ORYZA SATIVA 401

11 Oryza
sativa
L.

Common Names
Aisskssiinainikimm United States Ilayisi Africa
Aleysi Suriname Karga India
Aloruz Arabic countries Klao Thailand
Araisa Samoa Loso Congo
Arisi India Luama Vietnam
Aros Netherlands Antilles Mchele Mozambiq ue
Aroz France Mchele Tanzania
Arros Spain Mchele Zaire
Arroz colorado Argentina Mpunga Africa
Arroz macho Argentina Mupunga Botswana
Arroz preto Brazil Mupunga Zambia
Arroz rojo Bolivia Mupunga Zimbabwe
Arroz rojo Colombia Nasi Indonesia
Arroz rojo Costa Rica No China
Arroz rojo Cuba Orez Romania
Arroz rojo Ecuador Oriz Albania
Arroz rojo Honduras Oriz Bulgaria
Arroz rojo Mexico Oriz Macedonia
Arroz rojo Nicaragua Orizen Bulgaria
Arroz rojo Panama Orizov Bulgaria
Arroz rojo Paraguay Padi ketek Indonesia
Arroz rojo Peru Paparean Indonesia
Arroz rojo Puerto Rico Pirinac Yugoslavia
Arroz rojo Venezuela Pirinac Croatia
Arroz vermelho Brazil Pirinac Serbia
Arroz Portugal Pirinac Turkey
Arroz Spain Pirinc Turkey
Aruz Ecuador Pugas Hawaii
Bariis Somalia Pugas Pacific Islands
Beras Malaysia Raihi New Zealand
Birhni India Reesa India
Bugas Philippines Reis England
Com cay lua Vietnam Reis Germany
Erus Malaysia Reise The Isle of Man (Manx)

From: Medicinal Plants of the World, vol. 3: Chemical Constituents, Traditional and Modern Medicinal Uses
By: I. A. Ross © Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ

401
402 MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE WORLD

Reisi South Africa Riso Italy

Rice Guyana Riz France
Rice India Riz Rwanda
Rice United Kingdom Rizs Hungary
Rice United States Ruzi Greece
Riisi Finland Rys Netherlands
Rijst Netherlands Rys South Africa
Ris Denmark Ryz Poland
Ris Faeroe Islands Ryze Czech Republic
Ris France Salebyeo Korea
Ris Norway Sragne Cambodia
Ris Russia Tao China
Ris Sweden Umupunga Africa
Ris Switzerland Vary Madagascar
Ris Ukraine Wild rice Australia
Risgryn Sweden

BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION ratio defining size and shape of the grain.

Oryza sativa is a perennial, cultivated as an Kernel is usually white, sometimes red,
annual of the POACEAE (GRAMINEAE) purple, or brown.
family. The root system of the plant is fi- ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION
brous, with roots rising from the lower nodes
Rice is one of the oldest food crops. Cur-
of the culm. The plant tiller usually bears rently, it does not seem possible to deter-
four or five culms, to 0.6–2.4 m high. Each
mine the place of domestication, but it
culm has 10–20 internodes and is sur-
probably occurred in India or China. Its cul-
rounded by sheathes of leaves. Leaf blades tivation in India, Indochina, China, Indo-
are narrow, flat, 30–50 cm long and 7–25
nesia, and East Africa is prehistoric. It is
mm wide, slightly pubescent with spiny
now distributed throughout the tropics and
hairs on the margin. The inflorescence is a warm parts of temperate regions of the
panicle, 7.5–37.5 cm long, varying from
world. The temperate zone varieties were
close and compact in some, to loose and
named japonica, and the tropical zone vari-
spreading in others; exerting or partially ex- eties indica.
erting. Panicle branches arise in whorls,
each branch bears 75–150 spikelets, each TRADITIONAL MEDICINAL USES
with single floret. Large numbers of spike- China. Hot water extract of the dried straw
lets are usually associated with smaller size is taken orally for hepatitisOS117.
and a densely packed arrangement. The India. Hot water extract of the grain is
flower consists of two lodicules, six stamens, taken orally for jaundice OS136. Powdered
and two plumose stigmas on two styles, sur- grain is taken orally for typhoid fever. The
rounded by the floral bracks and two small grain is kept for a month with “birbahuti”
outer glumes. Lemma and palea surround- (cochineal insects) before givenOS064.
ing the kernel, variously colored: golden yel- Indonesia. The charred stem is immersed
low, red, purple, brown and black, becoming in water, and the liquid is taken orally by
straw or light yellow when the grain ripens. pregnant women as an abortifacientOS003.
Grain varying in size from 5 to 14 mm long The stem ash is eaten twice daily as an
and 2–3.7 mm broad. The length/breadth abortifacientOS125.
ORYZA SATIVA 403

