SESAMUM INDICUM 487

15 Sesamum
indicum
L.

Common Names
Acchellu India Sesam Germany
Ajonjoli Spain Sesam Spain
Ashadital India Sesam Sweden
Bariktil India Sesame France
Bijan Malaysia Sesame United Kingdom
Chaam-kkae Korea Sesame United States
Cycam Bulgaria Sesamfre Iceland
Dee la Thailand Sesami Greece
Ellu India Sesamkruid Netherlands
Gergelim Brazil Sesamo Italy
Gingelly United Kingdom Sesamo Portugal
Goma Japan Sesamo Spain
Harilik seesam Estonia Sesamzaad Netherlands
Hei chih ma China Sezam indicky Slovakia
Karuthellu India Sezam Croatia
Khasa India Sezam Czech Republic
Kkae Korea Sezam Poland
Koba Japan Sezam Russia
Konjed Iran Sezam Ukraine
Kunzhut Russia Sezama seklas Latvia
Kunzuut Estonia Sezama Slovenia
Linga Philippines Sezamas Lithuania
Man nga Laos Sezamo Spain
Mittho-tel India Shooshma Armenia
Moa China Shooshmayi good Armenia
Mua chi China Shumshum Israel
Nga Laos Sim-sim Arabic countries
Ngaa Thailand Sim-sim Netherlands
Nuvvulu India Suom Finland
Rasi India Susam Albania
Sasim Arabic countries Susam Bulgaria
Seesami Finland Susam Turkey
Semsem United Kingdom Susan Romenia
Sesam Denmark Sven Sweden

From: Medicinal Plants of the World, vol. 3: Chemical Constituents, Traditional and Modern Medicinal Uses
By: I. A. Ross © Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ

487
488 MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE WORLD

Szezam Hungary Tisi India

Szezammag Hungary Ufuta Mozambiq ue
Szezammag Israel Ufuta Tanzania
Tal India Vanglo Germany
Teel France Vung Vietnam
Til India Wijen Indonesia
Til Pakistan Yallu India
Tila India Zelzlane Arabic countries
Till France Zi ma zi China

BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION sity within the several hundred varieties of

Sesame is an erect annual (or occasionally, sesame. However, the sesame varieties are
a perennial) of the PEDALIACEAE family usually divided into two types: shattering
that grows to a height of 0.5–1.5 m, depend- and nonshattering. On ripening, sesame
ing on the variety and the growing condi- capsules split, releasing the seed (hence the
tions. Some varieties are highly branched, phrase, “open sesame”). Because of this
whereas others are unbranched. Leaves, shattering characteristic, sesame has been
7.5–12.5 cm, simple or, when variable, with grown primarily on small plots that are
upper ones narrowly oblong, middle ones harvested by hand. The discovery of an
ovate and toothed and the lower ones lo- indehiscent (nonshattering) mutant by
bate or pedatisect. Flowers are white, pink, Langham in 1943 began the work toward
or mauve-pink with dark markings, borne in development of a high-yielding, shatter-
racemes in the leak axils. The fruit is capsu- resistant variety. Although researchers
lar, oblong-quadrangular, slightly com- have made significant progress in sesame
pressed, deeply four grooved, 1.5–5 cm long. breeding, harvest losses resulting from
Seeds are black, brown, or white, 2.5–3 mm shattering continue to limit domestic pro-
long and approx 1.5 mm wide. In general, duction.
the unbranched varieties mature earlier. At ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION
maturity, leaves and stems tend to change
Sesamum indicum L. is one of the oldest cul-
from green to yellow to red. The leaves will
tivated plants in the world. It was a highly
begin to fall off the plants. The bell-shaped
prized oil crop of Babylon and Assyria at
white to pale-rose flowers begin to develop
least 4000 years ago. Today, India and
in the leaf axils 6–8 weeks after planting,
China are the world’s largest producers of
and this continues for several weeks. Mul-
sesame, followed by Myanmar, Sudan,
tiple flowering is favored by opposite leaves.
Mexico, Nigeria, Venezuela, Turkey, Uganda,
Initiation of flowering is sensitive to photo-
and Ethiopia.
period and varies among varieties. Sesame
is normally self-pollinated, although cross- TRADITIONAL MEDICINAL USES
pollination by insects is common. The fruit Arabic countries. Dried seeds are used ex-
contains 50–100 or more seeds. The seeds ternally in the form of a plaster as a contra-
mature 4–6 weeks after fertilization. The ceptive in Unani medicine. The seed oil is
growth of sesame is indeterminant; that is, applied on the glans penis before coitus to
the plant continues to produce leaves, prevent conceptionSI111.
flowers, and capsules as long as the weather China. Hot water extract of seed is taken
permits. The lighter colored seeds are con- orally for impotenceSI028. Seed oil is taken
sidered higher quality. There is great diver- orally for tuberculosisSI035.
SESAMUM INDICUM 489

Cuba. Seed oil is taken orally as a galacto- Iran. Oil of dried seeds is taken orally for its
gogueSI138. laxative effectSI045.
Europe. Seed oil taken orally is used as an Ivory Coast. The juice of new leaves is
emmenagogueSI025. drunk to expel placentaSI034.
Haiti. Decoction of dried seeds is taken Jordan. Seed oil is taken orally to induce
orally for asthmaSI122. lactation and as an antitussiveSI075.
India. The seed oil is taken orally as a Malaysia. Hot water extract of seeds is
purgativeSI139. A mixture of dried fruits of taken orally as an emmenagogue and in a
Sesamum indicum, Clerodendrum indicum, large dose as an abortifacientSI038. Seed oil is
Moringa pterygosperma, and Piper nigrum is taken orally as an emmenagogue and used
mixed with crude sugar and taken orally for by males as a tonic for sexual neuras-
20 days to produce sterilitySI103. Leaves are theniaSI032.
ground with jaggary and taken orally with Mexico. Seeds, ground and mixed with
coconut milk to treat rabiesSI062. Infusion of masa, are eaten for increasing milk flow in
the leaf is taken once a day for controlling nursing mothersSI031.
diabetes SI069. Decoction of 25–30 dried Morocco. Seeds are eaten as a hypnotic and
leaves is given once a day for 6 months to stimulant and taken by females as a stimu-
control diabetesSI093. Extract of the seed is lant for lactationSI077.
taken orally as an abortifacient and an Mozambique. Juice of the entire plant is
emmenagogueSI029. Hot water extract of the taken orally as an aphrodisiacSI079. Hot water
seed is taken orally as an emmena- extract of the seed is taken orally as emme-
gogueSI036,SI136 and an abortiveSI136. Hot water nagogue and abortifacientSI079.
extract of the dried seed is taken orally as an Nepal. Seed oil smeared around umbilicus
abortifacient SI123, an emmenagogue SI123, a and 3–5 mL placed inside the ostium is used
tonic, a diuretic, and an aphrodisiac; to as an abortifacientSI070.
promote hair growth; for ulcers, piles, eye Pakistan. Seeds are taken orally as an
diseases, and biliousness; and as a galacto- emmenagogueSI026.
gogueSI126. Dried seeds when taken orally Peru. Hot water extract of the dried bark is
have an abortifacient effect in an over- taken orally for dislocations, chest pains,
dose SI107. Olive oil extract of Terminalia and contusionsSI125.
arjuna, Aglaia roxburghiana, Jasminum Saudi Arabia. Hot water extract of dried
officinalis, Indigofera tinctoria, Tinspora cordi- plant was used as a contraceptive in the
folia, Pterocarpus marsupium, Eclipta alba, 13th centurySI137.
Pandanus tectorius, Oroxylum indicum, South Africa. Hot water extract of aerial
Valeriana hardwickii, Terminalia chebula, parts is taken orally by the Bantu as an
Termianlia bellerica, Emblica officinalis, aphrodisiacSI036. Hot water extract of leaves
Punica granatum, Nelumbium speciosum, and is taken orally by the Transvaal Sotho as a
Sesamum indicum is used externally to pre- remedy for malariaSI036.
vent premature graying of hairSI127. Paste of South Korea. Hot water extract of seed is
Bridelia scandens prepared in Sesamum taken orally to induce menstruationSI130.
indicum oil is applied externally for wounds Hot water extract of dried seed is taken
caused by dog bitesSI115. Fresh seed oil is used orally as an abortifacient and emmen-
for eye diseases. A decoction of the leaf of agogueSI119.
Gymnema silvestre is heated with sesame United States. Dried seeds are eaten as an
seed oil until an emulsion is formed and emmenagogueSI110. Hot water extract of the
then used as a drop for the eyes several times seed oil is taken orally to promote menstru-
a daySI113. ationSI037.
490 MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE WORLD

