CSL702 - Mobile Application Development Lab

Exp.no: 1

AIM: To study WLAN Ad hoc & Infrastructure architecture.

Objective: To represents and know what is adhoc network
Requirement: Dual-core 1.8 GHz, 4 gig RAM. 10 gig disk space, Windows 78

Theory: A wireless local area network (WLAN) links two or more devices using
some wireless distribution method (typically spread spectrum or OFDM radio),
and usually providing a connection through an access point to the wider Internet.
This gives users the mobility to move around within a local coverage area and
still be connected to the network, most modem WLANs are based on IEEE
802.11 standards. Marketed under the WIFI brand name. WLAN s were once
called LAWN s (for local area wireless network) by the Department of Defense.
Wireless LANs have become popular in the home due to case of installation, and
in commercial complexes offering wireless access to their customers: often for
free New York city, for instance, has begun a pilot program to provide city
workers in all five boroughs of the city with wireless Internet access, A WLAN
provides wireless network communication over short distances using radio or
infrared signals instead of traditional network cabling. A WLAN typically
extends an existing wired local area network. WLANs are built by attaching a
device called the access point (AP) to the edge of the wired network. Clients
communicate with the AP using a wireless network adapter similar in function to
a traditional Ethernet adapter, WLAN utilizes the modulation technology based
on radio waves to communicate between devices in a limited network Area

WHY WIRELESS LAN?

Previously Ethernet LANs was used, which was very costly, messy &
movement of those LAN’s was difficult. To reduce this problem related to Wired
LANs the concept of Wireless LAN has evolved this is very much cost effective
less messy & movement to this LANs are very easy because in this type of LANs,
problems related to wires are removed.

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by Unknown Author is licensed under

All components that can connect into a wireless medium in a network are
referred to as stations. All stations are equipped with wireless network interface
controllers (WNICs). Wireless stations fall into one of two categories: access
points, and clients. Access points (APs), normally routers. Are base stations for
the wireless network. They transmit and receive radio frequencies for wireless
enabled devices to communicate with. Wireless clients can be mobile devices
such as laptops, personal digital assistants, IP phones and other smartphones, or
fixed devices such as desktops and workstations that are equipped with a wireless
network interface.

Basic service set

The basic service set (BSS) is a set of all stations that can communicate with each
other. Every BSS has an identification (ID) called the BSSID, which is the MAC
address of the access point servicing the BSS.
There are two types of BSS: Independent BSS (also referred to as [BSS]), and a
structure BSS. An independent BSS (IBSS) is an ad-hoc network that contains no
access points, which means they cannot connect to any other basic service
Extended service set

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An extended service set (ESS) is a set of connected BSSs, Access points in an ESS
are connected by a distribution system. Each ESS has an ID called the SSID which
is a 32-byte (maximum) character string
Distribution system
A distribution system (DS) connects access poms in a DS can be used to increase
network coverage through roaming between extended service set. The concept
of cells, DS can be wired or wireless. Current wireless distribution systems are
mostly based on WDS or MESH protocols, though other systems are in use,
Types of wireless LANs
1. Peer-to-peer

by Unknown Author is licensed

under

An ad-hoc network (not the same as a WIFI Direct network) is a network where
stations communicate only peer to peer (P2P). There is no base and no one gives
permission to talk. This is accomplished using the Independent Basic Service Set
(IBSS). network
2. Bridge
A bridge can be used to connect networks, typically of different types. A wireless
Ethernet bridge allows the connection of devices on a wired Ethernet network to
a
wireless network. The bridge acts as the connection point to the Wireless LAN.
A wireless bridge is a hardware component used to connect two or more network
segments (LANs or parts of a LAN) which are physically and logically (by protocol)

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separated. It does not necessarily always need to be a hardware device, as some

operating systems (such as Windows, GNU/Linux, Mac OS X and FreeBSD) provide
software to bridge different protocols. This is seen commonly in protocols over

wireless to cable. So, in a sense the computer acts as a bridge by using bridging
OS
software.

3. Wireless distribution system

Main article: Wireless Distribution System
A Wireless Distribution System enables the wireless interconnection of access
points in an IEEE 802.11 Network. It allows a wireless network to be expanded
using multiple access points without the need for a wired backbone to link them,
as is traditionally required. The notable advantage of WDS over other solutions is
that it preserves the MAC addresses of client packets across links between access
points.
An access point can be either a main relay or remote base station, A main base
station vs typically connected to the wired Ethernet. A relay base station relays
data between remote base stations, Connections between “clients” ate made
using MAC addresses rather than by specifying IP assignments

Ad-hoc Networks

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 by Unknown Author is licensed under

