NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology

Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
LECTURE ACTIVITIES NO. 19
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Name: Yda Maxine Palma Section: 38 Date Submitted: 12/16/2020

I. INTRODUCTION
The reproductive system is vital in the perpetuation of human species. Functional male and
female reproductive systems are necessary to effectively pass genetic makeup from one
generation to another.
II. ACCOMPLISH THE ACTIVITY TABLE 1.

GUIDE QUESTIONS ANSWERS

19.01A. List the functions of the male and The reproductive system produces male and
female reproductive systems. female gametes, enhances fertilization of an
oocyte by a sperm, nurtures the new
individual until birth (in the female), and
produces reproductive hormones.
19.02A. Describe the function of meiosis in The reproductive organs in males and females
the formation of sperm cells and oocytes. produce gametes by meiosis.
1. Two consecutive cell divisions halve the
chromosome number from 46 total
chromosomes to 23 total chromosomes.
2. Meiosis forms male and female gametes.
19.03A. Describe the scrotum and its role in 1. The scrotum is a sac containing the testes.
regulating the temperature of the testes. 2. The dartos and cremaster muscles help
regulate testes temperature.
19.03B. Describe the structure of the testes, the Testes
specialized cells of the testes, and the process The testes are divided into lobules containing
of spermatogenesis. the seminiferous tubules and interstitial cells.
Spermatogenesis
1. Spermatogenesis begins in the
seminiferous tubules at the time of puberty.
2. Sustentacular cells nourish the sperm cells
and produce small amounts of hormones.
3. Spermatogonia divide (mitosis) to form
primary spermatocytes.
4. Primary spermatocytes divide by meiosis
to produce first secondary spermatocytes and
then spermatids. The spermatids then mature
to form sperm cells.

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Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
5. A spermatid develops a head, midpiece,
and flagellum to become a sperm cell. The
head contains the acrosome and the nucleus.
19.03C. Describe the ducts of the male 1. The epididymis, a coiled tube system, is
reproductive system and their functions. located on the testis and is the site of sperm
maturation. Final changes, called capacitation
of sperm cells, occur after ejaculation.
2. The seminiferous tubules lead to the rete
testis, which opens into the efferent ductules
that extend to the epididymis.
3. The ductus deferens passes from the
epididymis into the abdominal cavity.
4. The ejaculatory duct is formed by the
joining of the ductus deferens and the duct
from the seminal vesicle.
5. The ejaculatory ducts join the prostatic
urethra within the prostate gland.
6. The urethra extends from the urinary
bladder through the penis to the outside of the
body.
19.03D. Describe the structure of the penis, Penis
seminal vesicles, bulbourethral glands, and 1. The penis consists of erectile tissue.
prostate gland, and explain their functions. 2. The two corpora cavernosa form the
dorsum and the sides.
3. The corpus spongiosum forms the ventral
portion and the glans penis, and it encloses the
spongy urethra. The prepuce covers the glans
penis.
Glands
1. The seminal vesicles empty into the
ejaculatory duct.
2. The prostate gland consists of glandular
and muscular tissue and empties into the
urethra.
3. The bulbourethral glands empty into the
urethra.
19.04A. List the hormones that influence the 1. GnRH is produced in the hypothalamus
male reproductive system, and describe their and released in surges.
functions. 2. GnRH stimulates release of LH and FSH
from the anterior pituitary.
3. LH stimulates the interstitial cells to
produce testosterone.

©
Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
4. FSH binds to sustentacular cells and
stimulates spermatogenesis and secretion of
inhibin.
5. Testosterone has a negative-feedback
effect on GnRH, LH, and FSH secretion.
6. Inhibin has a negative-feedback effect on
FSH secretion.
19.04B. Describe the changes that occur in 1. Before puberty, small amounts of
males during puberty. testosterone inhibit GnRH release.
2. During puberty, testosterone does not
completely suppress
GnRH release, resulting in increased
production of FSH, LH, and testosterone.
19.04C. Explain the events that occur during 1. Testosterone is required for normal sex
the male sexual act. drive.
2. Stimulation of the sex act can be tactile or
psychological.
3. Sensory impulses pass to the sacral region
of the spinal cord.
4. Motor stimulation causes erection, mucus
production, emission, and ejaculation.
19.05A. Name the organs of the female A female's internal reproductive organs are
reproductive system, and describe their the vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, cervix, and
structure. ovary. External structures include the mons
pubis, pudendal cleft, labia majora and
minora, vulva, Bartholin's gland, and the
clitoris.
19.05B. Describe the anatomy and histology Each ovary is a solid, ovoid structure about
of the ovaries. the size and shape of an almond, about 3.5 cm
in length, 2 cm wide, and 1 cm thick.
The ovaries are located in shallow
depressions, called ovarian fossae, one on
each side of the uterus, in the lateral walls of
the pelvic cavity.

19.05C. Discuss the development of the oocyte 1. By the fourth month of development, the
and the follicle, and describe ovulation and ovaries contain 5 million oogonia.
fertilization. 2. By birth, many oogonia have
degenerated, and for the remaining oogonia
meiosis has stopped in prophase I, causing
them to become primary oocytes.