Vietnam. The seed oil is taken orally as an Nepetin: LfSI141

emmenagogueSI033. Obtusifoliol: Sd oilSI061
Oleic acid: Sd oilSI050
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS Oxalic acid: SdSI063
(ppm unless otherwise indicated) Palmitic acid: Sd oilSI050
Amyrin,D: Sd oilSI061 Palmitoleic acid: Sd oil <0.5%SI067
Amyrin, E: Sd oilSI061 Pedaliin: Lf 0.3%SI142
Anthraquinone, 2-(4-methyl-pent-3-enyl): Pinoresinol 4'-O-E-D-glucopyranosyl (1-2)-E-
Hairy Rt Cult 29SI042 D-glucopyranoside: Sd 42SI152
Anthraquinone, 2-(4-methyl-penta-1-3- Pinoresinol 4'-O-E-D-glucopyranosyl (1-6)-E-
dienyl): Hairy Rt Cult 18SI042 D-glucopyranoside: Sd 20.6SI152
Arachidonic acid: Sd oil <1%SI067 Pinoresinol glycoside: SdSI078
Arginine: Sd cake 3.9%SI040 Pinoresinol, (+): Sd 17.9SI078
Asarinin, (+): Sd oilSI112 Pinoresinol: Sd 162.5SI043
Avenasterol, 5-dehydro: Sd oilSI061 Pinoresinol-4'-O-E-D-glucopyranosyl (1-2)-O-
Avenasterol, 7-dehydro: Sd oilSI061 (E-D-glucopyranosyl (1-6))-E-D-
Behenic acid: Sd oil <0.5%SI067 glucopyranoside, (+): Sd 52.2SI156
Bicyclo(3.3.0)-octane, 3-7-dioxa, 2-(3-4- Piperitol, (+): Sd 1.5SI151
methylenedioxy-phenyl)-6-(4-hydroxy-3- Planteose: SdSI104
methoxy-phenyl): SdSI059 Protecatechuic acid: Lf, FrSI132
Caffeic acid: Lf, FrSI132 Protein: LfSI102, Sd 29.5%SI132
Campesterol: Sd oilSI061 Sesamin analog: Sd 16SI120, Sd oil 0.17%SI128,
Campneoside I: Pl 330.9SI044 Call Tiss 4807.6SI051, RtSI131, PodSI151
Campneoside II: Pl 49.5SI044 Sesamin, (+): Call Tiss 4903.8SI059
Cholesterol: Sd oilSI061 Sesamin, epi, (+): Sd 1.5SI151
Cistanoside F: Pl 217.1SI044 Sesamin, epi: SdSI097
Citrostadienol: Sd oilSI061 Sesamin: PlSI047, Sd oilSI096, SdSI097
Coumaric acid, ortho: Lf, FrSI132 Sesaminol diglucoside: PlSI047
Coumaric acid, para: Lf, FrSI132 Sesaminol, epi: SdSI097
Cycloartanol, 24-methylene: Sd oilSI061 Sesaminol: SdSI053
Cycloartenol, 24-methylene: Sd oilSI067 Sesaminol-2'-O-E-D-glucopyranoside:
Cycloartenol: Sd oilSI061 Sd 111.2SI043
Cycloeucalenol: Sd oilSI061 Sesaminol-2'-O-E-D-glucopyranosyl(1-2)-O-
Diacetyl: Sd oilSI067 [E-D-glucopyranosyl(1-6)]-E-D-
Esculentic acid: Call TissSI072, PlSI052 glucopyranoside: Sd 237.5SI043
Fatty acids: Sd oilSI153 Sesaminol-2'-O-E-D-glucopyranosyl(1-2)-O-E-
Ferulic acid, trans: Sd 5.4–40SI151,SI120 D-glucopyranoside: Sd 1422.5SI043
Ferulic acid: Lf, FrSI132 Sesaminone, epi, (+): Pod, Sd 0.78SI151
Fucosterol, iso: Sd oilSI067 Sesamol: Sd oilSI108
Gadoleic acid: Sd oil <0.5%SI067 Sesamolin: SdSI068, PlSI047, StSI131
Gentisic acid: LfSI132 Sesamolin analog: Sd 48SI120
Globulin, D: SdSI089 Sesamolin, (+): Call Tiss 1.01SI051, Pod, Sd
Glyoxal, methyl: Sd oilSI067 217.9SI151
Glyoxal: Sd oilSI067 Sesamolinol: SdSI041
Gramisterol: Sd oilSI061 Sesamolinol, (+): 1.9SI151
Kobusin, (+): Sd 1.1SI151 Sesamum compound 10: Pl 59.2SI044
Linoleic acid: Sd oilSI050 Sesamum compound 11: Pl 76.4SI044
Linolenic acid, D: Sd oilSI086 Sesamum compound 7: Pl 21.1SI044
Linolenic acid, J: Sd oilSI086 Sesamum compound 8: Pl 23SI044
Linolenic acid: Sd oil <1%SI067 Sesamum compound 9: Pl 26.4SI044
Myristic acid: Sd oilSI067 Simplexoside aglycone: Sd 16-86.2SI120,SI043
Naphthazarin-2-3-epoxide, 2-iso-propenyl: Sitosterol, E: Sd oilSI112
Hairy Rt Cult 550SI042 SOP-1: Sd oilSI153
SESAMUM INDICUM 491

SOP-2: Sd oilSI153 Allergenic activity. Seed oil, applied exter-

SOP-3: Sd oilSI153 nally on adults at various concentrations,
Squalene: Sd oilSI144 was activeSI143. Oral administration to female
Stearic acid: Sd oilSI086
adults at a dose of 10 g/person produced
Stigmast-7-en-3-E-ol: Sd oilSI061
Stigmasterol: Sd oilSI061 strong activitySI048. The seeds, administered
Sucrose: SdSI104 by inhalation to male adults, induced aller-
Tannic acid: SdSI063 gic reaction. One adult developed occupa-
Tocopherol, D: Sd oilSI039 tional hypersensitivity to sesame seeds. This
Tocopherol, E: Sd oilSI067 was confirmed by skin prick testSI082. Inhala-
Tocopherol, G: Sd oilSI067 tion of seeds by adults induced asthma,
Tocopherol, J: Sd oil 60-70SI117 rhinitis, and urticariaSI066. The seeds, admin-
Urs-12-en-28-oic acid, 3-E-(cis-para-
coumaroyl-oxy)-2-D-23-dihydroxy: PlSI052
istered orally to male adults at a dose of 2
Urs-12-en-28-oic acid, 3-E-(trans-para- mg/day, induced allergic reaction. The seed
coumaroyl-oxy)-2-D-23-dihydroxy: PlSI052, produced generalized urticaria in a male
Call TissSI072 adultSI080. The seed, administered orally to
Vanillic acid: LfSI132 female adults at a dose of 10 g/person, in-
Verbascoside: Call TissSI074, Pl 388.09SI044 duced anaphylaxisSI048. In 9070 investigated
Verbascoside, decaffeoyl: Pl 201.4SI044 infants and young children (0–2 years old),
PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES the overall prevalence of clinically relevant
AND CLINICAL TRIALS immunoglobulin (Ig) E-mediated reactions
Abortifacient effect. Ethanol (50 and among these patients was estimated at 1.2%
100%) extracts of the dried seed, adminis- (104/9070). Anaphylaxis was the present-
tered intragastrically to pregnant rats at a ing symptom in 6/78 (7.7%) casesSI005. Seed
dose of 200 mg/kg, was inactiveSI087,SI135. Ac- oil, applied externally to adults, was inac-
etone extract of the dried seed, on agar plate tive. It was applied to skin, hair, nails, eyes,
at a concentration of 0.2 g/plate, was active and mucous membranes without irrita-
on Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and tionSI067. Seed oil applied as patch test to
TA100 vs aflatoxin B1-induced mutagen- adults produced dermatitisSI096. Seeds, ad-
esis, Aspergillus ochraceous extract-induced ministered orally to female adults, induced
mutagenesis, and Aspergillus versicolor ex- sesame seed anaphylaxisSI048. The seed in-
tract-induced mutagenesisSI101. gested by adults produced a severe allergic
Acyl-coenzyme A inhibition. Cholesterol reactions in sensitized individualsSI065.
acyl-transferase inhibitor CP-105,191 dis- D-Tocopherol effect. The seed, adminis-
solved in sesame oil was investigated in fed tered in the ration of male rats at a dose of
and fasted dogs. Systemic availability of CP- 20% of low D-tocopherol diet for 8 weeks,
105,191 area-under-the-curve (AUC) was produced an increase of D-tocopherol in the
three- to fourfold higher in fed dogs than in blood and tissue. Results were significant at
fasted dogs when 50-mg doses were admin- p < 0.01SI046.
istered as aqueous suspension. When CP- Anaphylactic response. Seed oil, adminis-
105,191 was partially dissolved in 20 mL tered periodontally to adults, was effective.
sesame oil, the availability of CP-105,191 A 46-year-old male developed recurrent re-
was increased by a factor of 2. Plasma AUCs action to sesame seed oil. The symptoms
were similar for fed and fasted dogs after the were chills, shakiness, cramps, vomiting, fe-
12.5-mg dose completely dissolved in cal incontinence, fainting, flushing, and
sesame oil, indicating that the increased pruritic welts. Skin test revealed a four-plus
availability of drug when administered with multitest response and a marginally positive
food is related to the presence of lipidSI019. rast. Significant histamine release was also
492 MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE WORLD

