properties, such as stiffness,
strength, weight ,high-temperature performance, corrosion resistance, hardness, and
conductivity that are not possible with the individual components by themselves .
Analysis of these properties shows that they depend on (1) the properties of
the individual components;(2) the relative amount of components;(3) the size, shape,
and distribution of the discontinuous components;(4) the degree of bonding between
components; and (5) the orientation of the various components [DeGarmo,2008] .
Vinyl ester, is a resin produced by the esterification of an epoxy resin with an
unsaturated monocarboxylic acid. The reaction product is then dissolved in a reactive
solvent, such as styrene, to a 35 - 45 percent content by weight. It can be used as an
alternative to polyester and epoxy materials in matrix or composite materials, where
its characteristics, strengths, and bulk cost intermediate between polyester and
epoxy[Michel,2007].
G. Morom, E. Drukkler, A. Weinberg ,and J. Banbaji studied the effect of hybrid
fibers (Carbon/Kevlar) on the impact strength of epoxy resin [Morom,1986] . also Ali
investigated the effect of changing the reinforcement percentage by fibers on
Mechanical properties, for composite material consists of conbextra epoxy (EP-10)

٩٨٩
 Journal of Babylon University/Engineering Sciences/ No.(4)/ Vol.(22): 2014

resin reinforced by biaxial woven roving kevlar fibers [Ali,2009] . Azhdar studied the
impact fracture toughness of fiber reinforced epoxy resin[Azhdar,1992] .Abbas , Ali,
and Sajed studied effect the change of reinforcement percentage of fibers on the
thermal conductivity for polymeric composite material consist of conbextra epoxy
(EP-10)resin reinforced by biaxial woven roving S–type glass fibers [Abbas,
Ali,2009] .
Tensile Strength .
Tensile properties indicate how the material will react to forces being applied
in tension. A tensile test is a fundamental mechanical test where a carefully prepared
specimen is loaded in a very controlled manner while measuring the applied load and
the elongation of the specimen over some distance. Tensile strength or ultimate
strength is defined as the maximum load that results during the tensile test, divided by
the cross-sectional area of the test specimen. Therefore, tensile strength, like yield
strength, is expressed in Mpa. Tensile tests are used to determine the modulus of
elasticity, elastic limit, elongation, proportional limit, reduction in area, tensile
strength, yield point, yield strength and other tensile properties [Daniel,2003]. Tensile
strength can be obtain from the following formula :
  P A
where :
σ = tensile strength (N/m2)
P = test load (N)
A = cross section area of specimen (m2)
Work Procedure .
In this research, Ansys program version (11) was used to calculate tensile
strength value for vinyl ester resin before and after reinforced with different weight
percentage from woven roving glass fibers (20%,40%,60%) . specific Properties for
both resin and fibers was input in database of Ansys program , as well as standard
shape of specimens , and applied different amount of loads to make a theoretical
emulation to experimental tensile test , and then draw the obtained data after applied
the loads . Table (1) show the specifications used to draw test specimens , and table
(2) show the experimental results obtained from tensile test . Table (3) show the
theoretical results obtained from Ansys program .
Table (1) : The specifications used to draw test specimens
Model Type of Element No of Element No of Nodes
Linear Solid 185 Geometry , 8 Nods ,3-D Modeling 3922 1961
Table (2) : The experimental results obtained from tensile test
Reinforcing Percentage 0 20 % 40 % 60 %
Value 64 125 220 312
Table (3) : The theoretical results obtained from Ansys program
Reinforcing Percentage 0 20 % 40 % 60 %
Value 67.282 131.41 231.281 327.999
Following a short description to materials used :
1- Vinyl Ester Resin type Deraken 510-a40 with (1.21g/cm3) density .
2- Woven roving glass fibers E-type (0°-45°) with (2.6g/cm3) density .
3- Test specimens: standard specification (ISO-R-527)was used to fabricant the test
specimens with rectangular section .

٩٩٠
 Journal of Babylon University/Engineering Sciences/ No.(4)/ Vol.(22): 2014

Results & Discussion .

The mechanical properties of composite materials have a great important in
the field of using these materials ,where the values of these properties should be high
and acceptable so it can done its duty successfully .From the tensile test done on the
vinyl ester resin reinforced woven roving glass fibers we get the results shown in the
diagrams which represent the value of tensile strength :
Fig(1) represent the tensile strength to vinyl ester resin before reinforcement ,
where we observed that , low tensile strength for this resin when exposed to loads
,because of in general the resins considered a brittle materials , which accepted with
experimental results obtained by [Ali,2009].
After reinforcing by fibers this property will be improved greatly as shown in
Fig(2) which represent the tensile strength to vinyl ester resin after reinforcing with
(20%) glass fibers , where the strength of resin will increased due to the fibers will
withstand the maximum part of loads and by consequence will raise the strength of
composite material and this also accepted with experimental results obtained by
[Abbas, Ali,Sajed,2009].
The tensile strength will be increased as the fibers percentage addition increased as
illustrated in Fig(3) and Fig(4) which represent tensile strength to vinyl ester resin
after reinforcing with (40%) and (60%) from glass fibers respectively . These fibers
will be distributed on large area in the resin which will be improved tensile strength
greatly [Kiichi,2009].

