9/18/18

MAGNETISM

INEL 4151
Dr. Sandra Cruz-Pol
Electrical and Computer Engineering Dept. μαγνήτης λίθος=
UPRM ch 7
magnetis lithos

Magnissia , Grecia Applications

Motors
Transformers
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! ! Magnetic Field
B = µH Biot-Savart Law
• States that:
H= magnetic field intensity [A/m] 
 Idl × r̂
dH =
B= magnetic field (or flux) density [Teslas] 4π R 2
In free space the permeability is:
µ o = 4p ´10 -7 H/m

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Example: Segment of current PE. 7.1 Find H at (0,0,5) ! !

! I ! Idl × R
a2  H= (cos a 2 - cos a1 )aˆf z dH =
4pr
 Idl × r̂ 4π R 3
(0,0,5)
dH = Due to 10A current in:
4π R 2 where a2=90o and α1 = 180 o − b r
a1 af ! I 12 +12
H= (cos a 2 - cos a1 )aˆf cos b =
52 + 2
2
= − cos(180 o − b) b
1 y
r 4pr 1
10A
aˆf = aˆl ´ aˆ r a1
x
For an infinite line filament with current I æ - aˆ x - aˆ y ö
(a1=180o and a2=0o): = çç ÷ ´ aˆ z ! 10 " − 2 %" −âx + ây %
! è 2 ÷ø H= $0 − '$ '
I 4π ( 5) # 27 &# 2 &
! r H= aˆf âφ = âl × âρ aˆ y - aˆ x
D = L aˆ r 2pr = !
H = 30.6 (−âx + ây )
mA
2pr 2 m

z
Circular loop of I dHz
y
Ej. Find H at the origin for: Defined by x 2 + y 2 = 9, z = 0 dHr
1 ! I
a2
H= (cos a 2 - cos a1 )aˆf • Apply Biot-Savart:  
6A 4pr  Idl × R R
aˆ r aˆf aˆ z dH =
2 o o ! ! 4π R 3
r ρ= α 2 = 45 α1 = 135 dl ´ R = 0 rdf 0
2 âφ = âl × âρ -r 0 h r
y
af a1 x 1 ⎛ −â + â ⎞ ⎛ −â − â ⎞
= rhdfaˆ r + r dfaˆ z 2 dl =r df
= ⎜ x y ⎟ × ⎜ x y ⎟ = âz
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ x
! I 2 ! • Only z-component of H
H=
4π
(cos 45 − cos135 ) âz H = 0.95âz A / m
o o
survives due to symmetry:
2
! 2π I ρ 2 dφ âz I ρ 2 âz 2π I ρ âz
H=∫ = ∫ dφ = ⎡ 2
⎣ + h ⎤⎦
2 3/2
0
⎡ 2
4π ⎣ ρ + h ⎦ 2 ⎤ 3/2 ⎡ 2
4π ⎣ ρ + h ⎦ 0 2 ⎤ 3/2
2 ρ

Ampere’s Law Ampere s Law

! ! ! !
"∫ H ⋅ dl = I enc = ∫ J ⋅ dS
• Simpler
! !
• Analogous to Gauss Law for Coulomb’s
ò H × dl = I enc = I We define an
Amperian path
• For symmetrical current distributions !
dl = ρ dφ âφ where H is
constant.
Recall Gauss Law:
ò Hf × rdf = Hf 2pr
! !
Qenc = ∫ ρv dv = "
∫ D ⋅ dS ! I
H=
v S
af
2pr

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Infinitely long coaxial cable Infinitely long coaxial cable

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
"∫ H ⋅ dl = Ienc = ∫ J ⋅ dS
"∫ H ⋅ dl = I enc = ∫ J ⋅ dS
z
z
2 a 2p
Four cases: I Iρ Four cases: I
1) For r<a
I enc = ∫ πa 2
⋅ ρ d φ d ρ âz =
2) For a<r<b I enc = ò ò pa aˆ z × r df draˆ z = I
a2 0 0
2