notedSI058. Seeds, administered orally to fe- ene chloride extract of the dried leaf, on
male adults, induced anaphylaxisSI048. The agar plate at a concentration of 100 Pg/
seed, administered orally to female adults, plate, was inactive on Cladosporium cucu-
induced anaphylaxis. In a double-blind, pla- merinum. Methanol and methylene chloride
cebo-controlled case study of a patient with extracts of the dried root, at a concentra-
celiac challenged with sesame seeds, it was tion of 100.0 Pg/plate, were active on Cla-
indicated that sesame can induce non-IgE- dosporium cucumerinumSI071. Seed oil, on agar
mediated anaphylaxis SI084. Ten allergic plate at an undiluted dose, was inactive on
patients had positive IgE antibodies and Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Trichophy-
skin-prick test to food-containing sesa- ton rubrumSI129.
me SI002. Four patients with anaphylaxis, Antihemolytic activity. The seed, admin-
angioedemia, or urticaria after ingestion of istered in the ration of male rats at a dose of
sesame seed or sesame oil-containing prod- 5% of diet, was active on red blood cells
ucts were studied for anti-sesame seed ex- (RBCs) vs low D-tocopherol diet. Results
tract IgE by the radioallergosorbent test. were significant at p < 0.01SI046.
Three of four were be positiveSI023. Antihypercholesterolemic activity. Seed
Antibacterial activity. Ethanol extract of oil, administered by gastric intubation to
the shade-dried seed, on agar plate at a con- rabbits at a dose of 1 g/kg, was activeSI149.
centration of 2.5 mg/disc, was inactive on Antihypertensive effect. Sesame oil lignan
Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomo- sesamin, in two-kidney, one-clip (2K,1C)
nas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and renal hypertensive rats fed a sesamin-con-
Staphylococcus epidermidisSI088. Seed oil, on taining (1% w/w) diet, was investigated.
agar plate at an undiluted dose, was inactive The hypertension was markedly reduced,
on Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Salmo- but the sesame diet ameliorated the vascu-
nella typhosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and lar hypotrophy. Results indicated that
Vibrio choleraeSI129. The seeds, on agar plate, sesamin is useful as prophylactic treatment
were active on Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia to combat the development of renal hyper-
coli, Pseudomonas cichorii, and Salmonella tension and cardiac hypertrophySI017.
typhimuriumSI083. Pretreatment of mice with Anti-implantation effect. Ethanol extract
sesame extract significantly reduced the of the dried seed, administered intragastri-
lethality of bacterial infection, possibly cally to female rats at a dose of 200 mg/kg,
because of its host-mediated action. No was inactive vs early pregnancySI087.
apparent acute toxicity was detected in mice Anti-inflammatory effect. Sesame oil,
by oral administration of 10 g/kg of the present in the injectable gold preparation
extractSI009. “Auromyose,” was administered at a dose of
Anticrustacean activity. Methylene chlo- 18 g/daily for 12 weeks to 11 healthy male
ride extracts of the dried leaf and root, at a volunteers. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-D,
concentration of 500 ppm, were inactive on prostaglandin (PG)-E2, and leukotriene
Artemia salina. The assay system was in- production levels did not indicate any sta-
tended to predict for antitumor activity. tistically significant changes. This result did
Methanol extract of the dried root, at a con- not suggest antiinflammatory effect of
centration of 500 ppm, was inactive on sesame oil as present in injectable gold
Artemia salinaSI071. Ethanol extract of the preparations used in the treatment of rheu-
shade-dried seed was inactive on Artemia matoid arthritisSI013.
salinaSI088. Anti-irradiation effect. Methanol extract
Antifungal activity. Seed oil on agar plate of the dried seed, administered intraperito-
was inactive on Aspergillus nigerSI129. Methyl- neally to mice at a dose of 1 g/kg, was inac-
SESAMUM INDICUM 493

tive vs soft X-ray irradiation at lethal Anti-yeast activity. Ethanol extract of the
doseSI154. shade-dried seed, on agar plate at a concen-
Antimutagenic activity. Ethanol (70%) tration of 2.5 mg/disc, was inactive on Can-
extract of the dried aerial parts, on agar dida albicansSI088. Undiluted seed oil on agar
plate, was inactive on Escherichia coli PQ37 plate was inactive on Candida albicans and
vs mitomycin-induced mutagenesis, assessed Saccharomyces cerevisiaeSI129.
by the SOS-chromotest methodSI095. Apoptosis induction. The exposure of hu-
Antioxidant activity. Hexane and metha- man lymphoid leukemia Molt 4B cells to
nol extracts of the dried seed, tested on sesamolin, a component of sesame seed, pro-
lard at a concentration of 0.06 %, were duced growth inhibition and the induction
inactiveSI116. Seed oil, at undiluted concen- of apoptosisSI010.
tration, was activeSI117. Acetone extract of Carcinogenic activity. Seed oil, in the
the seed, at a concentration of 0.2 mg/kg, ration of rats at a dose of 2% of diet, was
was active. Linoleic acid was used as a sub- active on squamous cell carcinoma of the
strate in this testSI120. fore stomach. Seed oil, administered intrap-
Antitoxic effect. Sesame oil, adiministered eritoneally to mice at a dose of 0.5 mL/ani-
to male Wistar rats, ameliorated hepatic and mal, was inactive. Pulmonary adenomas in
renal damage in a dose-dependent manner offsprings did not occur with increased
and increased survival in lipopolysaccha-
incidence. Seed oil, administered subcuta-
ride-treated rats. It decreased lipid peroxide
neously to mice at a dose of 0.2 mL/kg dosed
concentration in serum but not in liver and
daily, was inactive. Increased incidence of
kidney. Serum nitrite production was unaf-
mammary adenocarcinoma was observedSI067.
fected by sesame oil ingestion, and the ac-
Cholesterol level and metabolism.
tivity of xanthine oxidase was reduced in
Sesame oil, administered to male Wistar rats
the lipopolysaccharide-challenged ratsSI004.
Anti-tumor activity. Water extract of the in the diet at concentrations of 12 or 24%
dried seed, administered intragastrically to for 4 weeks, produced significantly lower
mice at a dose of 50 mg/animal daily for 5 liver cholesterol and liver lipid levels, serum
days, was active on CA-Ehrlich-ascites, total cholesterol, and low-density lipopro-
18% increase in life-span. Intraperitoneal tein (LDL) cholesterol in rats fed the 24%
administration was active on Dalton’s diet. The high degree of unsaturation (85%)
lyphoma and CA-Ehrlich-ascites, 19 and of sesame oil and the presence of linoleic
39% increase in life-span, respectivelySI094. acid could be an important factor SI016.
Seed oil, administered to rats intraperito- Sesamin, administered to rats in the diet at
neally with 1,2,5,6-dibenzanthracene or re- a concentration of 0.5% sesame oil for 4
tene, was active on sarcomaSI150. weeks, reduced the concentration of serum
Antiviral activity. Ethanol (80%) extract and liver cholesterol significantly, irrespec-
of the dried leaf, in cell culture at a concen- tive of the presence or absence of choles-
tration of 0.2 mL/well, was equivocal on terol in the diet. Sesamin inhibited micellar
poliovirus; inactive on herpes virus, measles, solubility of cholesterol but not bile acids.
and Semliki Forest virus and produced It did not bound taurocholate nor affected
weak activity on coxsackie virus SI076. Pre- the absorption of fatty acids. Only a mar-
treatment of mice with sesame extract ginal proportion (ca 0.15%) of sesamin ad-
failed to reduce the cytophatic effect of ministered intragastrically was recovered in
human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) the lymph. There was significant reduction
infection in MT-4 cells. No apparent acute in the activity of liver microsomal 3-hy-
toxicity was detected in mice with oral droxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-
administration of 10 g/kg of the extractSI009. CoA) reductase, but the activity of hepatic
494 MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE WORLD

cholesterol 7 D-hydroxylase and alcohol de- a concentration of 100.0 Pg/mL, was active
hydrogenase remained unaffectedSI021. on CA-colon-CACO-2, CA-human-colon-
Chromotropic effect negative. Methanol CO-115, and human colon cancer cell line
(70%) extract of the seed, administered to HT29SI100. Seed oil, in cell culture at a con-
guinea pigs at a concentration of 100 Pg/mL, centration of 300 Pg/mL, was inactive on
was active on the atrium. The extract, ad- melanoma-NHEM and melanoma-SK-
ministered intravenously to rats at dose of MEL-2SI055. Water extract of the dried seed
10 mg/kg, produced atropine abolished was active on Leuk-P815. Tumor-toxic ac-
effectSI057. tivity was evaluated by culturing mastocy-
Corticosteroid type activity. Seed oil, ad- toma P815 cells with macrophage cells and
ministered parenterally to pregnant rats, was measured the incorporation of 3H-thimidine
active. The survival time of adrenalecto- radioactivitySI099. Ethanol (100%) extract of
mized pregnant rats and their subsequent lit- the shade dried seed, in cell culture at vari-
ters was increasedSI148. ous concentrations, was inactive on CA-
Cytotoxic activity. Ethanol (90%) extract A549, CA-mammary-MCF-7, and human
of the dried entire plant, in cell culture at a colon cancer cell line DLD-1SI088.
concentration of 0.25 mg/mL, was active on Dermatitis improvement. Seed oil, ap-
human lymphocytes; Vero cells, effective plied externally twice daily for 2 years to 35
dose (ED)50 0.36 mg/mL; Chinese hamster adults with dermatitic lesions, was acitve.
ovary cells, ED50 0.44 mg/mL; and Dalton’s The effect was seen only with polymer-
lyphoma, ED 50 1.2 mg/mL SI091. Methylene ized oilSI067.
chloride extract of the dried leaf, in cell cul- DNA synthesis inhibition. Ethanol (90%)
ture, produced weak activity on CA-colon- extract of the dried entire plant, at a con-
SW 480, inhibitory concentration (IC)50 6.1 centration of 0.25 mg/mL, was activeSI091.
Pg/mL. A concentration of 500 ppm was Early antigen viral induction stimulation.
inactive on CA-human-colon-CO-115SI071. Ether extract of the seed, in cell culture at
Methylene chloride extract of the dried concentration of 0.1 mg/mL, was inactive
root, in cell culture at a concentration of on lymphoma-RAJ1SI105.
500 ppm, was inactive on CA-human-co- Embryotoxic effect. Benzene and petro-
lon-CO-115 and active on CA-colon-SW leum ether extracts of the dried seed, admin-
480, IC50 3.6 Pg/mL. Methanol extract of istered by gastric intubation to pregnant rats
the dried root, in cell culture at a con- at a dose of 150 mg/kg, were inactiveSI109.
centration of 500 ppm, was inactive on Ethanol (50%) extract of the seed, adminis-
CA-colon-SW 480 and CA-human-colon- tered orally to female rats at a dose of 200
CO-115SI071. Ethanol (50%) extract of the mg/kg, was inactiveSI135.
seed, in cell culture, was inactive on CA- Estrogenic effect. Seed oil, applied subcu-
9KB, ED50 greater than 20 Pg/mLSI027. Water taneously to ovariectomized mice, was
extract of the dried seed, in cell culture at a inactiveSI134. The plant, administered orally
concentration of 500.0 Pg/mL, produced to immature female rats at a dose of 2 g/kg,
weak activity on CA-mammary-microal- was activeSI090.
veolarSI098. Water extract of the dried seed, Fatty acid oxidation. Seeds, administered
in cell culture at a concentration of 500 Pg/ orally to rats at a dose of 200 g/kg, increased
mL, was inactive on CA-JTC-26SI054. Seed hepatic mitochondrial and the peroxiso-
oil, in cell culture at concentrations of mal fatty acid oxidation rateSI003.
0.01% and 0.1%, was inactive on the rat fi- Glucosidase inhibition. Ethyl acetate and
broblasts. A concentration of 1% produced water soluble fractions of the seed were in-
weak activitySI140. Seed oil, in cell culture at active on the intestineSI085.
SESAMUM INDICUM 495