CSL702 - Mobile Application Development Lab

Figure2 A shows an ad-hoc network. This network can be setup by a number

mobile users meeting in a small room. It does not need any support from a
wired/wireless backbone. There are two ways to implement this network.
Broadcasting/Flooding
Suppose that a mobile user A wants to send data to a data are ready, user A
broadcasts the packets. On receiving no other user B in the same area. When the
packets containing the packets, the receiver checks the identification on the
packet. If that receiver Was not the correct destination, then it rebroadcasts the
packets. This process is repeated until user B gets the data.
Temporary Infrastructure
In this method the mobile user setup a temporary infrastructure. But this method
is complicated and it introduces over heads it is useful only when there is a small
number of mobile users.
Infrastructure Networks
This type of network allows users to Move in a building while they are connected
to computer resource. The IEEE Project 802.11 specified the components in
wireless LAN architecture. In an infrastructure network, a cell is also known as a
Basic Service Area (BSA). It Contains a number of wireless stations, the size of a
BSA depends on the power of the transmitter and receiver units; it also depends
on the environment. A number of BSAs are connected to each other and to a
distribution system by Access Points (APs). A group of stations belonging to an AP
is called a Basic Service Set (BSS).

Benefits of Wireless LANs

 People can access the network from where they want; they are no Longer
limited by the length of the cable.
 Some cities have started to offer Wireless LANs. This means that people can
access the Internet even outside their normal work environment, for
example when they ride the train home.

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 Setting up a wireless LAN can be done with one box (called Access point).
This box can handle a varying number of connections at the same time.
Wired networks require cables to be laid. This can be difficult for certain
places.
 Access points can serve a varying number of computers.

Disadvantages of Wireless LANs

Wireless LANs use radio Waves to communicate Special care needs to be are
needed, there are many reliability problems, especially those connected to
interference from other devices. Wireless LANs are much slower than wired
though, because the bottleneck in g home network usually the speed of the
ADSL line (used to connect to the Internet)

Applications
Wireless LANs have a great deal of applications. Modem implementations of
WLANs range from small in-home networks to large, campus-sized ones to
completely mobile networks on airplanes and trains. Users can access the
Internet from WLAN hotspots in restaurants, hotels, and now with portable
devicesthatconnectto3Gor4Gnetworks. Often times these types of public
access points require no registration or password to join the network. Others
can be accessed once registration has occurred and/or a fee is paid.

Conclusion
Wireless LAN provides high speed data communication. Because of their
limited mobility and short transmission range, wireless LANs can be used in
confined areas such as a conference room.

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Exp.no: 2
Aim: To study of Bluetooth architecture, Bluetooth protocol and application.
Objective: Different protocols and applications of Bluetooth.
Requirement: Dual-core 1.8 GHz. 4 gig RAM, 10 gig disk space. Windows 7/8
Theory:
What is Bluetooth?
The name Bluetooth comes from the nickname of the Danish King Harald Blat
land. it is a low cost, low power radio communication technology using the
2.4GHz Industrial-Scientific-Medical unlicensed frequency band. It shares this in
common with IEEE802.11 Wi-Fi local area network technology but whereas
IEEE802.11 has a range of 100 meters and a speed of 11 Mb/sec, Bluetooth has a
range of 10 meters and a speed of 1M-bits' sec, However, depending on the
power consumption of the device, Bluetooth range can vary from 1 meter up to
100 meters and version 2 with enhanced data rate (EDR) can operate up to 3.
Mb/sec. It’s used principally to inter connect small hand held devices and other
electronic equipment, high might otherwise use infrared communication. The

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major benefit being that it does not require line of sight and can be used to form
small ad-hoc networks of devices. Bluetooth supports a single connectionless data
channel of 789Kbits/sec and up to three synchronous PCMA encoded voice
channels.
Piconets and scatter nets.
Bluetooth enabled devices can be in either a master or slave mode. A group of
devices in which one is designated master and the rest are slaves forms a network
called a piconet. A device can be a slave in several piconets at the same time. A
device can also be a slave in-one piconet and a master in another. This forms a
topology called a scatter Security
The radio layer of Bluetooth performs frequency hopping at the rate of 1600
hop’s to make eavesdropping difficult.

Devices implement one of three security modes: -

 Mode 1 - insecure - no security measures used.,

 Mode 2 - service-level security - no security established before channel
established. Different security policies can then be used in parallel.
 Mode 3 - link-level security - security measures established before link
setup.

Bluetooth architecture
Bluetooth protocol stack
The Bluetooth protocol stack is split into three layers (radio, baseband, LMP)
implemented in hardware and three layers (HCI, LZCAP and TCS/SDP RFCOMM)
implemented in software. Application code then sits on top of this: -
The various layers functionality is as follows: -
Radio layer-

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The physical wireless connection. Uses frequency range 2.4GHz to 2.48GHz split
into 79 channels and performs fast frequency hopping (1600 hops sec) for
security.
Baseband layer –
provides up to 3 synchronous voice channels and one connectionless data
channel. Channels are division multiplexed and spare timeslots (not used by voice
channels) are used for asynchronous data communications. If a master device
transmits in one time slot, unless the message is broadcast. Only the addressed
slave may transmit a reply in the following timeslot.
Link manager protocol (LMP) –
responsible for establishing and maintaining connections in Pico nets as well as
quality motoring and security services.
Host controller interface (HCI) –
this is the interface between the software part of the system and the hardware
(i.e. the device driver}.