Iran. The grain is taken orally for intestinal 15,16-Epoxy-3 E-palmitoyloxy-kauran-2-one:

inflammation and administered rectally for LfOS159
diarrhea. The grain flour is used externally 15,16-Epoxy-kauran-2,3-dione: LfOS159
3-Dehydro-6-deoxoteasterone: PlOS158
to reduce topical inflammation, to remove
3-Dehydroteasterone: PlOS158
rash and erythema, and to treat genital irri- 6-Deoxoteasterone: PlOS158
tation in children resulting from contact Abscisic acid: SdOS007
with urine, and it is mixed with talc powder Aconitic acid: AerOS043
to prevent dryness of the skinOS024. Aconitic acid, trans: AerOS112
Japan. The fresh grain is taken orally as a Alanine, D: LfOS099
general nutrientOS054. Alanyl-glycine, D: LfOS099
Aluminum: LfOS027
Malaysia. Infusion of the root is taken
Arabino-hexono-1-4-lactone, D, 3-deoxy:
orally to facilitate parturitionOS062. PlOS015
Mexico. The grain is taken orally to treat Arabino-1-4-lactone, D: PlOS015
diarrheaOS070. Arabinol, iso: AerOS006,OS005
Nepal. Water obtained from rice wash Arundoin: AerOS006,OS005
“chaulani” is taken orally to relieve Asparagine: RtOS026
vaginitisOS063. To relieve leukorrhea, approx Asparatic acid: PlOS117
Auxin: ShOS081
10 g of the flowers of fire-flame bush
Benzoic acid, 4-hydroxy: StOS044
Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz. is boiled in Brassicasterol, 22-dihydro: Bran 69.6OS080
600–700 mL of rice wash and the decoction Caffeic acid: StOS044
is cooled and taken orally twice daily for at Campesterol: AerOS127,OS006
least 2 weeksOS063. Campesterol ferulate: Bran 69.6OS080, Sd
Nicaragua. The grain is taken orally for di- oilOS055
arrhea and externally for skin rashesOS069. Castasterone: Sh 13.60 pptOS088, Aer 13.6
OS089, SdOS033
Peru. Hot water extract of the dried fruit is
Castasterone, 6-deoxy: SdOS033
used externally for acne and orally for gas- Chrysanthemin: Seedling RtOS030
tric irritation, diarrhea, and bloody Coumaric acid, para: StOS044
dysenteryOS139. Cyanidin: SdOS157
Philippines. Decoction of the dried seed Cyanidin 3-O-E-D-glucoside: PlOS045
hull in used in steam baths for postpartum Cyanidin diglycoside: LfOS144
care. Also, added to the bath are Paspalum Cyanidin monoglycoside: SdOS144
scrobiculatum, monkey bones, deer antler, Cyanidin-5-glycoside: Lf OS002
incense, Commophora myrrha, salt, and Cycloartanol ferulate: Sd oilOS042
Cycloartanol, 24-methylene, ferulate: Sd
riceOS130. oilOS042, Bran 278.7OS080
Taiwan. Hot water extract of the dried root Cycloartenol ferulate: Sd oilOS042, Bran
is taken orally for liver diseasesOS138. 139.3OS080
Thailand. Hot water extract of the fresh Cycloartenol ferulic acid ester: BranOS047
seedling is taken orally as a tonicOS145. Cycloeucalenol: Sd oilOS076
Cylindrin: AerOS006,OS005
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS Daucosterol: Sd HuOS079
(ppm unless otherwise indicated) Diazepam: SdOS035
15,16-Epoxy-3-oxa-kauran-2-one: LfOS159 Diazepam, N-demethyl: SdOS035
15,16-Epoxy-3 D-palmitoyloxy-kauran-2-one: DNA topoisomerase 1: SeedlingOS109
LfOS159 Dolichosterone: Sh 8.40 pptOS088
15,16-Epoxy-3 E-dyfroxy-kauran-2-one: LfOS159 Erythrono-1-4-lactone, D: PlOS015
15,16-Epoxy-3 E-myristoyloxy-kauran-2-one: Erythrono-1-4-lactone, D, 2-C-hydroxy-
LfOS159 methyl: PlOS015
404 MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE WORLD