Glutamate–oxaloacetate–transaminase Hypocholesterolemic activity. Extract of

inhibition. Seed oil, administered to mice the dried entire plant, administered to rats
at a concentration of 0.6% of diet, was ac- at a dose of 30% of diet, was activeSI121.
tive. Biological activity reported has been Lignan fraction of the seed, administered in
patentedSI064. the ration of 4-week-old rats at a dose of
Glutamate–pyruvate–transaminase inhi- 0.2% of the diet for 3 weeks, was active. Di-
bition. The seed and seed oil, administered etary fat sources were safflower and primrose
to mice at a concentration of 0.6% of diet, oilsSI097.
were active. Biological activity reported has Hypoglyceridemic activity. Lignan frac-
been patentedSI064. tion of the seed, administered to 4-week-old
Generally recognized as safe status. Ap- rats at a dose of 0.2% of diet for 3 weeks, was
proved by the US Food and Drug Adminis- active. Dietary fat sources were safflower
tration in 1996 (sect. 582.10) as a flavoring and primrose oilsSI097.
agentSI155. Hypophospholipidemic activity. Lignan
Hair-stimulant effect. Ethanol (50%) ex- fraction of the seed administered to 4-week-
tract of the dried seed, applied externally to old rats at a dose of 0.2% of diet for 3 weeks,
mice at a dose of 0.33 g/mL for 10 days, was was active. Dietary fat sources were saf-
activeSI092. flower and primrose oilsSI097.
Hemotoxic activity. Seed oil, adiminis- Hypotensive effect. Methanol (70%) ex-
tered orally to human adults, produced tract of the seed, administered intravenously
thrombocytosis in children. the effect was to rats at dose of 3 mg/kg, was active. The
inactivated by ultraviolet radiationSI146. effect was inhibited by pretreatment with
Hypercholesterolemic activity. Seed oil, atropineSI057.
administered by gastric intubation to rabbits Immunoglobulin level. The effect of
at a dose of 0.4 g/kg, was inactiveSI149. Male sesaminol and sesamin on the ethanol-in-
Wistar rats fed 12 or 24% sesame oil in the duced immune indices were examined in
diet for 4 weeks were investigated. The rats rats given a low (10%)-casein diet. Sesa-
on the 24% sesame oil diet had significantly minol decreased splenic leukotriene B4 pro-
lower lymphatic cholesterol and fatty duction, whereas sesamin increased the
acidsSI020. plasma PGE2 concentration. A significant
Hyperglycemic activity. Extract of the IgG-elevating effect of these lignans was
dried entire plant, administered to rats at a observed. The concentration of plasma IgE
dose 30% of diet, was activeSI121. Seed oil, was not influencedSI015.
adiministered orally to adults at a dose of 60 Inflammation induction. Seed oil, applied
g/person, produced weak activitySI147. Hot externally as a patch test to human adults at
water extract (4%) or methanol eluent frac- a dose of 0.032 mL/person, was inactiveSI147.
tion (0.7%) of the defatted seed, adminis- Inotropic effect negatve. Methanol (70%)
tered orally to genetically diabetic 5 weeks extract of the seed, administered to guinea
old male KK-Ay-mice, had a reductive ef- pigs at dose of 100 Pg/mL, was active on the
fect on the plasma glucose concentration. atrium. The effect was abolished by atro-
The effect is suggested to be casused by the pineSI057.
delayed glucose absorptionSI001. Insecticide activity. Seed oil, applied ex-
Hyperlipidemic activity. Seed oil, adimin- ternally on cattle at a concentration of
istered orally to adults at a dose of 60 g/per- 0.7%, was active. It was used as a delousing
son, was activeSI147. Seed oil, administered by agentSI067.
gastric intubation to rabbits at a dose of 0.4 Interleukin induction. Water extract of
g/kg, was activeSI149. the dried seed produced weak activity.
496 MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE WORLD

Interleukin (IL)-1 activity was measured by reactions of dimethylaminopyrine and

the IL-1 dependent growth of a T-helper hexobarbitalSI067.
cell lineSI099. Moluscicidal activity. Methylene chloride
Larvicidal activity. Methylene chloride ex- extract of the dried leaf, at a concentration
tract of the dried leaf, at a concentration of of 400 ppm, was inactive on Biomphalaria
500 ppm, was inactive on Aedes aegypti. glabrata. Methylene chloride and methanol
Methylene chloride extract of the dried root extracts of the dried root were also inact-
was active on Aedes aegypti, lethal concen- iveSI071.
tration (LC)100 12.5 Pg/mL. The methanol Monoamine oxidase activity increase.
extract was inactiveSI071. Seed oil, in cell culture, was active on as-
Lipid metabolism effect. Lignan fraction trocytes vs chlorgyline-induced monoam-
of the seed, administered to 4-week-old rats ine oxidase (MAO) inhibition, IC50 9077
at a dose of 0.2% of diet for 3 weeks, was ppm SI081.
active. Dietary fat source, were evening Mutagenic activity. Water extract of the
primrose and safflower oils. Proportion of plant, on agar plate at a concentration of
dihomo-J-linolenate increased in response 100 mg/plate, was inactive on pig kidney-
to reduction of G-5-desaturase activity and LLC-PK-1 cells and trophoblastic cells of
the proportion of docosapentaenoate de- placenta. The effect was the same with or
creased in liver phosphatidylcholine. Liver without metabolic activationSI106. Acetone
phospholipid level decreased vs control. extract of the dried seed, on agar plate at a
Lignan fraction of the seed administered to concentration of 0.2 Pg/plate, was inactive
4-week-old rats at a dose of 0.2% of diet for on Salmonella typhimurium TA100 and
3 weeks, was active. The dietary fat source TA98. Metabolic activation had no effect
was evening primrose and safflower oils. on the resultsSI101. Ethanol extract of the
Liver phospholipid level decreased vs con- shade dried seed, on agar plate at various
trol. With the dietary fat source evening concentrations, was inactive on Salmonella
primrose oil, fecal excretion of neutral ste- typhimurium T1530SI088. Seed oil, on agar
roids increased and microbial transforma- plate, was inactive on Salmonella typhi-
tion of cholesterol to coprostanol decreased. murium TA100 and TA98SI067. Chloroform/
The specific activity of liver microsomal G- methanol extract (2:1), on agar plate at a
5 and G-6 desaturases were decreased and concentration of 10 mg/plate, was inactive
increased, respectively. Lignan fraction of on Salmonella typhimurium TA100 and
the seed, administered to 4-week-old rats at TA98. The effect was the same with or
a dose of 0.2% of diet for 3 weeks, was inac- without metabolic activationSI106. Mice fed
tive. The production of thromboxane A2 diets containing various levels of sesame oil
(TXA-2) by platelets and PGI-2 by the for 8 weeks were investigated. Aflatoxin B1-
aorta was not influenced whether dietary fat induced chromosomal aberrations in bone
was evening primrose oil or safflower oilSI097. narrow cells were statistically higher in mice
Lipid peroxide formation inhibition. The fed 9 and 12% sesame oil than those fed 3%
seed, administered to male rats at a dose of sesame oil. The data suggested that the me-
5% of diet, was active in liver vs low-alpha- tabolism of a mutagen could be influenced
tocopherol diet. Results were significant at by the dietary lipid intake of the test
p < 0.01 levelSI046. animalsSI022.
Metabolism. Seed oil, administered intrap- Nasal mucosal effect. Pure sesame oil
eritoneally to mice at a dose of 160 mg/kg, (Nozoil) was tested in 79 subjects with na-
produced a decrease in the hydroxylation sal mucosa dryness. Half of them received
SESAMUM INDICUM 497