Fig(1) : Tensile strength to vinyl ester resin before

reinforcement

Fig(2) : Tensile strength to vinyl ester resin after reinforcing

with (20%) glass fibers

٩٩١
 Journal of Babylon University/Engineering Sciences/ No.(4)/ Vol.(22): 2014

Fig(3) : Tensile strength to vinyl ester resin after reinforcing with

(40%) glass fibers

Fig(4) : Tensile strength to vinyl ester resin after reinforcing with

(60%) glass fibers
Conclusions .
From the obtained results we get :
1- Low tensile strength of vinyl ester resin .
2- Improvement of mechanical properties after reinforcement by glass fibers .
3- Increased tensile strength with increasing fibers percentage .
References .
Abbas A. Al-Jeebory, Ali I. Al-Mosawi, Sajed A. Abdul Allah, 2009 “Effect of
percentage of Fibers Reinforcement on Thermal and Mechanical Properties
for Polymeric Composite Material ”, The Iraqi Journal for mechanical and
materials Engineering , Special Issue ,1st Conference of Engineering College .
pp70-82.
Ali I. Al-Mosawi, 2009 “Study of Some Mechanical Properties for Polymeric
Composite Material Reinforced by Fibers ”, Al-Qadessiyah Journal For
Engineering Science , Vol 2 , No 1. pp.14 – 24 .
Auter K.Kaw , 2006 “ Mechanics of Composite Materials” ,2nd Edition ,Taylor and
Francis Group ,LLC.
B.A.Azhdar ,1992 “Impact Fracture Toughness of Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Resin”,
M.SC Thesis ,U.O.T.
Daniel Gay , Suong V. Hoa , Stephen W. Tsai , 2003. “Composite Materials Design
and Applications” , CRC Press LLC .
E. P. DeGarmo, J.T. Black, and R.A. kohser, 2008 “ Materials and processes in
Manufacturing ” , 10th Edition , John Wiley & Sons.
G. Morom , E. Drukkler ,A. Weinberg ,and J. Banbaji ,1986 “Impact behavior of
Carbon / Kevlar Hybrid Composites” , Composites ,Vol 17 ,No 2.pp,150-153.

٩٩٢
 Journal of Babylon University/Engineering Sciences/ No.(4)/ Vol.(22): 2014

Kiichi Hasegawa, Hiroshi Hirano, Joji Kadota, Masahiro ABE, Satoshi Matsuda,
Hajime Kishi and Atsushi Murakami ,2009. “Properties of GFRP Using Matrix
Resin of Epoxy/ Acrylate Interpenetrating Polymer Network” , Journal of the
Society of Materials Science, Japan Vol.54 No.4 . pp.447 – 452 .
Mallick ,P.K. ,2007 “Fiber-Reinforced Composites: Materials, Manufacturing, and
Design” ; 3rd Edition , CRC Press, Nov.
Michel Biron , 2007 “ Thermoplastics and Thermoplastic Composites ” , 1st Edition,
Elsevier.

٩٩٣
 The Iraqi Journal For Mechanical And Material Engineering, Special Issue

‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻲ ﻟﻠﺭﺍﺘﻨﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺼﻠﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻲ ﺠﺎﻫل ﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﻠﻡ ﻤﺤﺴﻥ ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺯﻫﻴﺭ ﺤﺴﻥ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺴﻭﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻲ – ﺒﺎﺒل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻲ – ﺒﺎﺒل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻲ – ﺒﺎﺒل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻲ – ﺒﺎﺒل‬
‫ﻣﺪرس ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﻤﺩﺭﺱ ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﺩﺭﺱ‬ ‫ﻤﺩﺭﺱ‬

. ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﺼﺔ‬
‫( ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴل ﺃﺴﺘﺭ ﺒﻨﺴـﺏ‬Ansys) ‫ﺘﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ‬
‫( ﻭﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ‬45°-0°)‫( ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺘﺠﺎﻩ‬E) ‫( ﻤﻥ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﻨﻭﻉ‬%60,%40,%20) ‫ﻭﺯﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫ ﺃُﻋﺘﻤـﺩﺕ‬. ‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺃﺤﻤـﺎل ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ‬
‫( ﻭﺍﻟﺘـﻲ‬Ansys) ‫( ﻓﻲ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺒـﺎﺭ ﺒﺒﺭﻨـﺎﻤﺞ‬ASTM D790) ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﻟﻘﺩ ﺒﻴﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻡ‬. (10mm×135mm) ‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻤﺴﺘﻁﻴﻠﺔ ﺒﺄﺒﻌﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴل ﺃﺴﺘﺭ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﻘﻭﻴﺘﻪ ﺒﺄﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﻨﺘﻴﺠـﺔ‬
. ‫ﻹﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻭﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ‬