Erythrono-1-4-lactone, D, 2-C- methyl: PlOS015 Oryzenin: SdOS071

Ferulic acid: StOS044, BranOS084 Paeonidin-3-O-E-D-glucoside: Seedling
Glucan, D: PlOS098 RtOS030
Glutamic acid: StrawOS117 Palmitin, mono: SdOS033
Glutathione: RtOS052 Pantoyllactone primeveroside: SeedlingOS023
Glycine: StrawOS117 Phytic acid: SdOS038, BranOS051
Kaur-15-ene, ent: ShOS058 Phytin: Sd HuOS095, FrOS111, Epicarp
Kaur-16-ene, ent: ShOS058 4.42%OS113, SdOS090
Leucine: StrawOS117 Phytocassane A: Call TissOS029
Leucine, iso: StrawOS117 Phytocassane B: Call TissOS029
Linoleic acid, 12-13-epoxy: LfOS037 Phytocassane C: Call TissOS029
Lutexin: LfOS009 Phytocassane D: Call TissOS029
Lutonaretin: LfOS009 Phytocassane E: Call TissOS029
Lysine: StrawOS117 Prolamine: SdOS040
Lyxono-1-1-lactone, D: PlOS015 Protein: SdOS114
Lyxono-1-4-lactone, D-2-deoxy: PlOS015 Protein (Oryza sativa): Straw 47OS011
Malvidin: SdOS157 Protocatechuic acid: StOS044
Melatonin: Sd 1498OS156 Pyridoxine, 5-O-(E-D-glucopyranosyl): FrOS078
Methionine: StrawOS117 Pyrrolidine, 1 (2 acetyl): SdOS110
Momilactone A: LfOS017 Pyrroline, 1 (2 acetyl): Fr 1.52OS103
Momilactone B: PlOS116 Quinic acid: LfOS025
Momilactone C: HuskOS077 Resorcinol, 5-(heptadec-12-enyl):
Nicotianamine: SeedlingOS121 SeedlingOS031
Olein, mono: SdOS033 Resorcinol, 5-heptadecyl: SeedlingOS031
Oryza antifungal protein: SdOS021 Resorcinol, 5-pentadecyl: SeedlingOS031
Oryza protein I: Bran 0.07%OS065 Resorcinol, 5-tridecyl: SeedlingOS031
Oryza sativa lectin: FrOS010 Rhamnono-1-4-lactone, L: PlOS015
Oryza sativa phytoglycolipid: Sd CtOS094 Rice antifungal protein 1: SeedlingOS018
Oryza sativa polysaccharides RBS: FrOS012 Sakuranetin: Lf OS034,OS017
Oryza sativa substance RBF-PM: SdOS118 Salicyclic acid: Sh 61OS053, Seedling
Oryza sativa substance RBF-X: SdOS118 37.19OS060
Oryzabran A: Sd CtOS137 Satiomem: SdOS020
Oryzabran B: Sd CtOS137 Serine: StrawOS117
Oryzabran C: Sd CtOS137 Shikimic acid: Lf OS025
Oryzabran D: Sd CtOS137 Sitosterol, E: AerOS127,OS006
Oryzacystatin A: SdOS066 Sitosterol, E cellopentaoside: SdOS115
Oryzacystatin I: SdOS056 Sitosterol, E cellotetraoside: SdOS115
Oryzacystatin II: SdOS056 Sitosterol, E ferulate: Sd oilOS042, Bran 96.9OS080
Oryzalexin A: Lf 1.0OS120 Squalene: SdOS146, ShOS058
Oryzalexin B: LfOS123 Stigmasterol: AerOS127
Oryzalexin C: LfOS123 Stigmasterol ferulate: Sd oilOS042
Oryzalexin D: LfOS017 Teasterone: SdOS033
Oryzalexin F: Lf 2.3OS019 Thiamine: SdOS057
Oryzalexin S: LfOS017 Threonine: StrawOS117
Oryzalide A: Lf 1.2OS016 Tocopherol, D: Fixed oilOS042
Oryzanol: Sd oilOS048 Tocopherol,E: Fixed oilOS042
Oryzanol, J: Sd oilOS032,OS042 Tocopherol, G: Fixed oilOS042
Oryzaran A: RtOS096 Tocopherol, J: Fixed oilOS042
Oryzaran B: RtOS096 Tocotrienol, D: Fixed oilOS042
Oryzaran C: RtOS096 Tocotrienol, E: Fixed oilOS042
Oryzaran D: RtOS096 Tocotrienol, G: Fixed oilOS042
Oryzatensin: SdOS022 Tocotrienol, J: Fixed oilOS042
ORYZA SATIVA 405