pure sesame oil for 2 weeks followed by enty six percent of the patients were cured,
isotonic sodium chloride solution (ISCS) 16% showed a partial response, and 8% did
for 2 weeks. The other half received ISCS not improveSI118.
for 2 weeks, followed by pure sesame oil for Pharmacokinetics. Seed oil, administered
2 weeks. Nasal mucosal dryness improved intramuscularly to dogs at a dose of 1 mL/kg
significantly when pure sesame oil was used labeled glyceryl trioleate injected with the
compared with ISCS (p < 0.001). The im- oil, was distributed primarily to iliac nodes,
provement in nasal stuffiness was also bet- heart, liver, and lungsSI067.
ter with pure sesame oil (p < 0.001) as was Phytotoxic effect. Ethanol (95%) extract
improvement in nasal crusts (p < 0.001). of the dried seed oil, at a concentration of
Eight of 10 subjects reported that their na- 500 ppm, was inactive. The biological ac-
sal symptoms had improved with pure tivity reported has been patentedSI114.
sesame oil compared with 3 of 10 for ISCS Prostaglandin induction. Seed oil, admin-
(p < 0.001). Adverse events were few and istered subcutaneously to rats at a dose of
temporarySI006. Twenty patients with dryness 1 g/day for 14 days, stimulated PGI-2 syn-
of the nose, and 20 patients who had previ- thesis in the thoracic aortaSI124.
ously undergone nasal irradiation were in- Pyruvate kinase inhibition. The seed, ad-
vestigated. For the 20 days, the patients ministered to male rats at a dose of 5% of
sprayed sesame oil into each nostril three diet, was active in plasma vs low-D-toco-
times a day, the nasal problems decreased pherol diet. Results were significant at p <
significantly. The greatest effect was exerted 0.05 levelSI046.
on dryness and the side effects from using Quil-A saponin toxicity. Mice fed Quil-A-
sesame oil were few in number and mildSI011. supplemented diet (a saponin that emulsi-
Nematocidal activity. Ethanol (95%) ex- fies fats and potentiates the immune
tract of the seed oil, at a concentration of responses) showed higher level of docosa-
500 ppm, was active. Petroleum ether ex- pentaenoic acid in the liver. These changes
tract of the seed oil, at a concentration of were associated with a significant reduction
500 ppm, completely controlled rootknot in in the plasma PGE1 and PGE2 and
grape, tomato, and sugar beet without phy- thrombohane-B2 levels in response to an
totoxicity. The biological activity reported intraperitoneal injection of a lethal dose of
has been patented. The seed oil was also ac- lipopolysaccharide endotoxin, LD50 20 mg/
tive and the biological activity has been kg. The data suggest that sesame seed oil and
patentedSI114. Quil A, when present in the diet, exerted
Neuromuscular blocking activity. Decoc- cumulative effects that resulted in a de-
tion of the seed oil, administered orally to crease in the levels of dienoic eicosanoids
adults of both sexes at a dose of 4.6 g/per- with a reduction in IL-1 E and a con-
son, was active. A mixture of Piper longum, commitant elevation in the levels of IL-10
Zingiber officinale, Piper cubeba, Curcuma that were associated with a marked increase
zedoaria, Juniperus communis, Cichorium survival in miceSI014.
intybus, Mentha arvensis, Commiphora Radical scavenging effect. Seed oil, in cell
mukul, and Sesamum indicum was given. culture, was active on astrocytes vs perox-
Twenty five patients with laquwa (spastic ide radical scavenging, IC50 27461 ppmSI081.
facial paralysis) were treated with this mix- Spasmogenic activity. Methanol (70%)
ture in divided doses of 4.6 g in 24 hours. extract of the seed, administered to guinea
Six grams of a decoction of Lavendula pigs at a dose of 1 mg/mL, was active on the
stoechas was also given in some cases. Sev- uterus and ileum. The effect was abolished
498 MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE WORLD

by atropine. Methanol (70%) extract of the oil into the pectoral area for muscle au-
seed, administered to rats at dose of 1 mg/ gumentation. Excision revealed a cyst filled
mL, was active on uterus (estrogen)SI057. with oily material, surrounded by granulo-
Steroidogenic activity. Seed oil, applied matous tissueSI012. Miniature swine fed bro-
externally to rats, produced 3-oxosteroid minated sesame oil at dietary levels of 5, 25,
level increased on the treated skinSI067. 50, or 500 mg/kg of body weight for 17
Teratogenic activity. Seed oil, adminis- weeks showed decreased growth rate and
tered intragastrically to rats at a dose of 4 food intake at the high dose of sesame oil.
mL/animal for 6–10 days of gestation, was Marked elevations in LDH, SGOT, and
inactiveSI067. SGPT values were seen at the highest dose
Tocopherol level. Consumption of 5 mg of level, and these enzyme activities were in-
J-tocopherol per day for a 3-day period from creased at the 50 mg/kg dose levelSI024.
sesame seeds in nine subjects, significantly Toxicity assesment. Ethanol (50%) ex-
elevated serum J-tocopherol levels (19.1% tract, administered intraperitoneally to
increase, p = 0.03) and depressed plasma E- mice, produced LD50 500 mg/kgSI027.
tocopherol (34% decrease, p = 0.01). No Tumor-promotion inhibition. Methanol
significant changes in baseline or post- extract of the dried entire plant, in cell cul-
intervention plasma levels of cholesterol, ture at a concentration of 200 Pg/mL, was
triglycerides, or carotenoids were foundSI007. active vs 12-O-hexadecanoylphorbol-13-
In 40 investigated female students (mean acetate-induced Epstein–Barr virus acti-
age 26 years) after 4 weeks of sesame oil-rich vationSI049.
diet, the J-tocopherol concentrations nor- Tyrosinase inhibition. Methanol (80%)
malized to serum lipids increased signifi- extract of the dried entire plant at a con-
cantly (p < 0.01), and the D/J-tocopherol centration of 100 Pg/mL produced weak
ratios decreased significantly from baseline activitySI049.
concentrations (p < 0.05). The D-toco- White blood cell-macrophage stimulant.
pherol concentrations did not changeSI008. Water extract of the dried seed at a concen-
tration of 2 mg/mL was active on macro-
Rats fed diets low in D-tocopherol and high
phages. Nitrate formation was used as an
in J-tocopherol, differed in content of
index of the macrophage stimulating activ-
sesamin (0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, or 4 g/kg) from
ity to screen effective foodsSI099.
sesame oil for 4 weeks. Sesamin-feeding in-
Weight-gain inhibition. Seed oil adminis-
creased J-tocopherol and J/D-tocopherol ra-
tered subcutaneously to mice at a dose of
tios in the plasma (p < 0.05), liver (p <
0.05 mL/animal was active. Brain weight
0.001), and lungs (p < 0.001). The increase
also decreased after 210 days of dosingSI067.
was not significant for D-tocopherol. Results
suggest, that sesamin appears to spare J-to- REFERENCES
copherol in rat plasma and tissues, and the SI001 Takeuchi, H., L. Y. Mooi, Y. Inagaki,
effect persists in the presence of J-toco- and P. He. Hypoglycemic effect of a
hot-water extract from defatted sesame
pherol. The bioavaliability of J-tocopherol (Sesamum indicum L.) seed on the
was enhanced in phenol-containing dietSI018. blood glucose level in genetically dia-
Toxic effect. The seed oil oxidized hemo- betic KK-Ay mice. Biosci Biotech
globin A to methemoglobin in RBCsSI067. Biochem 2001; 65(10): 2318–2321.
Seed oil, administered orally to rats, pro- SI002 Pastorello, E. A., E. Varin, L. Farioli,
et al. The major allergen of sesame
duced reticulendotheliosesSI145. A 48-year- seeds (Sesamum indicum) is a 2S albu-
old man experienced subcutaneous nodules min. J Chromatogr B, Biomed Sci
9 months after self-injection of sesame seed Appl 2001; 756(1–2): 85–93.
SESAMUM INDICUM 499

SI003 Sirato-Yasumoto, S., M. Katsuta, Y. Subcutaneous oleomas induced by self-

Okuyama, Y. Takahashi, and T. Ide. injection of sesame seed oil for muscle
Effect of sesame seeds rich in sesamin augumentation. J Amer Acad Derm
and sesamolin on fatty acid oxidation 2000; 42(2Pt1): 292–294.
in rat liver. J Agric Food Chem 2001; SI013 Wolde, S., F. Engels, A. M. Mil-
49(5): 2647–2651. tenburg, E. A. Kujipers, G. I. Struijk-
SI004 Hsu, D. Z., and M. Y. Liu. Sesame oil Wielinga, and B. A. Dijkmans. Sesame
attenuates multiple organ failure and oil in injectable gold: two drugs in
increases survival rate during one? Br J Rheumatol 1997; 36(9):
endotoxemia in rats. Critic Care Med 1012–1015.
2002; 30(8): 1859–1862. SI014 Chavali, S. R., W. W. Zhong, T.
SI005 Dalal, I., I. Binson, R. Reifen, et al. Utsunomiya, and R. A. Forse. Decreased
Food allergy is a matter of geography production of interleukin-1-beta, pros-
after all: sesame as a major cause of taglandin-E2 and thromboxane-B2, and
severe IgE-mediated food allergic reac- elevated levels of interleukin-6 and -10
tions among infants and young chil- are associated with increased survival
dren in Israel. Allergy 2002; 57(4): during endotoxic shock in mice consum-
362–365. ing diets enriched with sesame seed oil
SI006 Johnsen, J., B. M. Bratt, O. Michel- supplemented with Quil-A saponin. Int
Barron, C. Glennow, and B. Petruson. Arch Allergy Immunol 1997; 114(2):
Pure sesame oil vs isotonic sodium 153–160.
chloride solution as treatment for dry SI015 Nonaka, M., K. Yamashita, Y. Iizuka,
nasal mucosa. Arch Otolaryngol Head M. Namiki, and M. Sugano. Effect of
Neck Surg 2001; 127(11): 1353–1356. dietary sesaminol and sesamin on
SI007 Cooney, R. V., L. J. Custer, L. eicosanoid production and immuno-
Okinaka, and A. A. Franke. Effect of globulin level in rats given ethanol.
dietary sesame seeds on plasma toco- Biosci Biotech Biochem 1997; 61(5):
pherol levels. Nutr Canc 2001; 39(1): 836–839.
66–71. SI016 Satchithanandam, S., R. Chanderbhan,
SI008 Lemcke-Norojarvi, M., A. Kamal- A. T. Kharroubi, et al. Effect of sesame
Eldin, L. A. Appelqvist, L. H. oil on serum and liver lipid profiles in
Dimberg, M. Ohrvall, and B. Vessby. the rat. Int J Vitamin Nutr Res 1996;
Corn and sesame oils increase serum 66(4): 386–392.
gamma-tocopherol concentrations in SI017 Kita, S., Y. Matsumura, S. Morimoto,
healthy Swedish women. J Nutr 2001; et al. Antihypertensive effect of
131(4): 1195–1201. sesamin. II. Protection against two-
SI009 Kobayashi, N., S. Unten, H. Kakuta, kidney, one-clip renal hypertension
et al. Diverse biological activities of and cardiovascular hypertrophy. Biol
healthy foods. In Vivo 2001; 15(1): Pharm Bull 1995; 18(9): 1283–1285.
17–23. SI018 Kamal-Eldin, A., D. Pettersson, and L.
SI010 Miyahara, Y., H. Hibasami, H. Kat- A. Appelqvist. Sesamin (compound
suzaki, K. Imai, and T. Komiya. from sesame oil) increases tocopherol
Sesamolin from sesame seed inhibits pro- levels in rats fed ad libitum. Lipids
liferation by inducing apoptosis in hu- 1995; 30(6): 499–505.
man lymphoid leukemia Molt 4B cells. SI019 Inskeep, P. B., K. M. Davis, and A. E.
Int J Mol Med 2001; 7(4): 369–371. Ree. Pharmacokinetics of the acyl co-
SI011 Blork-Eriksson, T., M. Gunnarsson, M. enzyme A: cholesterol acyl transferase
Holmstrom, A. Nordqvist, and B. inhibitor CP-105,191 in dogs-the ef-
Petruson. Fewer problems with dry na- fect of food and sesame oil on systemic
sal mucous membranes following local exposure following oral dosing. J
use of sesame oil. Rhinology 2000; Pharm Sci 1995; 84(2): 131–133.
38(4): 200–203. SI020 Satchithanandam, S., M. Reicks, R. J.
SI012 Darsow, U., H. Bruckbauer, W. I. Calvert, M. M. Cassidy, and D.
Worret, H. Hofmann, and J. Ring. Kritchevsky. Coconut oil and sesame
500 MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE WORLD