Logical link control and adaptation protocol –

performs package segmentation and reassembly and deals with quality of service
issues,
Radio frequency communications protocol (RFCOMM) –
provides a serial communication channel on top of L2CAP.
Set of applications:
1 A typical Bluetooth mobile phone headset.
2 Wireless control! of and communication between a mobile phone and a hands-
free headset, this was one of the earliest applications to become popular.
3 A Wireless control of and communication between a mobile phone and a
Bluetooth compatible car stereo system.
4 Wireless Bluetooth headset and Intercom.

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5.Wirelessnet working between PCs in a confined space and where little

Bandwidth is required.
6 Wireless communication with PC input and output devices, the most common
being the mouse, keyboard and printer.
7. Transfer of files, contact details, calendar appointments, and reminders
between devices with OBEX.
8.Replacement of previous wired RS-332 serial communications in test medical
equipment, barcode scanners, and traffic control devices. equipment, GPS
receivers
9.For controls where infrared was often used.
10.For low bandwidth applications where higher USB bandwidth is not required
and enable-free connection desired.
11 Sending small advertisements from Bluetooth-enable other, discoverable,
Bluetooth devices
12.advertising hoardings to Wireless bridge between two Industrial Ethernet (e.g.,
PROFINET) networks

13. Dial-up internet access on personal computers or PDAs using a data-capable

mobile phone as a wireless modem.

14.Short range transmission of health sensor data from medical devices to mobile
phone. set- top box or dedicated telepathy devices.
15. Allowing a DECT phone to ring and answer calls on behalf of a nearby mobile
phone.
16. Real-time location systems (RTLS), are used to track and identify the location
of objects in real-time using “Nodes” or “tags” attached to, or embedded in the
objects tracked, and “Readers” that receive and process the wireless signals from
these tags to determine their locations.

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17. Personal security application on mobile phones for prevention of theft or loss
of items. The protected item has a Bluetooth marker (e.g. a tag) that is in constant
communication with the phone. If the connection is broken (the marker is out of
range of the phone) then an alarm is raised. This can also be used as a man
overboard alarm. A product using this technology has been available since 2009.

Conclusion: Thus, we studied Bluetooth Protocol and Applications.

Exp.no: 3
Aim: To study GSM Security algorithm (A3, A5, A8).
Objective: study GSM Security algorithm (A3, A5, A8).
Requirement: Dual-core 1.8 GHz. 4 gig RAM, 10 gig disk space. Windows 7/8
Theory:

Security Goals & Concerns Security mechanisms should have some

features to become efficient. First of all, security concerns can be
defined in two side; operator side and customer side.
 Operators;

 Should bill the right person

 Should provide systems to avoid fraud
 Should protect their services against attacks

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 Customers;

 Should have privacy, nobody should be able to detect their identification or

their location
 Communication on the air should be encrypted to avoid eavesdropping
 Should be able to change mobile equipment independently

 Security mechanisms;

 Shouldn’t add much load to the voice calls or data communication

 Shouldn’t need to increase the channel bandwidth
 Shouldn’t increase the bit error rate
 Shouldn’t bring expensive complexity to the system
 Should be useful and cost efficient
 Should be able to detect suspicious mobile equipment

A3 Algorithm:
It provides authentication to the user that it has privilege to access the system.
The network authenticates the subscriber through the use of a challenge-
response method. Firstly, a 128-bit random number (RAND) is transmitted to the
mobile station over the air interface. The RAND is passed to the SIM card, where
it is sent through the A3 authentication algorithm together with the KI. The
output of the A3 algorithm, the signed response (SRES) is transmitted via the air
interface from the mobile station back to the network. On the network, the AuC
compares its value of SRES with the value of SRES it has received from the mobile
station. If the two values of SRES match, authentication is successful and the
subscriber joins the network. The AuC actually doesn’t store a copy of SRES but
queries the HLR or the VLR for it, as needed.

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A8 Algorithm:
GSM makes use of a ciphering key to protect both user data and
signaling on the vulnerable air interface. Once the user is
authenticated, the RAND (delivered from the network) together with
the Ki (from the SIM) is sent through the A8 ciphering key generating
algorithm, to produce a ciphering key (Kc). The A8 algorithm is stored
on the SIM card. The Kc created by the A8 algorithm, is then used with
the A5 ciphering algorithm to encipher or decipher the data. The A5
algorithm is implemented in the hardware of the mobile phone, as it
has to encrypt and decrypt data on the air. [3] Whenever the A3
algorithm runs to generate SRES, the A8 algorithm is run as well The A8
algorithm uses the RAND and Ki as input to generate a 64-bit ciphering
key, the Kc, which is then stored in the SIM and readable by the phone.

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The network also generates the Kc and distributes it to the base station
(BTS) handling the connection.