ò Hf × rdf = Hf 2pr ò Hf × rdf = Hf 2pr

Ir I
Hf = Hf =
2pa 2 2pr

Infinitely long coaxial cable Infinitely long coaxial cable

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
"∫ H ⋅ dl = Ienc = ∫ J ⋅ dS "∫ H ⋅ dl = I enc = ∫ J ⋅ dS
Four cases: z
3) For b<r<b+c Four cases:
! 2π ρ
I ρ dφ d ρ 4) For r>b+c
I enc = I - I = 0
I enc = ∫ J ⋅ ρ d φ d ρ âz = I − ∫ ∫
0 b (
π (b + c) − b
2 2
)
I enc =I-
I r -b ( 2 2
) 0 = H f 2pr
(
2bc + c 2 )
I é r 2 - b2 ù
ò Hf × rdf = Hf 2pr Hf = ê1 - ú Hf = 0
2pr ë c 2 + 2bc û

Sheet of current distribution PE. 7.5 Sheet of current

z ! ! Cross section
Recall we had
rv, rs in C/m3, C/m2 4 ò H × dl = I enc = K yb is a Line! Plane y =1 carries a current K=50 az mA/m.
Find H at (0,0,0).
b
1
a The H field is given by: y

3 y ! ì H aˆ z>0 ! 1 !
K [A/m]
H =í o x H = K ´ aˆ n
2
The H field on the î- H o aˆ x z<0 2
x
Amperian path is given by: Despejando por H : K =50 mA/m
⎧ 1 ! z
! ! æ2 3 4 1
ö! ! ⎪ K y âx z > 0
ò H × dl = ççè ò1 + ò2 + ò3 + ò4 ÷÷ø H × dl ! ⎪
H =⎨
2
⎪ − 1 K! â z < 0 -x ! 1
⎪
⎩ 2
y x
H = 50 âz × (−ây ) = 25âx mA / m
= 0(−a) + (−H o )(−b) + 0(a) + (H o )(b) 2
! 1 !
= 2H o b H = K ´ aˆ n
In General: 2

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Line Segment Infinite Line

a2
Magnetic Flux Density, B
! I
H= (cos a 2 - cos a1 )aˆf H • The magnetic flux is defined as:
4pr r ! I ! !
H= aˆf Y = ò B × dS [Wb] Webers = Teslas * m2
a1
2pr S

r âφ = âl × âρ

which flows through a surface S.
z Loop Infinite Plane • The total flux thru a closed surface in a
Hz ! !
h
! I ρ 2 âz
! 1 !
H = K ´ aˆ n
magnetic field is: ò B × dS = 0 S
H= 2 z
R
2 ⎡⎣ρ 2 + h 2 ⎤⎦ 3/2 ! ! ! Recall
4
ò B × dS = ò Ñ × B dv =0 ! !
Ñ×B = 0 Ñ × D = rv
b
a
1
r S v
y 3 y
K [A/m]
dl Monopole doesn t exist.
x 2
x

Maxwell s Equations for Magnetic Scalar and Vector Potentials, Vm& A

! !
Static Fields Ñ´ H = J
Differential form Integral Form When J=0, the curl of H is =0, then recalling the
!
!
Ñ × D = rv
! !
ò D × dS = ò rv dv
s v
Gauss s Law for E
field.
vector identity:
( )
Ñ × Ñ ´ H = 0 = Ñ × (ÑV )
! ! ! Gauss s Law for H • We can define a Magnetic Scalar Potential as:
Ñ×B = 0 ò B × dS = 0 field. Nonexistence
s of monopole ! !
! ! ! Faraday s Law; E H = -ÑVm if J = 0
Ñ´ E = 0 ò E × dl = 0
L field is conserved.
! ! ! !
• The magnetic Vector Potential A is defined:
! ! Ampere s Law
Ñ´ H = J ò H × dl = ò J × dS ! !
L s
B = Ñ´ A