oil affect lymphatic absorption of cho- vols. 1–4. Archives des Reserches
lesterol and fatty acids in rats. J Nutr Agronomiques et Pastorals au Vietnam
1993; 123(11): 1852–1858. no. 23. 1954.
SI021 Hirose, N., T. Inoue, K. Nishihara, et SI034 Kerharo, J., and A. Bouquet. Plantes
al. Inhibition of cholesterol absorption medicinales and toxicues de la Cote-
and synthesis in rats by sesamin. J D’Ivoire-Haute-Volta, Vigot Freres,
Lipid Res 1991; 32(4): 629–638. Paris 1950; 297 pp.
SI022 Krishamurthy, P. B., and G. S. SI035 Schramm, G. Plant and animal drugs
Neelaram. Effect of dietary fat on afla- of the old Chinese material medica in
toxin B1-induced chromosomal aber- the therapy of pulmonary tuberculosis.
rations in mice. Toxicol Lett 1986; Planta Med 1956; 4(4): 97–104.
31(3): 229–234. SI036 Watt, J. M., and M. G. Breyer-
SI023 Malish, D., M. M. Glovsky, D. R. Brandwik. The medicinal and poison-
Hoffman, L. Ghiekiere, and J. M. ous plants of Southern and Eastern
Hawking. Anaphylaxis after sesame Africa, 2nd ed., E. S. Livingstone, Ltd.,
seed ingestion. J Allergy Clin Immun London, 1962.
1981; 67(1): 35–38. SI037 Grieve, M., and C. F. Leyel. A modern
SI024 Farber, T. M., D. L. Ritter, M. A. herbal. The medicinal, culinary, cos-
Weinberger, et al. The toxicity of bro- metic and economic properties, culti-
minated sesame oil and brominated vation and folk-lore of herbs, grasses,
soybean oil in miniature swine. Toxi- fungi, shrubs and trees with all their
cology 1976; 5(3): 319–336. modern scientific uses, 1931.
SI025 Quisumbing, E. Medicinal plants of SI038 Burkill, I. H. Dictionary of the eco-
the Philippines. Tech Bull 16, Rep nomic products of the Malay Penin-
Philippines, Dept Agr Nat Resources, sula. Ministry of Agriculture and
Manila 1951; 1. Cooperatives, Kuala Lumpur, Malay-
SI026 Ahmad, Y. S. A note of the plants of sia, vol. II. 1966; 1.
medicinal value found in Pakistan. SI039 Mannan, A., and K. Ahmad. Studies
Govt of Pakistan Press, Karachi, 1957. on vitamin E in the foods of East Paki-
SI027 Dhar, M. L., M. M. Dhar, B. N. stan. Pak J Biol Agr Sci 1966; 9: 13.
Dhawan, B. N. Mehrotha, and C. Ray. SI040 Ramachandran, B. V. Arginine con-
Screening of Indian plants for biologi- tent of oilseed cakes. J Sci Ind Res C
cal activity. Part 1. Indian J Exp Biol 1957; 16: 70.
1968; 6: 232–247. SI041 Osawa, T., M. Nagata, M. Namiki, and
SI028 Anon. The atlas of commonly used Y. Fukuda. Sesaminol, a novel antioxi-
Chinese traditional drugs, Revolution- dant isolated from sesame seeds. Agr
ary Committee of the Inst Material Biol Chem 1985; 49(11): 3351–3352.
Medica, Chinese Acad Sci, Pekin 1970. SI042 Ogasawara, T., K. Chiba, and M. Tada.
SI029 Saha, J. C., E. C. Savini, and S. Production in high yield of naphtho-
Kasinathan. Ecbolic properties of In- quinone by a hairy root culture of
dian medicinal plants. Part I. Indian J Sesamum indicum. Phytochemistry
Med Res 1961; 49: 130–151. 1993; 33(5): 1095–1098.
SI030 Kapur, R. D. Action of some indig- SI043 Katsuzaki, H., S. Kawakishi, and T.
enous drugs on uterus. Preliminary Osawa. Sesaminol glucosides in sesame
note. Indian J Med Res 1948; 36: 47. seeds. Phytochemistry 1993; 35(3):
SI031 Steggerda, M. Some ethnological data 773–776.
concerning one hundred Yucatan SI044 Suzuki, N., T. Miyase, and A. Ufno.
plants. Anthropological Papers No. 29. Phenylethanoid glycosides of Sesamum
Smithson Inst Bur Amer Ethnol 1943; indicum. Phytochemistry 1993; 34(3):
136; 193. 729–732.
SI032 Gimlette, J. D. A dictionary of Ma- SI045 Zargari, A. Medicinal plants, vol. 3, 5th
layan medicine, Oxford Univ Press., ed., Tehran University Publications,
New York, 1939. No 1810/3, Tehran, Iran, 1992; 3: 889.
SI033 Petelot, A. Les plantes medicinales du SI046 Yamashita, K., Y. Iizuka, T. Imai, and
Cambodge, du Laos and du Vietnam, M. Namiki. Sesame seed and its
SESAMUM INDICUM 501

lignans produce marked enhancement SI058 Chiu, J. T., and I. B. Haydik. Sesame
of vitamin E activity in rats fed a low seed oil anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin
alpha-tocopherol diet. Lipids 1995; Immunol 1991; 88(3): 414–415.
30(11): 1019–1028. SI059 Mimura, M., Y. Takahara, A. Ichi-
SI047 Kuriyama, K., K. Tsuchiya, and T. kawa, and T. Osawa. Lignan com-
Murui. Generation of new lignan glu- pounds and their manufacture with
cosides during germination of sesame Sesamum indicum. Patent-Japan Kokai
seeds. Nippon Nogei Kagaku Kaishi Tokkyo Koho-36,207,389 1988; 5 pp.
1995; 69(6): 685–693. SI060 Murui, T., and A. Ide. Anticarcino-
SI048 Stern, A., and B. Wuthrich. Non-IgE- genic glycosides with aglycones ex-
mediated anaphylaxis to sesame. Al- tracted from sesame seeds. Patent-Japan
lergy 1998; 53(3): 325–326. Kokai Tokkyo Koho-62,238,287 1987;
SI049 Shin, N. H., K. S. Lee, S. H. Kang, K. 6 pp.
R. Min, S. H. Lee, and Y. S. Kim. In- SI061 Kamal-Eldin, A., L. A. Appelquist, G.
hibitory effect of herbal extracts of Yousif, and G. M. Iskander. Seed lipids
DOPA oxidase activity of tyrosinase. of Sesamum indicum and related wild
Nat Prod Sci 1997; 3(2): 111–121. species in Sudan. The sterols. J Sci
SI050 Oezcan, M., and A. Akguel. Some Food Agr 1992; 59(3): 327–334.
compositional characteristics of SI062 Reddy, M. B., K. R. Reddy, and M. N.
sesame seeds and oil. Turk J Agr For Reddy. A survey of plant crude drugs
1995; 19(1): 59–65. of Anantapur District, Andhra Pra-
SI051 Mimura, M., Y. Takahara, A. Ichi- desh, India. Int J Crude Drug Res
kawa, and T. Osawa. Lignan com- 1989; 27(3): 145–155.
pounds and their manufacture with SI063 Odumodu, C. U. Antinutrients con-
Sesamum indicum. Patent-Japan Kokai tent of some locally available legumes
Tokkyo Koho-63,207,389 1997; 5 pp. and cereals in Nigeria. Trop Geograph
SI052 Okada, N., K. Takebayashi, A. Kawa- Med 1992; 44(3): 260–263.
shima, and M. Niwano. A triterpene, its SI064 Shinmen, Y., K. Akimoto, S. Asami,
manufacture, and cancer inhibitors con- et al. Dioxabicyclooctane derivatives
taining triterpenes. Patent-Japan Kokai as liver function improvers. Patent-Eur
Tokkyo Koho-06,329,590 1994; 9 pp. Pat Apl-409,654 1991; 13 pp.
SI053 Kuryama, K., and T. Murui. Manufac- SI065 Kagi, M. K., and B. Wuthrich. Falafel
ture of lignan glycosides and lignans burger anaphylaxis due to sesame
from sesame seeds. Patent-Japan Kokai seed allergy. Ann Allergy 193; 71(2):
Tokkyo Koho-07,145,066 1995; 10 pp. 127-129.
SI054 Sato, A. Studies on anti-tumor activ- SI066 Keskinen, H., P. Ostman, E. Vaherj, et
ity of crude drugs. III. The effect of al. A case of occupational asthma,
decreasing resistance of cancer cell in rhinitis and urticaria due to sesame seed.
long term in vitro screening test Clin Exp Allergy 1991; 21: 523–524.
with aqueous extracts of some crude SI067 Anon. Final report on the safety assess-
drugs. Yakugaku Zasshi 1990; 110(7): ment of sesame oil. J Amer Coll
490–497. Toxicol 1993; 12(3): 261–277.
SI055 Smith, D. E., and J . W. Salerno. Selec- SI068 Kang, S. S., J. S. Kim, J. H. Jung, and Y.
tive growth inhibition of a human ma- H. Kim. NMR assessments of two
lignant melanoma cell line by sesame furofan lignans from sesame seeds. Arch
oil in vitro. Prostaglandins Essent Fatty Pharm Res 1955; 18(5): 361–363.
Acids 1992; 46(2):145–150. SI069 Anis, M., and M. Iqbal. Medicinal
SI056 James, C., A. Williams-Akita, Y. A. K. plantlore of Aligard, India. Int J
Rao, L. Chiarmonte, and A. T. Pharmacog 1994; 32(1): 59–64.
Schneider. Sesame seed anaphylaxis. SI070 Bhattarai, N. K. Folk herbal remedies
N Y J Med 1991; 91(10): 457–458. for gynaecological complaints in cen-
SI057 Hassan Gilant, A. U., and K. Aftab. tral Nepal. Int J Pharmacog 1994;
Presence of acetylcholine-like sub- 32(1): 13–26.
stance (S) in Sesamum indicum. Arch SI071 Cepleanu, F., M. O. Hamburger, B.
Pharm Res 1992; 15(1): 95–98. Sordat, et al. Screening of tropical me-
502 MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE WORLD