Tricin: StrawOS117 Antibacterial activity. Ethanol (95%) and

Tricin-5-O-E-D-Glucoside: PlOS008 water extracts of the dried grain, on agar
Tyrosine: Straw OS117 plate at a concentration of 50 PL/plate, were
Valine: StrawOS117
active on Staphylococcus aureusOS067.
Vanillic acid: StOS044
Violanthin: Lf, StOS097
Antidiarrheal activity. A mixture con-
Vitexin: Lf OS009 sisted of rice powder and various electrolytes
Vitexin, Iso: Lf OS009 dissolved in 1 L of water was successful in
Wax (Oryza sativa): Fixed oilOS028 treating 82% of 38 adult patients and 80%
children with diarrhea due to Vibrio cholerae.
PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES
The mixture was also successful in treating
AND CLINICAL TRIALS
89% of patients with diarrhea resulting
5-D Reductase inhibition. Water extract of from Escherichia coliOS131. Rice flour, used as a
the grain, applied externally on adults at a rehydration therapy instead of glucose, was
concentration of 10%, was active. The bio- activeOS049. Water extract of the grain, ad-
logical activity has been patentedOS072. ministered intragastrically to rats, was ac-
Anaphylactic activity. Methanol extract of tive. The extract was tested as an oral
grains, administered intraperitoneally to rehydration solution for the treatment of
rats at a dose of 1 g/kg, dose-dependently bacterial diarrhea. The solution inhibited
inhibited systemic anaphylaxis induced by secretions by inhibiting chloride channel
compound 48/80. When the extract was secretion in the small intestineOS075. Rice
pretreated at concentrations ranging from powder, administered orally to 96 children
0.001 to 1 mg/g body weight, the serum his- with diarrhea in a study to evaluate the effi-
tamine levels were reduced in a dose-depen- cacy of cereal-based oral rehydration
dent manner. It also inhibited local therapy compared with World Health Or-
anaphylaxis activated by anti-dinitrophenyl ganization oral rehydration therapy recov-
immunoglobulin E (IgE). The extract dose- ery, produced 3.5 vs 40% in controlsOS068.
dependently inhibited the histamine released Rice water, with NaCl, KCl, and CaCl2
from rat peritoneal mast cells activated by added was used for rehydration in mild to
compound 48/80 or antidinitrophenyl IgE. acute diarrhea. The efficacy was as great as
The level of cyclic adenosine monophos- World Health Organization oral rehydra-
phate in the rat peritoneal mast cells, when tion solutionsOS059.
the extract was added, significantly in- Antidysenteric activity. Cooked rice, fed
creased compared with the basal cellsOS082. to pigs infected with Serpulina hyody-
Methanol extract of the dried seed, in cell senteriae, produced drier colonic contents
culture at variable concentrations, inhibited and feces and lighter large intestines, and
compound of IgE-induced release from rat the contents of their large intestines had
peritoneal mast cells. The methanol extract, increased pH values and decreased total
administered intragastrically to rats at a dose volatile fatty acid concentrations than on
of 1 g/kg, inhibited the rate of passive cuta- other diets. None of the pigs fed the cooked-
neous anaphylaxis reaction. Intraperitoneal rice diet developed colonic changes or dis-
administration inhibited systemic anaphy- ease, whereas most pigs on the other diets
laxis induced by compound 48/80OS083. developed mucohemorrhagic colitis and
Anti-acne activity. Water extract of the dysenteryOS148.
grain, applied externally on adults at a con- Antifungal activity. Acetone extract of the
centration of 10%, was active. The biologi- fresh leaf, on agar plate at a concentration
cal activity has been patentedOS072. of 200 ppm, was active on Pyricularia oryzae
406 MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE WORLD