A5 Algorithm
A5 is a stream cipher which can be implemented very efficiently on hardware.
There exist several implementations of this algorithm, the most commonly used
ones are A5/0, A5/1 and A5/2 (A5/3 is used in 3G systems). The reason for the
different implementations is due to export restrictions of encryption technologies.
A5/1 is the strongest version and is used widely in Western Europe and America,
while the A5/2 is commonly used in Asia. Countries under UN Sanctions and
certain third world countries use the A5/0, which comes with no encryption. [3,
14] As a stream cipher, A5 works on a bit by bit basis (and not on blocks, as DES
and AES). So, an error in the received cipher text will only result in the
corresponding plaintext bit being in error. None of the algorithms are published

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by GSM Association. They are all discovered by using reverse engineering

methods.

Conclusion: hence we learned about GSM security algorithm A3,A5,A8.

EXPERIMENT NO.4

AIM. To study about Mobile Internet and WML

Objective: To know what is Mobile banking and WML.
Requirement: Dual-core 1.8 GHz, 4 gig RAM, 10 gig disk space, Windows 7/8, java
SE 7
THEORY:
Mobile Internet’ refers to access to the Internet via a cellular telephone service
provider. It is wireless access that cans handoff to another radio tower while it is

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moving across the service area. It can refer an immobile device that stays
connected to one tower, but this is not the meaning of “mobile” here. Wi-Fi and
other better methods are commonly available for users not on the move. Cellular
base stations are more expensive to provide than a wireless base station that
connects directly to an internet service provider, rather than through the
telephone system.
A mobile phone. Such as a smart phone, that connects to data or voice services
with outcome through the cellular base station is not on mobile Internet. A laptop
with a broadband modem and a cellular service provider subscription, that 1s
traveling on a bus through the city is on mobile Internet.
A mobile broadband modem “tethers” the smartphone to one or more computers
or other end user devices to provide access to the Internet via the protocols that
cellular telephone service providers may offer.
It's the ability to access the internet on your mobile phone. That feature has been
on mobiles for a few years now but pages always took a long time to load because
internet speeds on mobiles were quite slow. Mobile technology has caught up
and if you see a mobile advertised as 3G (third generation) it means that it's
capable of much faster web-browsing. What does that mean for you? Fast and
easy access to thousands of websites! Whenever you use the internet on your
phone, you're using data.
Whether it’s browsing the web, sending an email, or watching a TV programmed.
Downloading and using apps will also take a slice out of your data allowance.
to a mobile network or other wireless network

What can I do with mobile internet?

Whatever a website However, you want Most of the websites that yon access
on your computer are accessible on your mobile
Check the latest news, sports and weather updates from a variety of sources
You've got your eye on an item, the auction is going to end before you get home
to check it on your PC. Why wait and miss out? Use your mobile to login and make
a bid You've got access to your webmail account whenever you want - login for

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email, Hotmail or Yahoo! Addicted to Facebook? Change your status or search

what your friends are up to on your mobile. Last’? Get onto Google of a
breakdown to show you what you can do Maps and find your way! What does my
allowance mean? Here’s a bit of your data allowance.
Wireless Markup Language
Wireless Markup Language (WML), based on XML. Is a markup language intended
for devices that implement the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) specification,
such as mobile hyperlinks, text and image presentation, use of other markup
(which are gaining in support, data input. Hyper Text Markup Language). lt
precede such as HTML itself, and XHTML phones. It provides navigable and forms,
much like HTML popularity as processing power in new web language for making
sites on mobile less Applications Protocol iPhone have become WML (Wireless
Markup Language) is the past few months new WAP (phones Over the extremely
popular and many large websites have created special ‘mobile’ versions of their
site. On XML derived from x-html, is a markup language Wireless markup
language is based

How WAP Model Works?

When it comes to actual use, WAP works like this:

 The user selects an option on their mobile device that has a URL with Wireless
Mark-up language (WML) content assigned to it.
 The phone sends the URL request via the phone network to a WAP gateway,
using the binary encoded WAP protocol.
 The gateway translates this WAP request into a conventional HTTP request for
the specified URL, and sends it on to the Internet.
 The appropriate Web server picks up the HTTP request.
 The server processes the request, just as it would any other request. If the URL
refers to a static WML file, the server delivers it. If a CGI script is requested, it is
processed and the content returned as usual.
 The Web server adds the HTTP header to the WML content and returns it to the
gateway.
 The WAP gateway compiles the WML into binary form.
 The gateway then sends the WML response back to the phone.

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 The phone receives the WML via the WAP protocol.

 The micro-browser processes the WML and displays the content on the screen.

Conclusion: Thus, we have studied about Mobile Internet and WML in detail
characteristics and its advantages.

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EXPERIMENT NO.5

AIM: To study of Hidden station problem and how RTS/CTS helps in wireless
network.
Objective: Hidden station problem and how RTS/CTS helps in wireless network.
Requirement: Dual-core 1.8 GHz, 4 gig RAM, 10 gig disk space, Windows 7/8, java
SE 7.
Theory:

Hidden Terminal Problem and the Exposed Terminal Problem are the two
of the main problems occur in wireless networking. This article will discuss
how those problems occur and how to solve those using
the RTS/CTS mechanism.

Hidden Terminal Problem

The hidden terminal problem occurs when a node is visible from an Access
Point and not visible to other nodes which communicate with that Access
Point.