.‫ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺜﻨﺎﺀ‬، ‫ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ‬، (Ansys) ‫ ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ‬: ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ‬

Theoretical Study to Effect of Reinforcing by Fibers on Mechanical

Behavior of Thermosetting Resins

Ali I. Al-Mosawi Zuher H. Abdullah Moslem M. Ali Ali J. Salaman

Tech Inst-Babylon Tech Inst-Babylon Tech Inst-Babylon Tech Inst-Babylon
Lecturer Lecturer Assist Lecturer Assist Lecturer

Abstract
In this research Ansys program was used to study the effect of reinforcing vinyl
ester resin with different weight percentage (20%,40%,60%) from Woven roving glass
fibers (E) type (0°-45°) and the effect of this reinforcing on flexural strength of
resulting composite material under different loading . The standard specification
(ASTM D790) was used to fabricant the test samples in Ansys program which was a
rectangular shape with dimensions (135mm×10mm) .The theoretical results shows that
high flexural strength value for vinyl ester resin after reinforcing with glass fibers due
to high elastic modulus for these fibers and this strength will increase with increasing
percentage of fibers .
Keywords: Ansys Program , Composite Material , Flexural Strength.

1
 ‫‪The Iraqi Journal For Mechanical And Material Engineering, Special Issue‬‬

‫)‪.(Introduction‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺘﻡ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻘﺩﻤﺔ )‪ (Advanced Composite Materials‬ﺍﻟﻤﻘـﻭﺍﺓ ﺒﺎﻷﻟﻴـﺎﻑ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻹﺴﺘﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺠﺴﺎﺀﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻔﻴﻑ ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻬـﺩﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻫﻭ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺭﺍﺘﻨﺠﺎﺕ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘـﺯﺩﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺩﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻼﺩﺓ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﻤﺢ ﺒﺈﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻭﺍﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠـﺎﻻﺕ‬
‫ﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭﺴﻊ ﻭﺘﺤﺕ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺃﻗﺴﻰ ]‪ .[1‬ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤـﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒـﺔ ﺘﺘﺠـﺎﻭﺯ ﻨﺴـﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ )‪ (%50‬ﻜﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻭﺯﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻥ )‪ .(16×106 psi‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺅﻭل ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻲ ﻋﻥ ﺘﺤﻤل ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﻜﺜـﺭ‬
‫ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺸﻴﻭﻋﺎﹰ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﻜـﺎﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﻭﺃﻟﻴـﺎﻑ‬
‫ﻜﻴﻔﻼﺭ ]‪.[2‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻹﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴـﺔ ﻟﻬـﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﻭﺍﻷﺤﻤﺎل ﻓﻲ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﻴﻜﺘﺴـﺏ‬
‫ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻤﺩﻯ ﻤﻼﺌﻤﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﻋﻤل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻙ ﺃﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺃﺩﻨﺎﻩ ]‪:[3‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﻀﻴﺔ )‪ : (Resin-Matrix Composites‬ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻟﻴـﺎﻑ‬

‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﻤﺜل ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜـﺎﺭﺒﻭﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻜـﻴﻔﻼﺭ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒـﻭﺭﻭﻥ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ)‪.(315 ºC‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﻀﻴﺔ )‪ : (Metal-Matrix Composites‬ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻬﺎ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ )‪ (1250 ºC‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﻘﺭﻭﻨﺔ ﻤـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﻨﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻜﺎﺭﺒﻭﻥ‪ -‬ﻜﺎﺭﺒﻭﻥ )‪ : (Carbon-Carbon Composites‬ﻭﻫـﻲ ﺘﺘﻀـﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻜﺎﺭﺒﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻁﻤﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺒﻭﻥ ‪ .‬ﺘﺘﺤﻤل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤـﻭﺍﺩ ﺩﺭﺠـﺎﺕ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺘﺼل ﺇﻟﻰ)‪ (3300 ºC‬ﻤﻊ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻌﺸﺭﻴﻥ ﻤﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺍﻓﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻱ ﻭﺃﻗل ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ )‪. (%30‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺭﺍﻤﻴﻜﻴﺔ )‪ : (Ceramic Composites‬ﺘﺘﺼﻑ ﻫـﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤـﻭﺍﺩ ﺒـﺎﻟﻭﺯﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﻔﻴﻑ ﻭﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻭﻋﺩﻡ ﺘﺄﺜﺭﻫـﺎ ﺒـﺎﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
 ‫‪The Iraqi Journal For Mechanical And Material Engineering, Special Issue‬‬