cultivars Fukuyuki and Fukunishiki using Antihyperglycemic activity. Dried grains,

the acidic part and inactive on cultivars taken orally by adults of both sexes, was ac-
Sasanishiki using the acid and neutral parts tive. The hypoglycemic response of three
and on Fukunishiki and Fukuyuki using the traditional sorghum (both whole and
neutral partOS037. dehulled) recipes namely missiroti, upma,
Antihistamine activity. Methanol extract and dhokla were studied on six patients with
of grains, in cell culture at a concentration noninsulin-dependent diabetes. Consump-
of 10 mg/mL, was active on mast cells vs in- tion of whole sorghum recipes resulted in
hibition of histamine release induced by significantly lower plasma glucose levels,
compound 48/80. The extract, administered lower percent peak rise, and lower area-un-
intragastrically to rats at a dose of 1 g/kg, der-the-curve in patients with diabetes
was active vs inhibition of histamine release when compared with the consumption of
induced by compound 48/80OS082. dehulled sorghum and wheat recipes. The
Antihypercholesterolemic activity. Fixed least glycemic response was observed with
oil in the ration of adults, at a dose of 35 g/ whole sorghum semolina (75.6 mg), fol-
day, was active. Twelve patients with high lowed by whole sorghum missiroti (77.8 mg)
serum cholesterol or triglycerides used rice and whole sorghum dhokla (84.5 mg). No
bran oil instead of their usual cooking oil significant difference (p < 0.05) was seen in
(palm oil) and in similar quantities. Serum the mean peak rise of plasma glucose levels
cholesterol and triglycerides were reduced of the subjects fed with wheat and dehulled
after 15 days of use. No reduction was seen recipesOS073. The cooked grain, taken orally
in the control group using the normal cook- by adults, was inactive vs glucose-induced
ing oilOS100. Fixed oil, taken orally by adults, hyperglycemiaOS140. The grain, taken orally
was active. Fifteen patients with elevated by eight healthy individuals with normal
low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol glucose tolerance at a dose of 25 g/person,
were treated with rice bran oil, which com- was activeOS041. Water extract of the dried
prised two-thirds of the fat of a diet with 30% grain, administered intragastrically to mice
fat. The patients showed lower levels of LDL at a dose of 1 g/kg, was inactive. The dose
cholesterol, and plasma cholesterol levels was given 1 hour after streptozotocin and
were similar to those obtained from patients twice daily for 3 subsequent days. Blood glu-
consuming canola, corn, and olive oilsOS138. cose was 255.3 vs 236.3 mg/dL for controls
Rice bran, taken orally by adults at a dose of vs streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemiaOS108.
100 g/day, produced a reduction in LDL, Antihyperlipemic activity. Fixed oil in the
high-density lipoprotein , and very low-den- ration of adults, at a dose of 35 g/day, was
sity lipoprotein cholesterol. The treatment active. Twelve patients with high serum
was administered to 11 patients with mod- cholesterol or triglycerides used rice brain
erately to high blood cholesterol levels for oil instead of their usual cooking oil (palm
two 3-week periods. Before the treatment oil) and in similar quantities. Serum choles-
phase, a control diet without bran was pro- terol and triglycerides were reduced after 15
vided for 2 weeksOS039. Seed oil, in the ration days of use. No reduction was seen in the
of rats at a concentration of 10% of the diet, control group using the normal cooking
was active. Rats fed bran oil with cholesterol oilOS100.
supplementation had lower serum choles- Anti-inflammatory activity. Methanol ex-
terol than those fed similar levels of peanut tract of the bran, used externally on the
oil. High-density lipoprotein level was mouse ear, was active vs 12-O-tetradeca-
higher in the rice bran oil groupOS102. noylphorbol-13-acetate-induced ear inflam-
ORYZA SATIVA 407