dicinal plants for Molluscicidal, larvi- tional hypersensitivity to sesame seeds.

cidal, fungicidal and cytotoxic activi- Allergy 1996; 51(1): 69–70.
ties, and brine shrimp toxicity. Int J SI083 Kumar, S., G. D. Bagchi, and M. P.
Pharmacog 1994; 32(3): 294–307. Darokar. Antibacterial activity ob-
SI072 Okada, N., K. Takebayashi, J. Kawa- served in the seeds of some coprophil-
shima, et al. Inhibition of Epstein-Barr ous plants. Int J Pharmacog 1997;
virus (EBV) activation by triterpenes 35(3): 179–184.
in Sesamum indicum L. callus. Shoku- SI084 Pajno, G. B., G. Passalacqua, G.
butsu Soshiki Baiyo 1994; 11(2): Magazzu, G. Barberio, D. Vita, and G.
145–149. W. Canonica. Anaphylaxis to sesame.
SI073 Johns, T., E. B. Mhoro, and P. Sanaya. Allergy 2000; 55(2): 199–201.
Food plants and masticants of the SI085 Toda, M., J. Kawabata, and T. Kasai.
Batemi of Ngorongoro district, Tanza- Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors from
nia. Econ Bot 1996; 50(1): 115–121. glove (Syzygium aromaticum). Biosc
SI074 Richaado, H., K. Janetsuto, G. Biotech Biochem 2000; 64(2): 294–298.
Uiriamu, A. Kawashima, M. Niwano, SI086 Engler, M. M., and M. B. Engler. Di-
and M. Mimura. A-2 inhibitors con- etary borage oil alters plasma, hepatic
taining acteoside. Patent-Japan Kokai and vascular tissue fatty acid composi-
Tokkyo Koho-07,223,964 1995; 7 pp. tion in spontaneously hypertensive
SI075 Al-Khalil, S. A survey of plants used rats. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes
in Jordanian traditional medicine. Int Essent Fatty Acids 1998; 59(1): 11–15.
J Pharmacog 1995; 33(4): 317–323. SI087 Runnebaum, B., T. Rabe, L. Kiesel,
SI076 Vlietinck, A. J., L. van Hoof, J. Totte, and A. O. Prakash. Biological evalua-
et al. Screening of hundred Rwandese tion of some medicinal plants extracts
medicinal plants for antimicrobial and for contraceptive efficacy in females.
antiviral properties. J Ethnopharmacol Future aspects in contraception. Part 2.
1995; 46(1): 31–47. Female contraception, MTP Press,
SI077 Bellakhdar, J., R. Claisse, J. Fleurentin, LTD, Boston, 1984, 115–128.
and C. Younos. Repertory of standard SI088 Alkofahi, A., R. Batshoun, W. Owais,
herbal drugs in the Moroccan pharma- and N. Najib. Biological activity of
copoea. J Ethnopharmacol 1991; some Jordanian medicinal plant ex-
35(2): 123–143. tracts. Fitoterapia 1996; 67(5): 435–442.
SI078 Kawagishi, S., T. Oosawa, and H. SI089 Prakash, V., and P. K. Nandi. Isolation
Katsuzaki. Pinoresinol glycoside, and characterization of alpha-globulin
sesame seed extract containing the gly- of sesame seed (Sesamum indicum). J
coside, and its use for preventing oxi- Agr Food Chem 1978; 26(2): 320.
dation of lipids. Patent-Japan Kokai SI090 Tewari, P. V., H. C. Mapa, and C.
Tokkyo Koho-06,116,282 1994; 5 pp. Chaturvedi. Experimental study on es-
SI079 Amico, A. Medicinal plants of south- trogenic activity of certain indigenous
ern Zambesia. Fitoterapia 1977; 48: drugs. J Res Indian Med Yoga Home-
101–139. opathy 1976; 11: 7–12.
SI080 Eberlein-Konig, B., F. Rueff, and B. SI091 Unnikrishnan, M. C., and R. Kuttan.
Przybilla. Generalized urticaria caused Cytoxicity of extracts of spices to cul-
by sesame seeds with negative prick tured cells. Nutr Cancer 1988; 11(4):
test result and without demonstrable 251–257.
specific IgE antibodies. J Allergy Clin SI092 Kubo, M., H. Matsuda, M. Fukui, and
Immunol 1995; 94(4): 560–561. Y. Nakai. Development studies of cu-
SI081 Mazzio, E. A., N. Harris, and K. F. A. ticle drugs from natural resources. I.
Soliman. Food constituents attenuate Effects of crude drugs extracts on hair
monoamine oxidase activity and per- growth in mice. Yakugaku Zasshi
oxidase levels in C6 astrocyte cells. 1988; 108(10): 871–978.
Planta Med 1998; 64(7): 603–606. SI093 Singh, V. K. and Z. A. Ali. Folk medi-
SI082 Alday, E., G. Curiel, M. J. Lopez-Gil, cines of Aligarh (Uttar Pradesh), In-
D. Carreno, and I. Moneo. Occupa- dia. Fitoterapia 1989; 60(6): 483–490.
SESAMUM INDICUM 503

SI094 Unnikrishnan, M. C., and R. Kuttan. Imanaka. A short-term in vitro assay for
Tumour reducing and nutricarcino- promoter substances using human
genic activity of selected spices. Can- lymphoblastoid cells latently infected
cer Lett 1990; 51(1): 85–89. with Epstein Barr virus. Cancer Lett
SI095 Seo, J. S., Y. W. Lee, N. J. Suh, and I. 1981; 13: 29–37.
M. Chang. Assay of antimutagenic ac- SI106 Rockwell, P., and I. Raw. A mutagenic
tivities of vegetable plants. Korean J screening of various herbs, spices and
Pharmacog 1990; 21(1): 88–91. food additives. Nutr Cancer 1979; 1:
SI096 Neering, H., B. E. J. Vitanyl., K. E. 10–15.
Malten, W. G. Van Ketel, and E. Van SI107 Oommachan, M., and S. S. Khan.
Dijk. Allergens in sesame oil contact Plants in aid of family planning
dermatitis. Acta Derm 1975; 55: 31–34. programme. Sci Life 1981; 1: 64–66.
SI097 Sugano, M., T. Inoue, K. Koba, et al. SI108 Yoshida, M., and T. Kashimoto. Deter-
Influence of sesame lignans on various mination of sesamolin, sesamin and
lipid parameters in rats. Agr Biol sesamol in sesame oil by high-perfor-
Chem 1990; 54(10): 2669–2673. mance liquid chromatography.
SI098 Sato, A. Studies on anti-tumor activ- Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi 1982; 23:
ity of crude drugs. I. The effects of 142–148.
aqueous extracts of some crude drugs SI109 Prakash, A. O., R. B. Gupta, and R.
in short-term screening test. Yaku- Mathur. Effect of oral administration
gaku Zasshi 1989; 109(6): 407–423. of forty-two indigenous plant extracts
SI099 Vyas, S. P., and N. Sankhla. Role of on early and late pregnancy in albino
bio-regulants in growth and productiv- rats. Probe 1978; 17(4): 315–323.
ity of desert plants. II. Effect of mor- SI110 Krag, K. J. Plants used as contracep-
phactins on growth flowering protein tives by the North American Indians,
and phosphorus content in Sesamum an ethnobotanical study. Thesis BS
indicum. Trans Indian Soc Desert Harvard University 196; 117 pp
Technol Univ Cent Desert Stud 977; SI111 Razzack, H. M. A. The concept of
2: 246. birth control in Unani medical litera-
SI100 Salerno, J. W., and D. E. Smith. The ture. Unpublished manuscript of the
use of sesame oil and other vegetable author 1980; 64 pp.
oils in the inhibiting of human colon SI112 Kato, Y., E. Ueda, T. Kyoko, A. Yukiyo
cancer growth in vitro. Anticancer Res Nagaoka, S.Iwashita, S. Ninomiya,
1991; 11(1): 209–215. and N. Kato. Asarinin in sesame oil.
SI101 Ruan, C. C., Y. Liang, J. L. Liu, W. S. Pharmazie 1980; 35(12): 808–809.
Tu, and Z. H. Liu. Antimutagenic ef- SI113 Dixit, R. S., And H. C. Pandey. Plants
fect of eight natural foods on moldy used as folk medicine in Jhansi and
foods in a high liver cancer incidence Lalitpur sections of Bundelkhand,
area. Mutat Res 1992; 279(1): 35–40. Uttar Pradesh. Int J Crude Drug Res
SI102 Vyas, S. P., and N. Sankhla. Role of bio- 1984; 22(1): 47–51.
regulants in growth and productivity of SI114 MC Brayer, B. W. Sesame nematocidal
desert plants. II. Effect of morphactins composition. Patent-US-4,442,092
on growth flowering protein and phos- 1982; 4 pp.
phorus content in Sesamum indicum. SI115 John, D. One hundred useful raw drugs
Trans Indian Soc Desert Technol of the Kani tribes of Trivandrum For-
Univ Cent Desert Stud 977; 2: 246. est Division, Kerala, India. Int J Crude
SI103 Lal, S. D., and K. Lata. Plants used by Drug Res 1984; 22(1): 17–39.
the Bhat community for regulating fer- SI116 Lee, C. Y., J. W. Chiou, and W. H.
tility. Econ Bot 1980; 34: 273–275. Chang. Studies on the antioxidative
SI104 Dey, P. M. Biosynthesis of planteose in activities of spices grown in Taiwan.
Sesamum indicum. FEBS Lett 1980; (2). Chung-Kuo Nung Yeh Hua
114: 153–156. Hsueh Hui Chin 1982; 20(1/2): 61–66.
SI105 Ito, Y., S. Yanase, J.Fujita, T. SI117 Fukuda, Y., T. Oosawa, and M.
Harayama, M. Takashima, and H. Namiki. Antioxidants in sesame seed.
504 MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE WORLD