©
Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
3. By puberty, 300,000 to 400,000 primary
oocytes remain, of which about 400 will be
released from the ovaries.
4. Ovulation is the release of an oocyte from
an ovary. The first meiotic division is
completed, and a secondary oocyte is
released.
5. A sperm cell penetrates the secondary
oocyte, the second meiotic division is
completed, and the nuclei of the oocyte and
sperm cell are united to complete fertilization.
6. A primordial follicle is a primary oocyte
surrounded by a single layer of flat granulosa
cells.
7. In primary follicles, the oocyte enlarges,
and granulosa cells become cuboidal and form
more than one layer. A zona pellucida is
present.
8. In a secondary follicle, fluid-filled vesicles
appear, and a theca forms around the follicle.
9. In a mature follicle, vesicles fuse to form
an antrum, and the primary oocyte is
surrounded by cumulus cells.
10. During ovulation, the mature follicle
ruptures, releasing the secondary oocyte,
surrounded by cumulus cells, into the
peritoneal cavity.
The remaining granulosa cells in the follicle
develop into the corpus luteum.
If fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum
persists. If there is no fertilization, it
degenerates.
19.05D. Describe the structure of the uterine
tubes, uterus, vagina, external genitalia, and Uterine Tubes
mammary glands. 1. The ovarian end of the uterine tube is
surrounded by fimbriae.
2. Cilia on the fimbriae move the oocyte
into the uterine tube.
3. Fertilization usually occurs in the
ampulla of the uterine tube, which is near the
ovary.
Uterus

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Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
1. The uterus is a pear-shaped organ. The
uterine cavity and the cervical canal are the
spaces formed by the uterus.
2. The wall of the uterus consists of the
perimetrium, or serous layer; the
myometrium (smooth muscle); and the
endometrium.
Vagina
1. The vagina connects the uterus (cervix)
to the vestibule.
2. The vagina consists of a layer of smooth
muscle and an inner lining of moist stratified
squamous epithelium.
3. The wall of the vagina produces
lubricating fluid.
4. The hymen covers the vestibular opening
of the vagina in young females.
External Genitalia
1. The vestibule is a space into which the
vagina and the urethra open.
2. The clitoris is composed of erectile tissue
and contains many sensory receptors
important in detecting sexual stimuli.
3. The labia minora are folds that cover the
vestibule and form the prepuce.
4. The greater vestibular glands produce a
mucous fluid.
5. The labia majora cover the labia minora,
and the pudendal cleft is a space between the
labia majora.
6. The mons pubis is an elevated area
superior to the labia majora.
Mammary Glands
1. Mammary glands are the organs of milk
production.
2. The mammary glands are modified
sweat glands that consist of glandular lobes
and adipose tissue.
3. The lobes connect to the nipple through
ducts. The nipple is surrounded by the
areola.

©
Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
4. The female breast enlarges during
puberty under the influence of estrogen and
progesterone.
19.06A. Describe the changes that occur in 1. Puberty begins with the first menstrual
females during puberty and the changes in the bleeding (menarche).
ovary and uterus that occur during the 2. Puberty begins when GnRH, LH, and FSH
menstrual cycle. levels increase.
Menstrual Cycle
1. The cyclical changes in the uterus are
controlled by estrogen and progesterone
produced by the ovary.
2. Menses (from day 1 to day 4 or 5):
Menstrual fluid is produced by degeneration
of the endometrium.
3. Proliferative phase (from day 5 to day of
ovulation): Epithelial cells multiply and form
glands.
4. Secretory phase (from day of ovulation to
day 28): The endometrium becomes thicker,
and endometrial glands secrete. The uterus is
prepared for implantation of the developing
blastocyst by day 21.
5. Estrogen stimulates proliferation of the
endometrium, and progesterone causes
thickening of the endometrium. Decreased
progesterone causes menses.
6. FSH initiates the development of the
follicles.
7. Estrogen produced by the follicles
stimulates GnRH, FSH, and LH secretion, and
FSH and LH stimulate more estrogen
secretion. This positive-feedback mechanism
causes FSH and LH levels to increase near the
time of ovulation.
8. LH stimulates ovulation and formation of
the corpus luteum.
9. Estrogen and progesterone inhibit LH and
FSH secretion following ovulation. If
fertilization does not occur, progesterone
secretion by the corpus
luteum decreases and menses begins.

©
Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
If fertilization does occur, the corpus luteum
continues to secrete progesterone and menses
does not occur.
19.06B. List the hormones of the female The hormones controlling the female
reproductive system, and explain how their reproductive system include gonadotropin-
secretion is regulated. releasing hormone (GnRH), follicle-
stimulating hormone (FSH) and leutenizing
hormone (LH), all of which are produced in
the brain; oestrogen and progesterone
produced by the ovaries and the corpus
luteum; and human chorionic gonadotropin
(HCG), produced by the placenta during
pregnancy.

19.06C. Explain the events that occur during 1. Female sex drive is partially influenced by
the female sexual act. testosterone-like hormones produced by the
adrenal cortex and estrogen produced by the
ovary.
2. Autonomic nerves cause erectile tissue to
become engorged with blood, the vestibular
glands to secrete mucus, and the vagina to
produce a lubricating fluid.
19.06D. Define menopause, and describe the The cessation of the menstrual cycle is called
changes that result from it. menopause.
19.07A. Describe the major age-related 1. Benign prostatic enlargement affects men
changes in the reproductive system. as they age, and it blocks urine flow through
the prostatic urethra.
2. Prostate cancer is more common in elderly
men.
3. Menopause is the most common age-
related change in females.
4. Cancers of the breast, the cervix, and the
ovaries increase in elderly women.
5. Early detection is key to the successful
treatment of most cancers.

III. CONCLUSION: Make general statement (Maximum of three sentences on what you have
learned on this activity.
I’ve began to realize just how important and sensitive our reproduction system is. There are a lot
of hormones and cells involved that can create and maintain this beautiful thing called life.

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Biofacultymember2020