ERBIL TECHNOLOGY INSTITUTE ROAD

CONSTRUCTION DEPT.

Name : Luqman Sdqi abdulla

Report name : Type of wall
Report date : 20 / 6 / 2020

The name of teacher: suad hussen Ibrahim

TABLE OF CONTENTS :

 Introduction ...…….…………….. 1
 Types of Walls ...…………………... 2
 Load Bearing Wall …………………….. 3
 Non Load Bearing Wall …………………….. 4
 Cavity Wall & shear wall .……………………. 5
 Partition Wall & panel wall ……………………. 6
 Veneered Wal & faced wall ……………………. 7
 Retaining walls …………………….. 8
 Causes of Wall Cracks …………………….. 9
 Cracks Caused by Foundation Failure …………………….. 10
 Reference …………………….. 11

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introduction :
Internal wall is an essential element for all buildings. There are different types of materials used
for internal wall construction. Given the high and increasing property prices, home owners’
expectations of quality homes and buildings have also risen in tandem. The tight manpower
situation has also led to finding solutions that are productive, cost effective and environmentally
friendly. Drywall construction has emerged as the leading option towards achieving quality
finishing with higher productivity without compromising its primary functionality as an internal
wall. Drywalls are lightweight (approximately 10-15% the weight of conventional brick walls),
which can result in reduced structural loads on foundations thus reducing structural, piling and
foundation costs. Mechanical and electrical services can easily be embedded within drywalls.
There is no need to hack walls to embed services as when conventional brick or block walls are
used. The use of drywalls facilitates dry construction, eliminating messy plastering works as its
smooth and even surfaces are ready to receive paint finishes directly. Drywall systems are easily
installed, can be redesigned and quickly relocated according to one’s needs with no noisy and
untidy hacking of concrete or bricks. Drywall construction is cleaner, quieter and
environmentally friendly. Apart from high quality finish and productivity, drywall systems
contribute to higher buildable and constructability scores where minimum standards are now
mandated. Designers and builders should consider this system for their projects. In the
CONQUAS 8th edition, the use of drywalls and its impact on quality are also recognised and
encouraged. Award points are given where drywalls are used leading to improved CONQUAS
score for the project. While there are some common misperceptions about drywalls, this guide
serves to dispel them. With improvements in manufacturing technology and design, drywalls are
now able to meet, if not exceed, the standards expected of conventional brick or block wall
construction in areas like acoustic performance, thermal insulation and resistance to fire and
damp conditions. This has led to many leading and progressive developers using drywalls in
their higher end residential projects. This guide therefore provides simple and practical tips on
how good quality drywall can be achieved on site. It highlights the salient quality issues involved
in the design, material selection, and installation of drywalls. Following the processes in this
guide will lead to higher quality standards, better buildable and constructability scores and
improved productivity.

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Types of Walls

Following are various types of walls used in building construction:

1. Load Bearing Wall

It carries loads imposed on it from beams and slabs above including its own weight and transfer
it to the foundation. These walls supports structural members such as beams, slabs and walls on
above floors above. It can be exterior wall or interior wall. It braces from the roof to the floor.

Types of Load Bearing Wall

 Precast Concrete Wall

 Retaining Wall

 Masonry Wall

 Pre Panelized Load Bearing Metal Stud Walls

 Engineering Brick Wall (115mm, 225mm)

 Stone Wall

 As the height of the building increased, required thickness of wall and resulting stress on
foundation will also increase and cause it to be uneconomical.

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2. Non Load Bearing Wall
Non-load bearing walls only carry their own weight and does not support any structural members
such as beams and slabs. These walls are just used as partition walls or to separate rooms from
outside. It is known as interior wall (doesn’t carry other load than its own load.

Types of non load bearing wall

a) Hollow Concrete Block
b) Façade Bricks
c) Hollow Bricks
d) Brick Wall (115mm, 225mm)

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3. Cavity Walls

It is a wall constructed in 2 leaves / skins with a space / cavity between them. A type of building
wall construction consisting of an outer wall fastened to inner wall separated by an air
space. Cavity walls helps to prevent the penetration of rain to the internal surface of the wall.

4. Shear Wall
Shear walls are a framed wall designed to resist lateral forces. It is a vertical elements of the
horizontal force resisting system. It is used to resist wind and earthquake loading on a building. It
is typically a wood frame stud walls covered with a structural sheathing material like plywood.

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5. Partition Wall

Partition wall is an interior non-load bearing wall to divide the larger space into smaller spaces.
The heights of a partition wall depends on the use which may be one storey or part of one storey.
These walls are made up of glass, fiber boards or brick masonry.

6. Panel Wall
Panel wall is generally made of wood and is an exterior non-load bearing wall in framed
construction. It is used for aesthetics of the buildings both inside and outside. It remains totally
supported at each storey but subjected to lateral loads.

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7. Veneered Walls
Masonry veneer walls is a single non-structural external masonry wall made of brick, stone or
manufactured stone. It has an air space behind and is called as anchored veneer.

8. Faced Wall
Faced walls has the facing and backing of two different materials are bonded together to ensure
common action under load.

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Example of most important wall :

Retaining walls :

are relatively rigid walls used for supporting soil laterally so that it can be retained at different
levels on the two sides. Retaining walls are structures designed to restrain soil to a slope that it
would not naturally keep to (typically a steep, near-vertical or vertical slope). They are used to
bound soils between two different elevations often in areas of terrain possessing undesirable
slopes or in areas where the landscape needs to be shaped severely and engineered for more
specific purposes like hillside farming or roadway overpasses. A retaining wall that retains soil
on the backside and water on the frontside is called a seawall or a bulkhead.

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Causes of Wall Cracks

Causes of Wall Cracks In Your Home

Cracking walls are an annoyance for any homeowner. Some cracks can be easily spackled and
sealed without the need to call in the professionals. Some common causes of wall cracks
include:

Humidity – Wood frames in most older homes expand and contract when the humidity rises and
falls. This in turn puts stress on the plaster or drywall in front of it.

The stress levels of your interior walls eventually lead to cracking.

Loose Plaster – Older homes used standard plaster walls instead of the more durable drywall
used today. As it ages, plaster may sag as it comes loose from the lumber frame behind it. This
causes the plaster to weaken from stress, and eventually crack.

Settling – It is natural for homes to settle on their foundations over a period of decades. This
creates structural weaknesses that, by themselves, are of very little threat to the integrity of the
home.

However, it is possible that cracks in your walls, floors, and ceiling indicate serious structural
and foundational issues.

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Cracks Caused by Foundation Failure

Cracks in the walls of your concrete basement, foundation or exterior brick façade may indicate
that the foundation under your home has begun to fail. This can cause many headaches for a
homeowner including:

•The Development of More Cracks

•Bulging or Bowing Walls

•Sagging Ceilings

•Wall and Ceiling Collapse

•Complete Structural Collapse

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Refrence :

 https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retaining_wall
 https://civiltoday.com/construction/wall/235-wall-definition-types
 https://www.nachi.org/gallery/framing-2/load-and-non-load-bearing-walls-8
 https://www.dreamstime.com/photos-images/faced-wall.html
 https://www.retainingwallscharlotte.com/natural-stone-retaining-walls.html
 https://www.hj3.com/causes-of-wall-cracks/

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