mationOS080. Rice germ oil, used externally tive vs water immersion stress-induced
on rabbits three times a day for 2 days, ulcersOS122. Freshly harvested grains (milled
prevented subsequent sodium dodecyl sul- and unmilled) and fresh bran, in the ration
fate-induced blistering, erythema, and of rats, was active vs pylorus ligation-in-
edema. The biological activity has been duced ulcersOS101.
patentedOS107. Antiviral activity. Aqueous low-speed su-
Antimutagenic activity. Water extract of pernatant and juice of the fresh seed, at a
the dried seed coat did not affect the mu- concentration of 10%, were active on virus-
tagenicities of coffee, black tea, whisky, or top necrosis in plantsOS092
several mutagenic compoundsOS129. Anti-yeast activity. Ethanol (80%) extract
Antioxidant activity. Bran, at a concentra- of the dried entire plant, on agar plate at a
tion of 65 mg/mL, was active. Superoxide concentration of 1 mg/mL, was inactive on
radicals were generated using the hypoxan- Candida albicansOS126.
thine-xanthine oxidase systemOS046. Chloro- Apoptosis induction. Lipoprotein fraction
form/methanol and methanol (50%) ex- of the bran, in cell culture at a concentra-
tracts of the dried seed hulls were activeOS093. tion of 100 Pg/mL, was active vs human en-
Antisecretory effect. Water extract of the dometrial adenocarcinoma cellsOS085.
dried grain was active on the small intesti- Atopic dermatitis effect. Rice bran broth,
administered to 17 patients with atopic der-
nal crypt cells vs cyclic adenosine monophos-
matitis as bath therapy, was safe and clini-
phate-induced secretion stimulationOS061.
cally useful. The rice bran broth was
Antispasmodic activity. Ethanol (50%)
dissolved in the bathtub as a medicinal bath.
extract of grain was active on the guinea pig
One of the patients discontinued therapy
ileum vs acetylcholine- and histamine-in-
after developing redness and itching of the
duced spasmsOS001.
skin just after bathing. The other 16 pa-
Anti-thyroid activity. Boiled rice taken tients continued the bath for 2–5 months
orally by adults at a dose of 350 g/person was and recorded skin conditions once a month.
inactive on iodine uptake by the thyroidOS147. The efficacy of the therapy in alleviating
Anti-tumor activity. Bran, administered skin symptoms was excellent in four pa-
intraperitoneally to mice at a dose of 100 tients, good in seven, slightly effective in
mg/kg, was active on Sarcoma 180 (solid). four, and effective in one. Recurrence of
The biological activity has been pa- initial symptoms was not detected in any
tentedOS119. Fermented grains, in the ration patients during the rice bran broth bath-
of rats, were active. Miso, a paste made from ingOS149.
the seeds of Oryza sativa and G lycine max Bioavailability of starch. Cooked rice was
(soybean), was fed ad libitum. The incidence administered to colectomized rats by gastric
of cancers in the miso treated rats was 20% intubation and the recovery of starch in the
less than controls vs 7,12-dimethylbenz- ileal digesta measured after 10 hours of in-
[a]anthracene -induced carcinogenesisOS104. gestion. Significant starch (11–15%) was
Water extract of dried seed hull, adminis- recovered from animals fed peas, lima beans,
tered intraperitoneally to mice, was active or kidney beans; 0.2–0.4% of starch from
on Sarcoma 180 (ASC). A glycoprotein rice. Oligosaccharide extraction, the size of
fraction has been tested. The biological ac- the test meal, and the amount of starch did
tivity reported has been patentedOS133. not affect starch biovailabilityOS150.
Anti-ulcer activity. A cerebroside fraction cAMP accumulation. Methanol extract of
of rice bran, administered intraperitoneally the grain, in cell culture at a concentration
to mice at a dose of 100 mg/kg, was inac- of 1 mg/mL, was active on mast cellsOS082.
408 MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE WORLD