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As in the above diagram Access Point B lies within the ranges of both node A
and node C. Node A can directly communicate with Access Point B but not
with node C, similarly, node C can directly communicate with Access Point
B but not with node A. So it is said that the node A is hidden from node
C.
When node A and node C simultaneously send data to node B it will lead to
a collision.
Since node A and C are hidden from each other, both of them will sense the
medium free before sending the data, and will not detect any collision while
sending data. As a result, B will receive corrupted data. This is known as the
hidden terminal problem
Solutions:
1. Increasing the transmission power (range) of the terminals
2. Remove obstacles
3. Move nodes
4. Protocol enhancements
RTS/CTS mechanism to resolve the hidden terminal problem
RTS/CTS is the mechanism used by the 802.11 wireless networking protocol
to resolve the hidden terminal problem. It uses two frames known as RTS
and CTS to check medium for collision avoidance.
RTS — Ready To Send
CTS — Clear To Send
When a node wants to send data, it will first send the RTS signal. If the
Access Point is ready to receive the data (if it is not communicating with any
other node) it will send back the CTS signal. It is a little bit confusing to
understand, but you will get a clear understanding from the following
diagram.

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Node B is not in the Node A’s range so it doesn’t receive the first RTS, but
since it is in the range of Access Point, it receives the CT. When a node
receives a CTS signal from an Access Point without a RTS signal, it will
understand that CTS signal is for a hidden terminal, so it will not transfer
the data.

Conclusion: Thus, we have studied Hidden station problem and how RTS/CTS
helps in wireless network.

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EXPERIMENT NO.6

AIM: To understand the cellular frequency reuse concept to find the co-channel
cells for a particular cell. Design a game based application on the above concept.
Objective: understand the cellular frequency reuse concept to find the co-channel
cells for a particular cell. Design a game based application on the above concept..
Requirement: Dual-core 1.8 GHz, 4 gig RAM, 10 gig disk space, Windows 7/8,
python-3
Theory:
Frequency Reuse is the scheme in which allocation and reuse of channels
throughout a coverage region is done. Each cellular base station is allocated a group
of radio channels or Frequency sub-bands to be used within a small geographic area
known as a cell.

The shape of the cell is Hexagonal. The process of selecting and allocating the
frequency sub-bands for all of the cellular base station within a system is
called Frequency reuse or Frequency Planning.

Silent Features of using Frequency Reuse:

 Frequency reuse improve the spectral efficiency and signal Quality

(QoS).
 Frequency reuse classical scheme proposed for GSM systems offers a
protection against interference.
 The number of times a frequency can be reused is depend on the
tolerance capacity of the radio channel from the nearby transmitter that
is using the same frequencies.
 In Frequency Reuse scheme, total bandwidth is divided into different
sub-bands that are used by cells.
 Frequency reuse scheme allow WiMAX system operators to reuse the
same frequencies at different cell sites.

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Code:
#!/usr/bin/python

from math import *

# import everything from Tkinter module

from tkinter import *

# Base class for Hexagon shape

class Hexagon(object):
def __init__(self, parent, x, y, length, color, tags):
self.parent = parent
self.x = x
self.y = y
self.length = length
self.color = color
self.size = None
self.tags = tags
self.draw_hex()

# draw one hexagon

def draw_hex(self):

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start_x = self.x
start_y = self.y
angle = 60
coords = []
for i in range(6):
end_x = start_x + self.length * cos(radians(angle * i))
end_y = start_y + self.length * sin(radians(angle * i))
coords.append([start_x, start_y])
start_x = end_x
start_y = end_y
self.parent.create_polygon(coords[0][0],
coords[0][1],
coords[1][0],
coords[1][1],
coords[2][0],
coords[2][1],
coords[3][0],
coords[3][1],
coords[4][0],
coords[4][1],
coords[5][0],
coords[5][1],
fill=self.color,
outline="black",

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tags=self.tags)

# class holds frequency reuse logic and related methods

class FrequencyReuse(Tk):
CANVAS_WIDTH = 800
CANVAS_HEIGHT = 650
TOP_LEFT = (20, 20)
BOTTOM_LEFT = (790, 560)
TOP_RIGHT = (780, 20)
BOTTOM_RIGHT = (780, 560)

def __init__(self, cluster_size, columns=16, rows=10, edge_len=30):

Tk.__init__(self)
self.textbox = None
self.curr_angle = 330
self.first_click = True
self.reset = False
self.edge_len = edge_len
self.cluster_size = cluster_size
self.reuse_list = []
self.all_selected = False
self.curr_count = 0
self.hexagons = []
self.co_cell_endp = []

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self.reuse_xy = []
self.canvas = Canvas(self,
width=self.CANVAS_WIDTH,
height=self.CANVAS_HEIGHT,
bg="#4dd0e1")
self.canvas.bind("<Button-1>", self.call_back)
self.canvas.focus_set()
self.canvas.bind('<Shift-R>', self.resets)
self.canvas.pack()
self.title("Frequency reuse and co-channel selection")
self.create_grid(16, 10)
self.create_textbox()
self.cluster_reuse_calc()