‫) ‪. (Flexural Strength‬‬ ‫ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺜﻨﺎﺀ‬

‫ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺴﺎﹰ ﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺤﻨﺎﺀ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻓﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﺤﻤل ﺴﺎﻜﻥ ﻴﻤﻜـﻥ‬
‫ﺘﺴﻠﻴﻁﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻗﺒل ﺃﻥ ﻴﺨﻀﻊ ﺃﻭ ﻴﻨﻜﺴﺭ ﻭﺘﻘﺎﺱ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ )‪ . (Mpa‬ﻋﻨـﺩ ﺘﺴـﻠﻴﻁ‬
‫ﺤﻤل ﺇﻨﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻁﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻅﺭﺓ ﺘﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻁﺭﺩﻴﺎﹰ ﻤﻊ ﺨـﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻭﻨـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻭﻤﻊ ﺘﺭﺘﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﻥ ﺍﻹﺨﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘـﺎﺕ ﺘـﺅﺩﻱ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺸﻘﻕ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﺼل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺤﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ]‪. [4‬‬
‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺃﻗﺼـﻰ ﺤﻤـل ﻤﺴـﻠﻁ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫]‪[4‬‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫ﻤﻨﺘﺼﻑ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫‪3PS‬‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ ‪:‬‬
‫‪  F S ‬‬
‫‪2bt 2‬‬ ‫‪ = P‬ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﺤﻤل ﻴﺘﺤﻤﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ )‪.(N‬‬
‫)‪.(mm‬‬ ‫‪ = S‬ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻨﻘﻁﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴل‬
‫)‪.(mm‬‬ ‫‪ = b‬ﻋﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ‬
‫)‪. (mm‬‬ ‫‪ = t‬ﺴﻤﻙ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ‬

‫) ‪. (Work Procedure‬‬ ‫ﺇﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‬

‫ﺗﻢ ﻓﻲ ھﺬا اﻟﺒﺤﺚ إﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ )‪ (Ansys Version 11‬ﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﻗﯿﻤ ﺔ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣ ﺔ اﻹﻧﺜﻨ ﺎء ﻟ ﺮﺍﺘـﻨﺞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴل ﺃﺴﺘﺭ ﻗﺒل ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﻘﻭﻴﺘﻪ ﺒﻨﺴﺏ ﻭﺯﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ )‪ (%60,%40,%20‬ﻤﻥ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﺤﻴـﺙ‬
‫ﺘﻡ ﺇﺩﺨﺎل ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﻭﻀﺢ ﺃﺩﻨﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨـﺎﻤﺞ‬
‫ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﻲ ﻭﺍﻷﺤﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻁﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻟﻌﻤل ﻤﺤﺎﻜﺎﺓ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻨﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻲ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺇﺠﻬـﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (1‬ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺇﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ : (1‬ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺇﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ)‪(Ansys Version 11‬‬

‫‪Model‬‬ ‫‪Type of Element‬‬ ‫‪No of Element‬‬ ‫‪No of Nodes‬‬
‫‪Solid 185 Geometry , 8 Nods‬‬
‫‪Linear‬‬ ‫‪5145‬‬ ‫‪10290‬‬
‫‪,3-D Modeling‬‬

‫‪3‬‬
 ‫‪The Iraqi Journal For Mechanical And Material Engineering, Special Issue‬‬

‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻭﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻤﻭﻀﺤﺔ ﻜﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫) ‪. (Vinyl Ester Resin‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴل ﺃﺴﺘﺭ‬

‫ﺘﻡ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴل ﺃﺴﺘﺭ ﻨﻭﻉ )‪ (Deraken 510-a40‬ﺫﻭ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ )‪. (1.21g/cm3‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ )‪. (Glass Fibers‬‬

‫ﺘﻡ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﻨﻭﻉ )‪ (E‬ﺒﺸﻜل ﻅﻔﺎﺌﺭ ﻤﺤﺎﻜﺔ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺘﺠـﺎﻩ)‪ (45°-0°‬ﺫﺍﺕ ﻜﺜﺎﻓـﺔ‬
‫)‪. (2.6g/cm3‬‬

‫‪ -3‬ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺜﻨﺎﺀ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃُﻋﺘﻤﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ )‪ (ASTM D790‬ﻓﻲ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﻜﺎﻨـﺕ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺸﻜل ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻤﺴﺘﻁﻴﻠﺔ ﺒﺄﺒﻌﺎﺩ )‪. (10mm×10mm×135mm‬‬

