INTRODUCTION TO P&ID

Technical Presentation on “Piping & Instrumentation Diagrams”

presented by Tejas D. Deshpande
B.E. (Chemical)
Tatyasaheb Kore Institute of Engg. and Technology, Warananagar.

CONTENTS:

1. Chemical Process Diagrams

2. Types of Chemical Process Diagrams
3. Introduction to P&ID
4. Purpose of P&ID
5. P&ID Symbology – Standards & Codes
6. Equipment Symbology
7. Piping Symbology
8. Instruments Symbology
9. P&ID Creation
10. Industrial Applications
11. Software & Sources
12. Conclusion

Chemical Process Diagrams

(Flow sheets)
Engineering drawings that defines the Chemical Process Steps in proper sequence Pictorially
More elaborate diagrammatic representations of Equipment, Sequence of Operations, and
Performance of a Plant
Necessary for clarity and to meet the needs of various persons engaged in Design, Cost
estimating, Purchasing, Fabrication, Operation, Maintenance and Management
During plant design, for understanding the process requirements
During Operations, forms a basis for comparison of operating performance with design
Can be used by operating personnel for the preparation of operating manuals and training
Key documents in understanding Process, during Operation and Maintenance

Types of Chemical Process Diagrams

Block Flow Diagrams (BFDs)
Process Flow Diagrams /Process Flowsheet (PFDs)
Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams (P&IDs)
Utilities Flow Diagrams (UFDs)

Complexity Increases

Conceptual Understanding Increases

 Introduction to P&ID
Diagram in the process industry which shows the Piping of the process flow together with
the installed Equipment and Instrumentation
Institute of Instrumentation and Control (UK) defines as- “ A diagram which shows the
interconnection of Piping, Process Equipment and the Instrumentation used to control the
process ”
In simple words, Schematic representation of all Equipment, Piping and Process
Instrumentation
Provides the basis for the development of system control schemes, allowing for further safety
and
operational investigations , such as HAZOP
P&ID is used during most plant activities such as-
• Normal operating conditions
• Startup & Shutdowns
• Regular Maintenance
• Emergency Situations
“Piping & Instrumentation Diagram
P&ID can be divided into 3 parts:
• Equipment Specification
• Instrument Specification
• Piping specification

P&ID takes different form depending on:

• Nature of the Process
• Firm performing the design work
• Design Philosophy
• Intended Audience
Purpose of P&ID
To show –
- Material Flow
- Piping between various sections
- Major pieces of mechanical Equipments
- Valves and directions of process flow
- Field Mounted instruments
- Electrical Equipments
- Communication Links

Not to show-
- Process Information
- Physical dimensions of equipment
- Piping Details
- Control Logic

P&ID Symbology
Standards and Codes used in Instrumentation-
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)- All Products & Services
American Petroleum Institute (API)- Oil & Natural Gas
American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM)- All Products & Services
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)-Pressure vessels & Pipes
American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE)- Manufacturing Processes
Deutsches Institut für Normung (DIN)- Rules and symbols for flow-sheet
International Society of Automation (ISA)- Process control

ANSI/ISA-S5.01-2009
“Goal of uniformity in the field of Instrumentation”

P&ID Symbol Contents

Equipment Symbology
- Equipment Layout
- Equipment Identification & Numbering
- Nozzles
- Miscellaneous

Piping Symbology
- Piping Layout
- Line Identification
- Line Continuation
- Piping Components
- Utility Piping

Instrument Symbology
- Instrument Layout
- Instrument Identification
- Interconnecting Piping
- Instrument Piping
- Instrument Control
 Equipment Symbology
I) Equipment Layout

Relative Shape
e.g. Spheres, Tanks, Columns, Pumps
Relative Orientation
e.g. Horizontal, Vertical, Sloped
Relative Position
Location relative to other equipment
Relative Size
Size relative to other equipment
Equipment Status
e.g. New, Existing, Relocated, Future, Vendor S.

II) Equipment Identification-1

a) Tag Prefix :
Shows type of the equipments
e.g. V- Storage tanks, P- Pump, FL- Filter ,CT- Cooling Tower
b) Tag Root Numeric :
Gives typical number to the equipment - Equipment Number
e.g. V-405, D-220
c) Tag Root Alphabetic:
When there are more than 1 equipment is used in single operation then it is given by
1-5 alphabetic letters.
e.g. V-405.A, V-405.B
III)Equipment Identification-2

•Additional utilities used for its proper working are represented by some additional symbols
outside the bubble.
• Equipment insulation and tracing is specified below the equipment bubble.
• Pipe specification to be used for piping trimming is specified above the equipment bubble
symbol.
• Codes used to identify insulation, tracing and piping trim should be the same as used on the
piping itself.

