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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
104 views48 pagesS1 - CH3
Pearson Edexcel A Level Statistics 1 - CH3 slides
Uploaded by
Fadi AyyoubCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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/ 48
CHAPTER THREE
Representations of data 3.1 Histograms
A histogram is a graphical representation that organizes a group of data
points into user-specified ranges. It is similar in appearance to a bar
graph. The histogram condenses a data series into an easily interpreted
visual by taking many data points and grouping them into logical ranges
or bins
Grouped continuous data can be represented in a histogram
In a histogram, the area of the bar is proportional (related in size) to the
frequency in each class
4 _ frequency
Frequency density = Glass width"
Joining the middle of the top of each bar in a histogram forms a
frequency polygon. Example:
Ina random sample, 200 students were asked how long it took them to complete
their homework the previous night. The times were recorded and summarized in the
table below
ens err)
(minutes)
Frequency
a Draw a histogram and a frequency polygon to represent the data.
b Estimate how many students took between 36 and 45 minutes to complete their
homework OR eC
25 median > mean describes a distribution with a negative skew
3(mean-median) |.
You can also calculate Standard deviation Which tells you how skewed the data are.
Negative skew symmetrical Positive skew
Se 0 —cccccuwrwm
PULL PULL
mA value of 0 implies that the mean = median and the distribution is symmetrical
= A positive value implies that the median < mean and the distribution is positively skewed
= A negative value implies that median > mean and the distribution is negatively skewed = Example
The following stem and leaf diagram shows the scores obtained by a group of students in a test.
Score Key: 6| 1 means 61
2/128 @)
3/34789 6)
4/1235679 a
5]0233556899 (10)
6|12234456688899 (ay
7102345789 (8)
sjoi4 )
The modal value is 68, the mean is 57.46 and the standard deviation is 15.7 for these data.
a Find the three quartiles for this data set. = Example
The following stem and leaf diagram shows the scores obtained by a group of students in a test.
Key: 6| I means 61
Score
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
128
34789
ooo
0233556899
12234456688899
02345789
O14
@)
()
M
(10)
(4)
(8)
3)
The modal value is 68, the mean is 57.46 and the standard deviation is 15.7 for these data.
b Calculate the value of
. 3(mean — median)
standard deviation
¢ Use two further methods to show that the data are negatively ske
and comment on the skewness. Exercise 3E (page 46) Q2
A group of estate agents recorded the time spent on the first meeting with a random sample of 120 of their
clients. The mean time spent with their clients is 31.1 minutes and the variance is 78.05. The median time
is 29.7 minutes and QI and Q3 values are 25.8 minutes and 34.8 minutes. One measure of skewness is
found using 2(mean = median)
Standard deviation
a Evaluate this measure and describe the skewness of the data
‘The estate agents are undecided whether to use the median and quartiles,
or the mean and standard deviation to summarise the data.
b State, giving a reason, which you would recommend for them to use. 3.6 Comparing data
= When comparing data sets you can comment on:
a measure of location a measure of spread
You can compare data by using the mean and standard deviation or by using the median and
interquartile range. If the data set contains extreme values, then the median and interquartile
range are more appropriate statistics to use = Example:
The daily mean temperature (°C) during August is recorded at London Heathrow Airport and
Dubai International Airport.
For London Heathrow, Ex = 562.0 and 0301.2
a Calculate the mean and standard deviation for London Heathrow.
For Dubai International, the mean temperature was 31 °C with a standard deviation of 1.35 °C.
b Compare the data for the two airports using the information given Exercise 3F (page 48) Q1
The box plots below show the distribution of speeds of cars on two motorways.
Compare the distributions of the speeds
on the two motorways.
3s 60) 6505
0) (esr 000)
Speed (kilometres per hour) Exercise 3F (page 49) Q2
Two classes of primary school children complete a puzzle. Summary statisti
the children took, in minutes, are shown in the table.
for the times
oF 2
Calculate the mean and standard deviation of the Die AeA
times and compare the distributions Class 2B| 20 | 650 | 22000
Class 2F | 22 |598| 19 100 Chapter Review Exercise (page 49) Q1
Aroon and Bassam decided to go on a touring holiday in Europe for the whole of July.
They recorded the distance they drove, in kilometers, each day:
155, 164, 168, 169, 173, 175, 177, 178, 178, 178, 179, 179, 179, 184, 184, 185,
185, 188, 192, 193, 194, 195, 195, 196, 204, 207, 208, 209, 211, 212, 226
a Draw a stem and leaf diagram and find Q1, Q2 and Q3.
Outliers are values that lie below QI ~ 1.5(Q3 - QI) or above Q3 + 1.5(Q3 - Ql).
D Find any outliers.
¢ Draw a box plot of these data.
d Comment on the skewness of the distribution. a. Draw a stem and leaf diagram and find Q1, Q2 and Q3. Outliers are values that lie below QI - 1.5(Q3 - QI) or above Q3 + 1.5(Q3 - QI).
b. Find any outliers.
C. Draw a box plot of these data.
SESESESESSS PROBS
Distance (km)
d. Comment on the skewness of the distribution. Exercise (page 50) Q2
Cross-country runners from the Marathon Club and the Runners Club were keen to see
which club had the faster runners overall. They decided that all the members from both
clubs would take part in a cross-country run. The time each runner took
to complete the run was recorded. The results are summarised in the box plots.
a Write down the time by which 50%
of the Marathon Club runners had
completed the run,
b Write down the time by which 75%
of the Runners Club runners had
5» 5S 0 6 oS @ 6 Wo ©
completed the run, Time (nin)
¢ Explain what is meant by the cross (x) on the Marathon Club box plot So 5 ob > S & S we &
‘Time (min)
d Compare and contrast these two box plots.
e What conclusions can you draw from this information about which club has the faster
runners?
f Give one advantage and one disadvantage of comparing distributions using box plots. Exercise (page 51) Q4
The histogram shows the time taken by a group of 58 girls to run a measured distance.
a Work out the number of girls who took longer than
56 seconds. .
b Estimate the number of girls who took between 45
ES
52 and 55 seconds.
Frequency density
of Fy hod
©
‘50 52 54 56 58.60 62 64
Time (seconds) Exercise (page 51) Q5
The table gives the distances travelled to school, in km, of the population of children in
a particular region of the United Kingdom.
Distance, d (km)
O