# show lines joining all co-channel cells

def show_lines(self):
# center(x,y) of first hexagon
approx_center = self.co_cell_endp[0]
self.line_ids = []
for k in range(1, len(self.co_cell_endp)):

end_xx = (self.co_cell_endp[k])[0]
end_yy = (self.co_cell_endp[k])[1]

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# move i^th steps

l_id = self.canvas.create_line(approx_center[0],
approx_center[1],
end_xx, end_yy)
if j == 0:
self.line_ids.append(l_id)
dist = 0
elif i >= j and j != 0:
self.line_ids.append(l_id)
dist = j
# rotate counter-clockwise and move j^th step
l_id = self.canvas.create_line(
end_xx, end_yy, end_xx + self.center_dist * dist *
cos(radians(self.curr_angle - 60)),
end_yy + self.center_dist * dist *
sin(radians(self.curr_angle - 60)))
self.line_ids.append(l_id)
self.curr_angle -= 60

def create_textbox(self):
txt = Text(self.canvas,
width=80,
height=1,
font=("Helvatica", 12),
padx=10,

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pady=10)
txt.tag_configure("center", justify="center")
txt.insert("1.0", "Select a Hexagon")
txt.tag_add("center", "1.0", "end")
self.canvas.create_window((0, 600), anchor='w', window=txt)
txt.config(state=DISABLED)
self.textbox = txt

def resets(self, event):

if event.char == 'R':
self.reset_grid()

# clear hexagonal grid for new i/p

def reset_grid(self, button_reset=False):
self.first_click = True
self.curr_angle = 330
self.curr_count = 0
self.co_cell_endp = []
self.reuse_list = []
for i in self.hexagons:
self.canvas.itemconfigure(i.tags, fill=i.color)

try:
self.line_ids

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except AttributeError:
pass
else:
for i in self.line_ids:
self.canvas.after(0, self.canvas.delete, i)
self.line_ids = []

if button_reset:
self.write_text("Select a Hexagon")

# create a grid of Hexagons

def create_grid(self, cols, rows):
size = self.edge_len
for c in range(cols):
if c % 2 == 0:
offset = 0
else:
offset = size * sqrt(3) / 2
for r in range(rows):
x = c * (self.edge_len * 1.5) + 50
y = (r * (self.edge_len * sqrt(3))) + offset + 15
hx = Hexagon(self.canvas, x, y, self.edge_len, "#fafafa",
"{},{}".format(r, c))
self.hexagons.append(hx)

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# calculate reuse distance, center distance and radius of the hexagon

def cluster_reuse_calc(self):
self.hex_radius = sqrt(3) / 2 * self.edge_len
self.center_dist = sqrt(3) * self.hex_radius
self.reuse_dist = self.hex_radius * sqrt(3 * self.cluster_size)

def write_text(self, text):

self.textbox.config(state=NORMAL)
self.textbox.delete('1.0', END)
self.textbox.insert('1.0', text, "center")
self.textbox.config(state=DISABLED)

#check if the co-channels are within visible canvas

def is_within_bound(self, coords):
if self.TOP_LEFT[0] < coords[0] < self.BOTTOM_RIGHT[0] \
and self.TOP_RIGHT[1] < coords[1] < self.BOTTOM_RIGHT[1]:
return True
return False

#gets called when user selects a hexagon

#This function applies frequency reuse logic in order to
#figure out the positions of the co-channels
def call_back(self, evt):

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selected_hex_id = self.canvas.find_closest(evt.x, evt.y)[0]

hexagon = self.hexagons[int(selected_hex_id - 1)]
s_x, s_y = hexagon.x, hexagon.y
approx_center = (s_x + 15, s_y + 25)

if self.first_click:
self.first_click = False
self.write_text(
"""Now, select another hexagon such
that it should be a co-cell of
the original hexagon."""
)
self.co_cell_endp.append(approx_center)
self.canvas.itemconfigure(hexagon.tags, fill="green")

for _ in range(6):

end_xx = approx_center[0] + self.center_dist * i * cos(

radians(self.curr_angle))
end_yy = approx_center[1] + self.center_dist * i * sin(
radians(self.curr_angle))

reuse_x = end_xx + (self.center_dist * j) * cos(

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radians(self.curr_angle - 60))
reuse_y = end_yy + (self.center_dist * j) * sin(
radians(self.curr_angle - 60))

if not self.is_within_bound((reuse_x, reuse_y)):

self.write_text(
"""co-cells are exceeding canvas boundary.
Select cell in the center"""
)
self.reset_grid()
break

if j == 0:
self.reuse_list.append(
self.canvas.find_closest(end_xx, end_yy)[0])
elif i >= j and j != 0:
self.reuse_list.append(
self.canvas.find_closest(reuse_x, reuse_y)
[0])

self.co_cell_endp.append((end_xx, end_yy))
self.curr_angle -= 60

else:
curr = self.canvas.find_closest(s_x, s_y)[0]