IV) Equipment Nozzles

• Nozzle identification is done by a nozzle box located adjacent to the nozzle. It contains a
unique name (tag) and size.
• Nozzle tag shows for which purpose the nozzle is used.
e.g. A- Inlet, B- Outlet, L- Level Switch
• When there are more than 1 nozzles used for similar application, numbers are allocated to
nozzles of similar type.
e.g. L1, L2 - Level switches 1 & 2
• Number written below the nozzle tag inside the box shows size of the nozzle.
e.g. In given case, size of the nozzle is 2 inches.

V) Item Status

N - New
E - Existing
R - To be Relocated
V - Vendor Supplied Packages
F - Future
M - To be Modified
VI) Clouding & Scope Box

Piping Symbology

Piping is shown schematically, in a logical sequence, not as it is actually piped in the field
Piping specification differentiate between various piping systems
e.g. pigging line system, cooling jacket pipeline etc.
The various piping parts are shown according to following category:
- Drains
- Vents
- Flush connections
- Steam and Air traps
- Reducers
- Relief devices
Each pipeline will have a label that gives a unique identifier, size and piping specification
code
Piping corrections to equipment, and line terminations are shown as flanged or threaded
Piping length and elevation, isometrics, and stress considerations are not shown
 Interconnecting Line types
Types of Connections:
Main Line(Pipeline)
Process Connections
Pneumatic Signals
Data Links
Capillary Tubing
Hydraulic Signals
Electromagnetic /Sonic Signal

Line Identification
Line Identification consists of the following information:
• Service Designation - Type of fluid flowing through it
• Numeric Number - Pipe line no. from the drawing
• Pipe size – Outer diameter of the pipe
• Global Pipe Specification Code - MOC of pipe
• Tracing Codes - Type of tracing (if available)
• Insulation and Jacketing -Type of Insulation /Jackets
• CLD - Critical line descriptor
 Line Continuation
In almost all processes in chemical plant, various materials are transferred to different parts
of the plant.
In such cases, one P&ID sheet is not sufficient to show all piping systems of that material
spread in various parts of plant.
We have to continue the pipeline flow in the next sheets also
- Line continuation symbols show piping connections between different P&IDs.
It helps to correlate the connections of some materials in different processes within the plant.
 Piping Components
Utility Piping:
Shown similar to the process piping in all respects
Except continued to the margins of the process P&IDs
Begins or terminates at a non-directional box shown on P&ID
BOX- Name of the utility and Drawing no. of utility diagram

Miscellaneous Piping Items:

All manual valves
Self-contained regulating valve
Rupture/Safety devices
Drains
Vents
Flush connections
Steam and Air traps
Reducers /Expanders
 Valves on Piping

Instrument Symbology
An instrument is a device that measures a physical quantity such as flow, temperature, level,
distance, pressure.
Instrumentation is the use of measuring instruments to monitor and control process.
As a chemical plant has different processes occurring and we use instruments for the
following reasons:
- Reduce Variability
- Increase Efficiency
- Ensure Safety
P&IDs shows all instruments present over the plant in various processes.
Every instrument is identified and shown both schematically and symbolically on the P&IDs.
Instrument specifications give the particular type, service, range, and manufacturer.

Instrument Identification
1. Tag Prefixes: 1st Letter, 2nd Letter & 3rd Letter
2. Tag Number: P&ID number and Sequence
3. Tag Alphabetic: In case of Duplicate
4. Item Location:
No Line - On Field
Solid Line - In control Room Panel
Dash Line - In control Room Behind panel
Double Solid Line - On Remote Panel
Double Dash Line - Behind Remote Panel
Industry to P&ID
 Tag Symbols

Instrument Connections
Welded, threaded or flanged in-line
Welded or threaded instrument process tap
Flanged instrument process tap
Welded or threaded thermo well sensor or sample probe
Flanged thermo well sensor or sample probe
Non-intrusive instrument element
e.g. Temperature, Pressure, Level Instruments
Instrument Control System
 Instrument Control System
Instruments – To measure and record all process parameters
Transmitters- To produce an output signal often in the form of electrical current signal
Computerized controller – To monitor and control the parameters at PLC/DCS
PLC/DCS – To interpret it to readable values and used to control other devices and processes
Computer devices play a significant role in both gathering the information from the field and
changing the field parameters
-KEY PARTS OF CONTROL LOOP
These devices are shown by some “CPU I/O Symbols”.

CPU I/O Symbols

 P&ID Creation
(Global Project Methodology)

1. Genesis of P&ID

2. Stage Developments of P&ID

Industrial Applications
The detailed design approach requires various departments to supply a great deal of data with
other. Listed are various fields that use P&IDs :
Process Engineers
Piping/Mechanical Engineers
Electrical Engineers
Instrumentation Engineers
Structural/Civil Engineers
 Software and Sources
AutoCAD P&ID
AVEVA P&ID
EPLANT
SmartPlant
Lucid Chart
DesSoft
Microsoft Visio
Engineering Toolbox- Online Drawing