‫)‪(Results and Discussion‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (1‬ﻴﻤﺜل ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴل ﺃﺴﺘﺭ ﻗﺒل ﺘﻘﻭﻴﺘﻪ ﺒﺄﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﺤﻴـﺙ‬
‫ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺇﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻟﻪ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﻌﺭﻀﻪ ﻟﻸﺤﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻁﺔ ﻋﻠﻴـﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺴـﺒﺏ ﻴﺭﺠـﻊ‬
‫ﻟﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺠﺎﺕ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻋﺎﻡ ﻭﻤﻥ ﻀﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴل ﺃﺴﺘﺭ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﻤـﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻬﺸـﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻺﺠﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺘﺘﻭﻟﺩ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﻨﻔﻌﺎﻻﺕ ﺸﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻓﺸﻠﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺭ‪.‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺘﻭﺍﻓﻕ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻭﺼﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺙ)‪ . [4] (Ali‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻀﺎﻑ ﻋﻨﺼﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻫﻭ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺘﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺤﺴﻥ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤـﺎ ﻨﻼﺤﻅـﻪ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ (2‬ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻤﺜل ﺇﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻟﻠﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﻘﻭﻴﺘﻪ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻭﺯﻨﻴﺔ )‪ (%20‬ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺇﺭﺘﻔﻌﺕ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺘﻪ ﻟﻺﻨﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﻴﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﻟﻴـﺎﻑ ﺴـﻭﻑ‬
‫ﺘﺘﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻷﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻁﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻹﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﺘﻔـﻕ ﺃﻴﻀـﹰﺎ ﻤـﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺘـﺎﺌﺞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼل ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺙ )‪.[5] (Ali‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ )‪ (%40‬ﻭ )‪ (%60‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻟﻲ ﺤﻴـﺙ‬
‫ﺘﺸﻐ‪‬ل ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺤﻴﺯ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﻤﺢ ﺒﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺤ‪‬ﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻁ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺒﺸـﻜل ﺃﻓﻀـل ‪،‬‬
‫ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺘﻪ ﻭﺭﻓﻊ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺸل ﻟﻪ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺸﻜﺎل )‪ (3‬ﻭ )‪ ، (4‬ﻭﻫـﻭ‬
‫ﻴﺘﻔﻕ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺎ ﺘﻭﺼل ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ )‪.[6] (Abbas ,Ali, Samara‬‬

‫‪4‬‬
 ‫‪The Iraqi Journal For Mechanical And Material Engineering, Special Issue‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ : (1‬ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴل ﺃﺴﺘﺭ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ : (2‬ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴل ﺃﺴﺘﺭ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﻘﻭﻴﺘﻪ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻭﺯﻨﻴﺔ )‪ (%20‬ﻤﻥ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )‪ : (3‬ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴل ﺃﺴﺘﺭ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﻘﻭﻴﺘﻪ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻭﺯﻨﻴﺔ )‪ (%40‬ﻤﻥ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ‬

‫‪5‬‬
 The Iraqi Journal For Mechanical And Material Engineering, Special Issue

‫( ﻤﻥ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ‬%60) ‫ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴل ﺃﺴﺘﺭ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﻘﻭﻴﺘﻪ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻭﺯﻨﻴﺔ‬: (4) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ‬

. (Conclusions) ‫ﺍﻹﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺠﺎﺕ‬
: ‫ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻨﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻵﺘﻲ‬

. ‫ ﺇﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴل ﺃﺴﺘﺭ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﺘﻔﻕ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬-1

.‫ﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻟﺭﺍﺘﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴل ﺃﺴﺘﺭ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﻘﻭﻴﺘﻪ ﺒﺄﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺠـﺎﺝ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴـﺔ ﺍﻹﺘﺠـﺎﻩ‬‫ ﺘﺤﺴ‬-2
.‫ﻭﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻤﻊ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﺎ ﺃﺜﺒﺘﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ‬

. (References) ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬
1- P. Vincenzini and M. Singh “Advanced Inorganic Fibrous Composites
V ” , TransTech Publications, 2006
2- P.K. Mallick “Fiber-Reinforced Composites: Materials, Manufacturing,
and Design”, 3rd Edition , CRC Press, 2007.
3- E.P. DeGarmo, J.T. Black, and R.A. kohser “ Materials and processes
in Manufacturing ” , 10th Edition , john Wiley & Sons , 2008 .
4- Ali Hoby Halem ,1999 “ Improvement Properties of Reinforced Plastic
Materials ”,M.sc Thesis,Engineering College,Babylon University , Iraq.
5- Ali I. Al-Mosawi “Study of Some Mechanical Properties for Polymeric
Composite Material Reinforced by Fibers ” , Al-Qadessiyah Journal
For Engineering Science , Vol 2 , No 1 , 2009 . pp.14 – 24 .
6- Abbas A. Al- Jeebory, Ali I. Al-Mosawi, Samara A. Al-Qurashi
“Difference Fibers Reinforcement percentage and its Effect on
Mechanical Properties of Thermosetting Resins” , Al-Qadessiyah
Journal For Engineering Science ,Special Issue, second Conference of
Engineering College , Al-Qadessiyah University ,19-20 October , 2009.