Carcinogenesis inhibition. Polysaccharide Feeding deterrent. The fresh sap and chro-
fraction of the dried seed hulls, administered matographic fraction of the fresh sap were
to rats by gastric intubation, was active vs active on Nilaparvata lugens OS127.
tumor induction with N-ethyl-N-nitro-N- Feeding stimulant. Flavonoid fraction of
nitrosoguanidineOS132. Rice bran, adminis- the dried entire plant was active on Lao-
tered orally to male rats at a concentration delphax striatellus, Sogatella furcifera, and
of 4% of the diet, was active. A 1:1 combi- Nilaparvata lugensOS013. Methanol extract of
nation of wheat bran and psyllium, at a to- the fresh leaf, at a concentration of 2%, was
tal level of 8% dietary fiber, offers the active on Laodelphax striatellus, Nilaparvata
highest protection against colon tumor lugens and Sogatella furcifera. The results
developmentOS141. were significant at p less than 0.01 levelOS014.
Cell proliferation inhibition. Lipoprotein Fungal stimulant. Dried entire plant, at a
fraction of bran, in cell culture at a concen- concentration of 100 ppm, was active on
tration of 100 Pg/mL, was active vs Sawano Gerlachia oryzaeOS015.
cellsOS085. Glutamate–pyruvate–transminase inhi-
Cytotoxic activity. Dried seedling hulls, in bition. Ethanol (50%) extract of the dried
cell culture, was active on Cells-HSOS-1, root, in cell culture at a concentration of
Cells-Jurkat, Cells-X63-AG8, and Leuk- 1 mg/mL, was inactive on hepatocytes vs
P388 OS050. Ethanol (50%) extract of the prostaglandin E-1- and CCl4-induced hepa-
grain, in cell culture, was inactive on CA- totoxicityOS138.
9KB, effective dose50 greater than 20 Pg/ Glycemic index. Rice, consumed by pa-
mLOS001. Water extract of the dried grain, in tients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes
cell culture at a concentration 500 Pg/mL, mellitus, correlated positively with in vitro
was inactive on CA-mammary-microalve- starch digestibility of food slurry and nega-
olar cellsOS105. Water extract of the freeze- tively with amylase content of the food.
dried grains, in cell culture, was active on Glutinous rice had the highest values and
Leuk-P815. The toxic activity of the tumor mung bean noodles the lowestOS152. Rice and
was evaluated by culturing mastocytoma combinations of rice and legumes, con-
P815 with macrophage cells and measuring sumed by 36 patients with noninsulin-
the incorporation of 3H-thymidineOS106. dependent diabetes mellitus, produced
Dermatitis-producing effect. A case of significantly lower blood glucose response
dermatitis in a female adult was reported 2 hours postprandially as compared with
after contact with the fresh leaf OS128. blood glucose responses to a 50 g glucose
Diabetes inhibition of development. load for the same group. A higher glycemic
Methanol/ethanol/ketone extract of bran, index was obtained for rice with peas; all
in the ration of male rats at a dose of 0.5 g/ other combinations yielded lower glycemic
kg, was active vs streptozotocin-induced indices. No significant difference was ob-
diabetesOS086. served for triglyceride responses of the dif-
Estrogenic effect. Polished rice, in the ra- ferent foodsOS153.
tion of immature female rats, was activeOS143. Hair-growth stimulant. Water extract of
Saponifiable fraction of the embryo, admin- the grain, applied externally on adults at a
istered subcutaneously to female mice, was concentration of 10%, was active. The bio-
activeOS142. Seed oil, administered orally to logical activity has been patentedOS072.
female mice at a dose of 10% of the diet, Hypocholesterolemic activity. Unsaponi-
was activeOS004. fiable fraction of seed oil, administered
orally to rats at a dose of 0.4% of the diet,
ORYZA SATIVA 409