The magnetic vector potential, A, P.E. 7.7 A current distribution causes a

is defined from: magnetic vector potential of:
! ! ! !
! !
A = x 2 yxˆ + y 2 xyˆ - 4 xyzzˆ
B = Ñ´ A
µo Idl × âR
where B = µo H = ∫ 4π R 2
L
Find : ! !
B = Ñ´ A
x̂ ŷ ẑ
It can be shown that: (we used this): B at (-1,2,5) ! ∂ ∂ ∂
! µ Idl æ1ö 1
B=
∂x ∂y ∂z
A=ò o - Ñç ÷ = 2
The magnetic
Answer: !
èRø R
L
4pR vector potential B = 20 xˆ + 40 yˆ + 3 zˆ [T] Ax y 2 x −4xyz
A is used in

Substituting into equation for Magnetic Flux:

antenna theory. Flux thru surface z=1, 0≤ x ≤1, -1≤y ≤4
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
Y = ò B × dS = ò (Ñ ´ A) × dS = A × dl ò Ψ= ∫ B ⋅ dS = "∫ A ⋅ dl Y = 20 [Wb]
S S S S
L
! ! 1 4 0
This is another
Y = ò A × dl
2 2 2
way of finding Answer : Ψ = ∫ x (−1) dx + ∫ y (1) dy + ∫ x ( 4) dx +0
magnetic flux. L 0 −1 1

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! ! ! ! 0<y<2
! ! x
J = ∇×H
!
"∫ H ⋅ dl = I = ∫ J ⋅ dS
enc
0<z<2 y

! ⌢ ⌢ ⌢ ⌢ ⌢ ⌢
( )
J = (8x 2 y + xy 2 ) x + y ( x 2 + y 2 ) − 8xy 2 y + (−y 2 z − zx 2 − 3zy 2 ) z ( ) (( ) ) (
J = 8x 2 y + xy 2 x + y x 2 + y 2 − 8xy 2 y + −y 2 z − zx 2 − 3zy 2 z )
! !
J @(5, 2,−3) J x = 8x 2 y + xy 2
x=−1
⌢ ⌢ ⌢ 2
= (8⋅ 25⋅ 2 + 5⋅ 4) x + ( 2 ( 25+ 4) − 8⋅ 5⋅ 4) y + ( 4 ⋅3+ 3⋅ 25+ 3⋅3⋅ 4) z y=2 z=2 2 ⎛ 8y 2 y 3 ⎞
I enc = ∫ ∫ (8y − y2 )dy dz = ∫ dz ⎜ − ⎟ = 2 ⎛⎜16 − 8 ⎞⎟
⌢ ⌢ ⌢ ⎝ 2 3 ⎠0
= ( 420 ) x + ( 58 −160 ) y + (12 + 75 + 36 ) z 0 0
0 ⎝ 3⎠
⌢ ⌢ ⌢
= 420 x −102 y +123z A/m2
= 26.67A

7.28 ! !
B = Ñ´ A Questions?
z
B= (-6xz+4x2y+3xz2)ax+(y+6yz-4xy2) ay+(y2-z3-2x2-z)az Wb/m2

Draw surface
! ! 2 2
Ψ= ∫ B ⋅ dS = ∫ ∫ B x dy dz
y
0 0 x
2 2
= ∫ ∫ (−6xz + 4x 2 y + 3xz 2 ) x=1
dy dz
0 0
2
2 2 2 ⎛ y2 ⎞
= ∫ ∫ (−6z + 4y + 3z ) 2
x=1
dy dz = ∫ ⎜⎝−6zy + 4 2 + 3z 2 y ⎟ dz
⎠ y=0
0 0 0
2
2 ⎛ z2 z3 ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
= ∫ (−12z + 8 + 6z 2 ) dz = ⎜ −12 + 8z + 6 ⎟ = −24 +16 + 6 ⎜ 8 ⎟ = 8Wb
0 ⎝ 2 3 ⎠ z=0 ⎝ 3⎠