6
 The Iraqi Journal For Mechanical And Material Engineering, Vol.12, No.4, 2012

_________________________________________________________________
USING OF ANSYS PROGRAM TO CALCULATE THE
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ADVANCED
FIBERS REINFORCED COMPOSITE
Ali I. Al-Mosawi Moslem M. Ali Salim J. Abbas
Technical Inst-Babylon Technical Inst-Babylon Technical Inst-Babylon
Lecturer Assist Lecturer Assist Lecturer

_________________________________________________________________
Abstract:
Mechanical properties of vinyl ester resin reinforced with different weight
percentage (20%,40%,60%) glass fibers was studied theoretically using Ansys
program version (11) and these properties included tensile and flexural strength.
The standard specification (ISO-R-527)+(ASTM D790) were used to fabricant
the tensile and flexural test samples respectively by Ansys program. The
theoretical results shows that high tensile and flexural strength value for vinyl
ester resin after reinforcing with glass fibers due to high elastic modulus for these
fibers and this strength will increase with increasing percentage of fibers, which
agree with the experimental results obtained from tensile test .
Keywords: Mechanical properties , Vinyl ester resin, Fiber-reinforced
composites .
‫ لحساب الخواص الميكانيكية لمادة مركبة متقدمة‬Ansys ‫إستعمال برنامج‬
‫مقواة باأللياف‬

‫سليم جاسم عباس‬ ‫مسلم محسن علي‬ ‫علي إبراهيم الموسوي‬

‫المعهد التقني – بابل‬ ‫المعهد التقني – بابل‬ ‫المعهد التقني – بابل‬
‫مدرس مساعد‬ ‫مدرس مساعد‬ ‫مدرس‬

:‫الخالصة‬
‫( من ألياف‬%60,%40,%20) ‫الخواص الميكانيكية لراتنج الفنيل أستر المقوى بنسب وزنية مختلفة‬
‫( وقد شملت هذه‬Ansys Version 11) ‫الزجاج تم د ارستها في هذا البحث بشكل نظري بإستخدام برنامج‬
+ (ISO-R-527) ‫ أُعتمدت المواصفات القياسية‬. ‫الخواص كل من مقاومة الشد ومقاومة اإلنثناء‬
. (Ansys) ‫(في تصنيع نماذج إختبار الشد واإلنثناء على التوالي ببرنامج‬ASTM D790)
‫لقد بينت النتائج النظرية التي تم الحصول عليها إرتفاع قيمة مقاومة الشد ومقاومة اإلنثناء لراتنج الفنيل‬
‫أستر بعد تقويته بألياف الزجاج نتيجة إلرتفاع معامل مرونة هذه الألياف وتزداد هذه المقاومة مع زياد‬
.‫والذي يتفق مع النتائج العملية التي تم الحصول عليها من اإلختبارات العملية‬، ‫نسبة التقوية بالألياف‬

. ‫ المادة المركبة المقواة باأللياف‬، ‫ راتنج الفنيل أستر‬، ‫ الخواص الميكانيكية‬: ‫الكلمات الدالة‬

376
USING OF ANSYS PROGRAM TO CALCULATE THE Ali I. Al-Mosawi
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ADVANCED FIBERS Moslem M. Ali
REINFORCED COMPOSITE Salim J. Abbas
___________________________________________________________________________

INTRODUCTION
A composite is commonly defined as a combination of two or more distinct
materials, each of which retains its own distinctive properties, to create a new
material with properties that cannot be achieved by any of the components acting
alone. Using this definition, it can be determined that a wide range of
engineering materials fall into this category [Hull,Clyne,1997]. The reinforcing
phase material may be in the form of fibers, particles, or flakes . The matrix
phase materials are generally continuous. Examples of composite systems
include concrete reinforced with steel and epoxy reinforced with graphite fibers,
etc [Mallick,2007]. The composite material however , generally possesses
characteristic properties , such as stiffness , strength , weight , high-temperature
performance , corrosion resistance , hardness , and conductivity that are not
possible with the individual components by themselves . Analysis of these
properties shows that they depend on (1) the properties of the individual
components; (2) the relative amount of components; (3) the size ,shape ,and
distribution of the discontinuous components; (4) the degree of bonding between
components; and (5) the orientation of the various components [E.P.DeGarmo
etal,2008] . Vinyl ester, is a resin produced by the esterification of an epoxy resin
with an unsaturated monocarboxylic acid. The reaction product is then dissolved
in a reactive solvent, such as styrene, to a 35 - 45 percent content by weight. It
can be used as an alternative to polyester and epoxy materials in matrix or
composite materials, where its characteristics, strengths, and bulk cost
intermediate between polyester and epoxy[Michel,2007].
[G.Morom etal,1986] studied the effect of hybrid fibers (Carbon/Kevlar) on
the impact strength of epoxy resin. also [Ali,2009] investigated the effect of
changing the reinforcement percentage by fibers on Mechanical properties, for
composite material consists of conbextra epoxy (EP-10) resin reinforced by
biaxial woven roving kevlar fibers. [Azhdar,1992] studied the impact fracture
toughness of fiber reinforced epoxy resin.[Abbas etal,2009] studied effect the
change of reinforcement percentage of fibers on the thermal and mechanical
properties for polymeric composite material consist of conbextra epoxy (EP-10)
resin reinforced by biaxial woven roving S–type glass fibers.