was activeOS134. Seed oil, administered orally ing of mashed potatoes was faster than that
to adults and by gastric intubation to dogs, of polished rice and of white beans. Blood
was activeOS124. glucose and plasma insulin responses to the
Hypoglycemic activity. Dried grain, taken meal with mash potatoes were greater than
orally by human adults at a dose of 162 g/ that of polished rice, which also produced a
person, was active, results were significant greater glucose response than that of white
at p less than 0.001 levelOS091. Water extract beans. The glucose and insulin responses to
of the dried seed coat of cultivar Fukuyuki, potatoes and rice were strongly related to
administered intraperitoneally to mice at a gastric emptying rate, but other factors
dose of 100 mg/kg, was activeOS137. dominates the control of these responses to
Hypotensive activity. Ethanol (50%) ex- white beansOS154.
tract of the grain, administered intrave- Mutagenic activity. Seed oil was inactive
nously to dogs at a dose of 50 mg/kg, was on Salmonella typhimurium TA100 and
activeOS001. TA98. Metabolic activation had no effect
Interleukin induction. Water extract of on the resultsOS135.
freeze-dried grain was active. Interleukin -1 Parkinson’s disease. Unpolished rice, in
activity was measured by the interleukin-1 combination with Carica papaya, seaweeds,
dependent growth of a T-helper cell and effective micro-organisms, produced
lineOS106. potential neuroprotective effects. The treat-
Lipid metabolism effects. Grains, in the ment was investigated using the 6-hydro-
ration of rats at a dose of 68 g/animal daily xydopamine-lesion rat model of Parkinson’s
for 3 months, were active vs rats fed tapi- disease. The nigrostriated dopaminergic
oca. Total serum cholesterol and triglycer- neurons were unilaterally lesioned with 6-
ides were higher than animals fed tapioca. hydroxydopamine in rats that were treated.
Glucose-6-phosphate levels were lower, and Seven days after lesion, the integrity (num-
triglyceride lipase and lipoprotein lipase ber of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cells in
were increased over levels found in the tapi- the substantia nigra pars compacta) and
oca groupOS087. Seed oil, in the ration of rats functionality (dopamine and its metabo-
at a concentration of 10% of the diet, was lites 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and
active. Liver triglycerides were lower in rats homovanillic acid content in the striata) of
fed rice brain oil than those fed peanut nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons were
oilOS102. assessedOS155.
Lymphocyte stimulation. Bran fiber hemi- Passive cutaneous anaphylaxis inhibi-
cellulose, administered to rats at a dose of tion. Methanol extract of the grain, admin-
10% of the diet, produced weak activity on istered intragastrically to rats at a dose of 1
sperm cellsOS036. g/kg, was active vs anti-2,4-dinitrophenyl
Metabolism and gastric emptying. Pol- immunoglobulin administration followed by
ished rice, consumed by 13 healthy adults, intravenous antigenic challengeOS082.
produced no correlation between gastric Protein secretion stimulation. Decoction
emptying and blood glucose or plasma insu- of the grain, administered intraperitoneally
lin after the meal. Three meals of equal en- to mice at a dose of 100 mg/kg, increased
ergy content consisting of mashed potatoes, protein content of saliva in streptozotocin-
polished rice, or white beans were investi- induced diabetic mice. The results were sig-
gated. Blood glucose and plasma insulin nificant at p < 0.01 levelOS074.
were measured after overnight fast and after Radical scavenging effect. Bran was active
ingestion of the test meals. Gastric empty- when scavenging of 1,1-diphenyl 1,2-
410 MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE WORLD

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