Nippon Shokuhin Kogyo Gakkaishi SI129 Ray, P. G., and S. K. Majumdar. Anti-
1981; 28: 461–464. microbial activity of some Indian
SI118 Siddiqui, N. A., and M. Z. Hasan. plants. Econ Bot 1976; 30: 317–320.
Therapeutic response of Arab medi- SI130 Lee, E. B., H. S. Yun, and W. S. Woo.
cines in cases of laquwa. Bull Islamic Plants and animals used for fertility
Med 1981; 1: 366–374. regulation in Korea. Korean J Pharma-
SI119 Woo, W. S., E. B. Lee, K. H. Shin, S. cog 1977; 8: 81–87.
S. Kang, and H. J. Chi. A review of re- SI131 Nagabhushanan, A., M. Srinivasan,
search on plants for fertility regulation and V. Subrahmanyan. Breakdown
in Korea. Korean J Pharmacog 1981; and synthesis of sesamolin in the
12(3): 153–170. sesame seed (Sesamum indicum). J Sci
SI120 Fukuda, Y., T. Osawa, M. Namiki and Ind Res-C 1956; 15: 283.
T. Ozaki. Studies on antioxidative sub- SI132 Das, V. S., K. N. Rao, and J. V. Rao.
stances in sesame seed. Agr Biol Chem Phenolic acids in some members of
1985; 49(2): 301–306. Pedaliaceae. Curr Sci 1966 35: 160.
SI121 Singhal, P. C., and L. D. Joshi. Glyce- SI133 Lopez, C., V. L. Villegas, M. De La Paz,
mic and cholesterolemic role of ginger J. Silva Lara, and P. Cattaneo. Sesa-
and til. J Sci Res Pl Med 1983; 4(3): mum indicum seeds. II. Chemical com-
32–34. position of the extracted oil. An Asoc
SI122 Weniger, B., M. Rouzier, R. Daguilh, Quim Argent 1974; 62; 301.
D. Henrys, J. H. Henrys, and R. Anton. SI134 Vague, J., J. C. Garrigues, J. Berthet,
Popular medicine of the central pla- and G. Favier. The oestrogenic effect
teau of Haiti. 2. Ethnopharmacological of several plants oil. Ann Endocrinol
inventory. J Ethnopharmacol 1986; 1959; 18: 745–751.
17(1): 13–30. SI135 Prakash, A. O., and R. Mathur.
SI123 Kamboj, V. P. A review of Indian me- Screening of Indian plants for antifer-
dicinal plants with interceptive activ- tility activity. Indian J Exp Biol 1976;
ity. Indian J Med Res 1988; 1988(4): 14: 623–626.
336–355. SI136 Dragendorff, G. Die heilpflanzen der
SI124 El-Tahir, K. E. H., E. A. Hamad, A. M. verschieden volker und zeiten, F.
Ageel, M. A. A. Nasif, and E. A. Enke, Stuttgard. 1898; 885 pp.
Gadkarim. Effects of sesame and cod SI137 Jochle, W. Biology and biochemistry of
liver oils on prostacyclin synthesis by reproduction and contraception.
the rat thoracic aorta. Arch Int Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1962; 1:
Pharmacodyn Ther 1988; 292(1): 537–549.
182–188. SI138 Roig Y., and J. T. Mesa. Plantas
SI125 Ramirez, V. R., L. J. Mostacero, A. E. medicinales, aromaticas o venenosas de
Garcia, et al. Vegetales empleados en Cuba, Ministerio de Agricultura, Re-
medicina tradicional Norperuana. publica de Cuba, Havana. 1945; 872 pp.
Banco Agrario del Peru, NACL Univ SI139 Nayar, S. L. Poisonous seeds of India.
Trujillo, Trujillo, Peru, June, 1988; 54 pp. Part II. J Bombay Nat Hist Soc 1954
SI126 Singh, V. P., S. K. Sharma, and V. S. 52(2/3): 1–18.
Khare. Medicinal plants from Ujjain SI140 Saito, K. Fibroblast cultures. Nippon
district Madhya Pradesh. Part II. In- Yakugaku Zasshi 1936; 23: 1–5.
dian Drugs Pharm Ind 1980; 1980(5): SI141 Harborne, J. B., and C. A. Willliams.
7–12. Comparative biochemistry of fla-
SI127 Kumar, D. S., and Y. S. Prabhakar. On vonoids. XIII. 6-hydroxyluteolin and
the ethnomedical significance of the scutellarein as phyletic markers in
arjun tree, Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) higher plants. Phytochemistry 1971;
Wight and Arnot. J Ethnopharmacol 10: 367–378.
1987; 20(2): 173–190. SI142 Morita, N. The flavonoid of sesame
SI128 Heiduschka, A. Unsaponifiable matter leaves. I. The structure of the glyco-
of sesame oil. Orig Com 8th Intern side, pedalin. Chem Pharm Bull 1960;
Congr Appl Chem 1912; 11: 13. 8: 59–65.
SESAMUM INDICUM 505

SI143 Malten, K. E., J. P. Kuiper, and W. B. SI150 Pollia, J. A. 1,2,5,6-dibenzanthracene

J. M. Van der Staak. Contact allergic on certain organs and a transplantable
investigations in 100 patients with ul- rat sarcoma in animals of pure breed.
cus cruris. Dermatologica 1973; Radiology 1937; 29: 683–694.
147(4): 241–254. SI151 Marchand, P. A., M. J. Kato, and N.
SI144 Fitelson, J. The occurrence of squalene G. Lewis. (+)-Episesaminone, A
in natural fats. J Ass Offic Agr Chem Sesamum indicum furofuran lignan. Iso-
1943; 26: 506–511 lation and hemisynthesis. J Nat Prod
SI145 Diquattro, C., and T. Mercadante. 1997; 60 (11): 1189–1192.
Reticuloendothelioses due to estrogens SI152 Katsuzaki, H., M. Kawasumi, S. Kawa-
and sesame oil, their morphological kishi, and T. Osawa. Structure of novel
identity. II. Sez Med 1955; 62: 171–188. antioxidative lignan glucosides iso-
SI146 Schiff, E., and C. Hirscheberger. lated from sesame seed. Biosci Biotech
Thrombocytosis produced by a hith- Biochem 1992; 56(12): 2087–2088.
erto unknown substance the “fat- SI153 Chen, E. C. F., S. S. K. Tai, C. C. Peng,
soluble T factor”. Amer J Dis Child and J. T. C. Tzen. Identification of
1937; 53: 32–38. three novel unique proteins in seed oil
SI147 Kabelitz, G. Comparative studies on bodies of sesame. Plant Cell Physiol
the behavior of the alimentary lipemia, 1998; 39(9): 935–941.
cholesterol, and blood sugar after load- SI154 Ohta, S., N. Sakurai, T. Inoue and M.
ing with one synthetic and two natural Shinoda. Studieson chemical protec-
food fats. Arch Ges Physiol 1944; 247: tors against radiation. XXV. Radiopro-
593–599 tective activities of various crude
SI148 Tobin, C. E. Effect of adrenalectomy drugs. Yakugaku Zasshi 1987; 107(1):
on pregnancy and survival of untreated 70–75.
and sesame oil-treated rats. Endocri- SI155 Anon. GRAS status of foods and food
nology 1941; 28: 419–425. additives. Fed Regist 1976; 41: 38,644.
SI149 Yanagisawa, F., K. Ogasawara, and K. SI156 Katsuzaki, H., S. Kawakishi, and T.
Bushimata. Biochemical studies on Osawa. Structure of novel antioxidant
plant oils. II. Hypocholesterolemic ac- lignan triglucoside isolated from
tion. Tokyo Toritsu Eisei Kenkyusho sesame seed. Heterocycles 1993;
Kenkyu Nempo 1967; 1967(19): 90–96 36(5): 933–936.