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if curr in self.reuse_list:
self.canvas.itemconfigure(hexagon.tags, fill="green")
self.write_text("Correct! Cell {} is a co-cell.".format(
hexagon.tags))
if self.curr_count == len(self.reuse_list) - 1:
self.write_text("Great! Press Shift-R to restart")
self.show_lines()
self.curr_count += 1

else:
self.write_text("Incorrect! Cell {} is not a co-
cell.".format(
hexagon.tags))
self.canvas.itemconfigure(hexagon.tags, fill="red")

if __name__ == '__main__':
print(
"""Enter i & j values. common (i,j) values are:
(1,0), (1,1), (2,0), (2,1), (3,0), (2,2)"""
)
i = int(input("Enter i: "))
j = int(input("Enter j: "))
if i == 0 and j == 0:
raise ValueError("i & j both cannot be zero")
elif j > i:

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raise ValueError("value of j cannot be greater than i")

else:
N = (i**2 + i * j + j**2)
print("N is {}".format(N))
freqreuse = FrequencyReuse(cluster_size=N)
freqreuse.mainloop()

output:

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EXPERIMENT NO.7

AIM: Develop an application that uses GUI components, Font and Colors.
Requirement: Dual-core 1.8 GHz, 4 gig RAM, 10 gig disk space, Windows 7/8, java
SE 7, android studios
Code:
XML File:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

<LinearLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="fill_parent"
android:layout_height="fill_parent"
android:orientation="vertical"
android:background="#F09011">
<TextView
android:id="@+id/textView1"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_margin="20sp"
android:gravity="center"
android:text="HELLO!!!! MOUNT ZION"
android:textSize="20sp"
android:fontFamily="sans-serif-medium"
android:textStyle="bold" />

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<Button
android:id="@+id/button1"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:gravity="center"
android:text="Change font size"
android:textSize="20sp" />
<Button
android:id="@+id/button2"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:gravity="center"
android:text="Change color"
android:textSize="20sp" />
</LinearLayout>

Java File:

package com.example.exp1;

import android.app.Activity;
import android.graphics.*;

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import android.os.Bundle;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.Button;
import android.widget.TextView;
public class MainActivity extends Activity
{
float font =24;
int i=1;
@Override
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState)
{
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
final TextView t1=(TextView)
findViewById(R.id.textView1);
Button b1 = (Button) findViewById(R.id.button1);
b1.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener()
{
public void onClick(View view)
{
t1.setTextSize(font);
font=font+4;
if(font==40)
font=20;

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}
});
Button b2 = (Button) findViewById(R.id.button2);
b2.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener()
{
public void onClick(View view)
{
switch(i)
{
case 1:
t1.setTextColor(Color.parseColor("#0000FF"));
break;
case 2:
t1.setTextColor(Color.parseColor("#00FF00"));
break;
case 3:
t1.setTextColor(Color.parseColor("#FF0000"));
break;
case 4:
t1.setTextColor(Color.parseColor("#800000"));
break;
}
i++;
if(i==5)

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i=1;
}
});
}
}
Output:

Conclusion :hence we have succesfully completed the following program.

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EXPERIMENT NO.8

AIM: To develop a Simple Android Application for Native Calculator.

Requirement: Dual-core 1.8 GHz, 4 gig RAM, 10 gig disk space, Windows 7/8, java
SE 7, android studios
Code:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<RelativeLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".MainActivity">

<EditText
android:id="@+id/edittext"
android:layout_width="454dp"
android:layout_height="66dp"
android:importantForAutofill="no"
android:inputType="number"
tools:ignore="LabelFor" />

<Button
android:id="@+id/button1"
style="?android:attr/buttonStyleSmall"

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android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_alignEnd="@+id/button4"
android:layout_below="@+id/edittext"
android:layout_marginTop="94dp"
android:text="@string/but1" />

<Button
android:id="@+id/button2"
style="?android:attr/buttonStyleSmall"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_alignTop="@+id/button1"
android:layout_toStartOf="@+id/button3"
android:text="@string/but2" />

<Button
android:id="@+id/button3"
style="?android:attr/buttonStyleSmall"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_alignTop="@+id/button2"
android:layout_centerHorizontal="true"
android:text="@string/but3" />

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<Button
android:id="@+id/button4"
style="?android:attr/buttonStyleSmall"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_below="@+id/button1"
android:layout_toStartOf="@+id/button2"
android:text="@string/but4" />

<Button
android:id="@+id/button5"
style="?android:attr/buttonStyleSmall"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_alignBottom="@+id/button4"
android:layout_alignStart="@+id/button2"
android:text="@string/but5" />

<Button
android:id="@+id/button6"
style="?android:attr/buttonStyleSmall"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"

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android:layout_alignStart="@+id/button3"
android:layout_below="@+id/button3"
android:text="@string/but6" />

<Button
android:id="@+id/button7"
style="?android:attr/buttonStyleSmall"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_below="@+id/button4"
android:layout_toStartOf="@+id/button2"
android:text="@string/but7" />

<Button
android:id="@+id/button8"
style="?android:attr/buttonStyleSmall"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_alignStart="@+id/button5"
android:layout_below="@+id/button5"
android:text="@string/but8" />

