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Z Transform

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Properties of The ROC of Z-Transform

• The ROC is a ring or disk centered at the origin
• DTFT exists if and only if the ROC includes the unit circle
• The ROC cannot contain any poles
• The ROC for finite-length sequence is the entire z-plane
except possibly z=0 and z=
• The ROC for a right-handed sequence extends outward from the outermost pole
possibly including z= 
• The ROC for a left-handed sequence extends inward from the innermost pole
possibly including z=0
• The ROC of a two-sided sequence is a ring bounded by poles
• The ROC must be a connected region
• A z-transform does not uniquely determine a sequence without specifying the ROC
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From DFT to Z-transform

Generalizing DFT Z-transform
Eigen function Add module r
Unit circle in the complex space All the complex space

𝑒 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒
𝑧 = 𝑒 (𝑟 = 1)
𝑋 Ω = 𝑥[𝑛] 𝑒
𝑋 𝑧 = 𝑥[𝑛] 𝑧

Output Z-transform
input
(convolution) input Output
𝑧 → ℎ[𝑛] 𝑧 𝑧 →𝑧 ℎ[𝑛] 𝑧
𝑧 →𝐻 𝑧 𝑧 𝐻𝑧 = ℎ[𝑛] 𝑧

𝐻 𝑧 Fourier transform of 𝑥 𝑛 𝑟

𝑋 𝑟𝑒 = 𝑥 𝑛 (𝑟𝑒 ) = 𝑥𝑛 𝑟 𝑒
𝑋 𝑧 =𝑍 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝐷𝐹𝑇[𝑥 𝑛 𝑟 ]

𝑟 𝑒
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Z - Transform
• The Z-transform plays the same role in the analysis of discrete-time signals and LTI systems
as the Laplace transform does in the continuous-time signals and LTI systems.

• It offers the techniques for digital filter design and frequency analysis of digital signals.

Definition of z-transform:
The z-transform of the discrete-time 𝒙[𝒏] is given by:
Z 𝑋 𝑧 = 𝑥[𝑛] 𝑧 Where z is
𝑥[𝑛] 𝑋 𝑧 a complex variable

For a causal sequence:

𝑥 𝑛 = 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 < 0

All the values of z that make the summation to exist form a region of convergence (ROC) .
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Example 1
Problem:
Given the sequence, 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑢(𝑛), find the z-transform of 𝑥 𝑛
Solution:
From the definition of the z-transform:

ROC: Region of Convergence

(values of z for the convergence)
we know,

Therefore, When,

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Example 2
Problem:
Consider the exponential sequence, 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑎 𝑢(𝑛), find the z-transform of 𝑥 𝑛 .

Solution:
From the definition of the z-transform

Since this is a geometric series Therefore,

Region of
Convergence
that will converge for,

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Z-Transform
Table

Line 15

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Example 3
Problem:
Find the z-transform for each of the following sequences:
a. b.
Solution:
a. From line 9 in the Table:

b. From line 14 in the Table:

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Z-Transform Properties (1)

Linearity:
𝑥 (𝑛) and 𝑥 (𝑛) denote the sampled sequences, a and b are the arbitrary constants.

Example 4
Problem:
Find the z-transform of
Solution:
Applying the linearity of the z-transform

Line 3
Using z-transform Table Therefore, we get,
Line 6

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Z-Transform Properties (2)

Z-Transform
Shift Theorem: 𝑥 𝑛 𝑋 𝑧

Verification:

Since 𝑥(𝑛) is assumed to be causal:

Then we achieve,

Factoring 𝑧 from Equation we get,

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Example 5
Problem:
Determine the z-transform of

Solution:
Using shift theorem,

Using z-transform table, line 6:

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Z-Transform Properties (3)

Convolution

In time domain, eq.(1)

In Z-transform domain,
Verification: 𝑥 𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑒𝑞. (1)

Taking the z-transform of eq.(1)

𝑧 =𝑧 𝑧 ( )

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Example 6
Problem:
Given the sequences, Find the z-transform
of the convolution.
Solution:
Applying the z-transform of the two sequences,
𝑍[𝑥 𝑛 ]

𝑍[𝑥 𝑛 ]

Therefore we get,

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Inverse z-Transform: Examples

The inverse z-transform for the function 𝑋(𝑧) is defined as:

Example 7 Find the inverse z-transform of

Solution We get,
Using table,

Example 8 Find the inverse z-transform of

Solution We get,

Using table,

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Inverse z-Transform: Examples

Example 9 Find the inverse z-transform of

Solution Since, From line 9 in the Table

By coefficient matching,

Therefore,

Example 10 Find the inverse z-transform of

Solution

Using Table
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