TENSILE STRENGTH .
A tensile test is a fundamental mechanical test where a carefully prepared
sample is loaded in a very controlled manner while measuring the applied load
and the elongation of the sample over some distance. Tensile strength or ultimate
strength is defined as the maximum load that results during the tensile test,
divided by the cross-sectional area of the test sample. Therefore, tensile strength,
like yield strength, is expressed in Mpa. Tensile tests are used to determine the
modulus of elasticity, elastic limit, elongation, proportional limit, reduction in
area, tensile strength, yield point, yield strength and other tensile properties [9].
Tensile strength can be obtain from the following formula :

 PA ………………………………….(1)

where :
σ = tensile strength (N/m2)
P = test load (N)
376
Ali, et al. The Iraqi Journal For Mechanical And Material Engineering, Vol.12, No.4, 2012
_______________________________________________________________________________________

A = cross section area of sample (m2)

FLEXURAL STRENGTH .
Flexural strength is an object’s ability to bend without obtaining any major
deformities. A standard experiment called the three-point test can calculate an
object’s flexural strength. For example, a rectangular slab of concrete is placed
on two parallel platforms. Then another object applies load on the central part of
the concrete, between the platforms, and gradually increases pressure until the
concrete breaks. The flexural strength of concrete is estimated based on the
weight of the load that collapses the concrete, the distance between the platforms
and the width and thickness of the object being tested. An object’s flexural
strength also correlates with its tensile strength, or the object’s ability to be
stretched without significantly changing its shape. When an object is made to
bend, it is also somehow stretched, although only in a localized area. In
occupational fields such as construction and engineering, knowing a material's
flexural and tensile strengths is important in order to make sure that the material
is strong enough to use in structures. Hard but brittle objects, such as wood
concrete, alloys and plastic, are used more often in construction than elastic and
ductile objects such as rubber, gold or silver, so it is more important to evaluate
the former’s flexural and tensile strengths [9]. Flexural strength can be obtain
from the following formula :
3PS
  FS  (2)
2bt 2
where :
F = Maximum load (N)
S = Distance between loading points (mm)
b = Sample width (mm)
t = Sample thickness (mm)
In theory, an object’s flexural and tensile strengths would be in similar ranges if
there is homogeneity in the materials used, meaning that the substances used are
mixed in equally. If the substances are not uniformly mixed, then the flexure and
tensile strengths might drastically vary in different areas of the object. Another
factor that can change an object’s flexural and tensile strengths is defects. For
example, a rope with torn fibers might increase its tensile strength, as the fibers
can stretch longer, but it might decrease its flexural strength, especially when
load is applied on the area where the fibers are weakest.

WORK PROCEDURE .
In this research, Ansys program version (11) was used to calculate tensile
strength value for vinyl ester resin before and after reinforced with different
weight percentage from woven roving glass fibers (20%,40%,60%) . Specific
Properties for both resin and fibers was input in database of Ansys program , as
well as standard shape of samples , and applied different amount of loads to
make a theoretical emulation to experimental tensile and flexural test , and then
draw the obtained data after applied the loads . Table .1 show the specifications
used to draw test samples .
Following a short description to materials used :
1- Vinyl Ester Resin type Deraken 510-a40 with (1.21g/cm3) density .

376
 USING OF ANSYS PROGRAM TO CALCULATE THE Ali I. Al-Mosawi
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ADVANCED FIBERS Moslem M. Ali
REINFORCED COMPOSITE Salim J. Abbas
___________________________________________________________________________

2- unidirectional glass fibers E-type (0°) with (2.6g/cm3) density .

3- Test samples: standard specification (ISO-R-527)was used with rectangular
section .
4-Flexural Strength Samples : (ASTM-D790) was used as a rectangular
shape(10mm×135mm) .

RESULTS & DISCUSSION .