<Button
android:id="@+id/button9"

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style="?android:attr/buttonStyleSmall"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_alignStart="@+id/button6"
android:layout_below="@+id/button6"
android:text="@string/but9" />

<Button
android:id="@+id/button10"
style="?android:attr/buttonStyleSmall"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_below="@id/button7"
android:layout_toStartOf="@id/button11"
android:text="@string/dot" />

<Button
android:id="@+id/button11"
style="?android:attr/buttonStyleSmall"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_below="@id/button8"
android:layout_alignEnd="@id/button5"
android:text="@string/zero" />

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<Button
android:id="@+id/button12"
style="?android:attr/buttonStyleSmall"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_below="@id/button9"
android:layout_alignEnd="@id/button9"
android:text="@string/ac" />

<Button
android:id="@+id/add"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_marginTop="160dp"
android:layout_toEndOf="@id/button3"
android:text="@string/add" />

<Button
android:id="@+id/sub"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_below="@id/add"
android:layout_toEndOf="@id/button6"

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android:text="@string/sub" />

<Button
android:id="@+id/mul"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_below="@id/sub"
android:layout_toEndOf="@id/button9"
android:text="@string/mul" />

<Button
android:id="@+id/div"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_below="@id/button7"
android:layout_toEndOf="@id/button12"
android:text="@string/div" />

<Button
android:id="@+id/equal"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_below="@id/button12"
android:layout_alignEnd="@id/div"

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android:layout_alignStart="@id/button10"
android:layout_marginTop="6dp"
android:text="@string/equal" />

</RelativeLayout>

Output:

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 CSL702 - Mobile Application Development Lab

Expno.: 9
AIM: Write an application that draws basic graphical primitives on the screen.
Requirement: Dual-core 1.8 GHz, 4 gig RAM, 10 gig disk space, Windows 7/8, java
SE 7, android studios.
Code:
Code for Activity_main.xml:
Code for MainActivity.java:
package com.example.exno4;
import android.app.Activity;

import android.graphics.Bitmap;
import android.graphics.Canvas;
import android.graphics.Color;
import android.graphics.Paint;
import android.graphics.drawable.BitmapDrawable;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.widget.ImageView;
public class MainActivity extends Activity { @Override public void
onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main); //Creating a Bitmap
Bitmap bg = Bitmap.createBitmap(720, 1280, Bitmap.Config.ARGB_8888);
//Setting the Bitmap as background for the ImageView
ImageView i = (ImageView) findViewById(R.id.imageView);
i.setBackgroundDrawable(new BitmapDrawable(bg));

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//Creating the Canvas Object Canvas canvas = new Canvas(bg); //Creating the
Paint Object and set its color & TextSize Paint
paint = new Paint();
paint.setColor(Color.BLUE); paint.setTextSize(50); //To draw a Rectangle
canvas.drawText("Rectangle", 420, 150, paint);
canvas.drawRect(400, 200, 650, 700, paint); //To draw a Circle
canvas.drawText("Circle", 120, 150, paint);
canvas.drawCircle(200, 350, 150, paint); //To draw a Square
canvas.drawText("Square", 120, 800, paint);
canvas.drawRect(50, 850, 350, 1150, paint); //To draw a Line
canvas.drawText("Line", 480, 800, paint);
canvas.drawLine(520, 850, 520, 1150, paint); }
}
Output:

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 CSL702 - Mobile Application Development Lab

Expno.: 10
AIM: Android Application that implements Multi-threading concept.
Requirement: Dual-core 1.8 GHz, 4 gig RAM, 10 gig disk space, Windows 7/8, java
SE 7, android studios.
Code:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:orientation="vertical" >

<ImageView
android:id="@+id/imageView"
android:layout_width="250dp"
android:layout_height="250dp"
android:layout_margin="50dp"
android:layout_gravity="center" />

<Button
android:id="@+id/button"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_margin="10dp"
android:layout_gravity="center"
android:text="Load Image 1" />

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<Button
android:id="@+id/button2"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_margin="10dp"
android:layout_gravity="center"
android:text="Load image 2" />

</LinearLayout>
package com.example.exno7;

import android.os.Bundle;
import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.Button;
import android.widget.ImageView;
public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity
{
ImageView img;
Button bt1,bt2;
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState)
{
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);

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setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);

bt1 = (Button)findViewById(R.id.button);
bt2= (Button) findViewById(R.id.button2);
img = (ImageView)findViewById(R.id.imageView);

bt1.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener()
{
@Override
public void onClick(View v)
{
new Thread(new Runnable()
{
@Override
public void run()
{
img.post(new Runnable()
{
@Override
public void run()
{
img.setImageResource(R.drawable.india1);
}
});
}

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}).start();
}
});

bt2.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener()
{
@Override
public void onClick(View v)
{
new Thread(new Runnable()
{
@Override
public void run()
{
img.post(new Runnable()
{
@Override
public void run()
{
img.setImageResource(R.drawable.india2);
}
});
}
}).start();

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}
});
}
}
Output:

Computer Science & Engineering Page No. 1 RAJ THANGE 15