Fig.1 presents the tensile strength to vinyl ester resin before reinforcement ,
where we observed that , low tensile strength for this resin when exposed to
loads , because of in general the resins considered a brittle materials , which
accepted with experimental results obtained by [Ali,2009].
After reinforcing by fibers this property will be improved greatly as shown in
Fig.2 which represent the tensile strength to vinyl ester resin after reinforcing
with (20%) glass fibers , where the strength of resin will increased due to the
fibers will withstand the maximum part of loads and by consequence will raise
the strength of composite material and this also accepted with experimental
results obtained by [Abbas etal,2009]. The tensile strength will be increased as
the fibers percentage addition increased as illustrated in Fig.3 and Fig.4 which
represent tensile strength to vinyl ester resin after reinforcing with (40%) and
(60%) from glass fibers respectively . These fibers will be distributed on large
area in the resin which will be improved tensile strength greatly [Kiichi
etal,2009]. Flexural Strength :as mentioned above ,the resin is brittle , therefore
its flexural strength is low before reinforcement as shown in Fig .5 . But after
added the fibers to this resin the flexural strength will be raise to the producing
material because the high modulus of elasticity of these fibers will helps to carry
a large amount of loads and raise this strength as illustrated in Fig.6 , Fig.7 and
Fig.8 which represent tensile strength to vinyl ester resin after reinforcing with
(20%) , (40%) and (60%) from glass fibers respectively [Ali,2009].

CONCLUSIONS .
From the obtained results we get :
1- Low tensile and impact strength of vinyl ester resin .
2- Improvement of mechanical properties after reinforcement by glass fibers
.
3- Increased tensile and impact strength with increasing fibers percentage .
Table .1 : Specifications used to draw test samples
No of No of
Model Type of Element
Element Nodes
Tensile Solid 185 Geometry , 8 Nods ,3-D
Linear 3922 10961
Modeling
Flexural Solid 185 Geometry , 8 Nods ,3-D
Linear 5145 10290
Modeling

373
 Ali, et al. The Iraqi Journal For Mechanical And Material Engineering, Vol.12, No.4, 2012
_______________________________________________________________________________________

Fig.1 : Tensile strength to vinyl ester resin before reinforcement

Fig.2 : Tensile strength to vinyl ester resin after reinforcing with (20%) glass fibers

Fig.3 : Tensile strength to vinyl ester resin after reinforcing with (40%) glass fibers

Fig.4 : Tensile strength to vinyl ester resin after reinforcing with (60%) glass fibers

377
 USING OF ANSYS PROGRAM TO CALCULATE THE Ali I. Al-Mosawi
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ADVANCED FIBERS Moslem M. Ali
REINFORCED COMPOSITE Salim J. Abbas
___________________________________________________________________________

Fig.5 : Flexural strength to vinyl ester resin before reinforcement

Fig.6 : Flexural strength to vinyl ester resin after reinforcing with (20%) glass fibers

Fig.7 : Flexural strength to vinyl ester resin after reinforcing with (40%) glass fibers

Fig.8 : Flexural strength to vinyl ester resin after reinforcing with (60%) glass fibers
376
Ali, et al. The Iraqi Journal For Mechanical And Material Engineering, Vol.12, No.4, 2012
_______________________________________________________________________________________

REFERENCES .
Abbas A. Al-Jeebory, Ali I.Al-Mosawi “Effect of percentage of Fibers
Reinforcement on Thermal and Mechanical Properties for Polymeric
Composite Material ” , The Iraqi Journal for mechanical and materials
Engineering , Special Issue ,1st Conference of Engineering College , 2009.
pp70-82.
Ali I. Al-Mosawi “Study of Some Mechanical Properties for Polymeric
Composite Material Reinforced by Fibers ” , Al-Qadessiyah Journal For
Engineering Science , Vol 2 , No 1. , 2009. pp.14 – 24 .
Azhdar B.A. “Impact Fracture Toughness of Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Resin”
,M.SC Thesis ,U.O.T ,1992 .
D ,Hull , T .W, Clyne “An Introduction to Composite Materials” ,2nd Edition ,
Cambridge University Press ,1997.
E.P.DeGarmo, J.T. Black, and R.A. kohser “ Materials and processes in
Manufacturing ” , 10th Edition , John Wiley & Sons , 2008.
G.Morom ,E.Drukkler ,A. Weinberg ,and J.Banbaji “Impact behavior of Carbon /
Kevlar Hybrid Composites” , Composites ,Vol 17 ,No 2 ,1986 .pp150-153.
Kiichi Hasegawa, Hiroshi Hirano, Joji Kadota, Masahiro ABE, Satoshi Matsuda,
Hajime Kishi, and Atsushi Murakami “Properties of GFRP Using Matrix
Resin of Epoxy/ Acrylate Interpenetrating Polymer Network” , Journal of the
Society of Materials Science, Japan Vol.54 No.4 . , 2009 .pp.447 – 452 .
Mallick ,P.K. “Fiber-Reinforced Composites: Materials, Manufacturing, and
Design” ; 3rd Edition , CRC Press, Nov,2007.
Michel Biron “ Thermoplastics and Thermoplastic Composites ” , 1st Edition,
Elsevier ,2007.

376