Czech J. Food Sci. Vol. 19, No.

3: 97–103

Detection of Olive Oils Authenticity by Determination of their Sterol

Content using LC/GC

IVAN BOHAÈENKO and ZDENA KOPICOVÁ

Food Research Institute Prague, Prague, Czech Republic

Abstract

BOHAÈENKO I., KOPICOVÁ Z. (2001): Detection of olive oils authenticity by determination of their sterol content using
LC/GC. Czech J. Food Sci., 19: 97–103.

The content of selected sterols as declared in the EU Commission Regulation was used to prove the authenticity of olive oils. A
modified method using the preparative LC with silica gel packed column and gradient elution with three mixtures of hexane and
diethyl ether was used to separate undesirable interfering compounds in the unsaponifiable fraction before the determination of
sterols using GC. Model experiments based on the determination of ∆-7-stigmastenol and campesterol (addition of sunflower and
soybean oils), or brassicasterol (addition of rapeseed oil) were used to verify that this method is capable of identifying adultera-
tion of olive oils by additions of sunflower, soybean or rapeseed oils. An elevated content of these marker sterols, in comparison
with their permitted contents, enables the identification of an addition of 5–10% of the above oils to the olive oil. This method was
also used to evaluate the authenticity of five samples of olive oils from the SIAL exhibition (Paris) and ten samples of virgin olive
oils obtained on the Prague markets. It was revealed that none of the samples showed the signs of adulteration.

Keywords: olive oil; authenticity; adulteration; sterols; sunflower oil; soybean oil; rapeseed oil; liquid chromatography; gas
chromatography; sterol determination

This paper follows the publication focused on the de- Generally, the determination of sterols in olive and oth-
tection of adulterated sunflower and soybean oil with the er plant oils employing gas chromatography (GC) can be
additions of rapeseed oil (BOHAÈENKO & KOPICOVÁ divided into three different parts: isolation from the ma-
1999). We have considered the risk of that adulteration as trix, separation or pre-purification of the sterol fraction,
the most important for our country since the above oils and the determination of the content of the individual
are the most widely used in the Czech Republic. This time sterols, or their derivatives, using gas chromatography.
we have focused on the detection of the adulteration of Several analytical procedures based on this method and
olive oils which are available solely by import in the Czech differing from each other in practical performance of the
Republic and whose consumption is not very consider- above-mentioned steps were published.
able in our country due to its high price. Their authentic- Those methods where the sterols are isolated from the
ity, however, must also be supervised because even with unsaponifiable fraction are considered as essential meth-
small import volumes or low sales in our market a relative- ods. However, this fraction contains a wide spectrum of
ly high profit can be earned by their adulteration, to the other compounds in addition to sterols, such as higher
detriment of consumers. hydrocarbons, aliphatic alcohols, tocoferols, triterpene-
The content of selected sterols is widely accepted as based alcohols, and waxes (EISNER et al. 1963, 1965, 1966.)
one of the most important markers for the detection of These compounds may interfere with the following analy-
adulterated olive oils. Varying only in a narrow range, the sis of the sterol fraction using capillary GC and a variety
content of sterols is characteristic for these oils. The bind- of methods is used for their removal. One of the most
ing limits for the content of the sterols are set forth in the frequently used is fractionation using a preparative thin
Commission Regulation (EEC) No. 2568/91 (1991), which layer chromatography (TLC) (AMATI 1971; ITOH 1973;
can be considered as being the essential standard to as- FREGA 1992; JIMENÉZ & GONZÁLEZ 1996). This method,
sess the quality of all types of olive oils. however, although frequently criticized for its time con-

The work was supported by the National Agency for Agricultural Research (NAZV), Project No. EP7144.

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sumption and laborious work, continues to be the official the olive oil. LANUZZA and MICALI (1997) monitored the
method adopted in the above-mentioned Regulation of adulteration of olive oils with additions of de-sterolized
the Commission Regulation No. 2568/91. Liquid chroma- sunflower oil. They used ∆-8(14)-stigmastenol, which was
tography (LC) is also used to pre-purify the unsaponifi- generated through the isomerization of ∆-7-stigmastenol
able fraction. This method was probably published for during the de-sterolization procedure, i.e. in strong bleach-
the first time by EISNER et al. (1963). They used gradient ing conditions at 150–180°C and with the addition of 5 to
elution with 700 ml of three mixtures of n-hexane and di- 7% of earth.
ethyl ether to separate all the compounds in the Florisil The main aim of our work was to implement, or modify,
packed column. MOURA FE et al. (1975) later used their the analytical method for the determination of the sterol
method in the identification of different compounds of content in olive oils. Such implementation would enable
the unsaponifiable fraction of coconut oil. us to prove their authenticity as a result of their conformi-
Included in the second group are methods used to iso- ty with the defined parameters. In addition, the use of the
late sterols without prior saponification of oils. WORTH- marker sterols, or their contents, respectively, to prove
INGTON and HITCHCOCK (1984) applied the combination adulteration of olive oils with additions of the sunflower,
of LC and TLC. They used LC in the silica gel packed col- soybean, or rapeseed oils was verified.
umn with a gradient elution of 3100 ml of three mixtures of
hexane and ethyl acetate with increasing concentration MATERIAL AND METHODS
of ethyl acetate to pre-separate sterol esters, triglycer-
ides, and sterols from peanut and sunflower oils without Apparatus: Gas chromatograph Hewlett Packard HP
saponification. The main purification was performed with 5890 II with auto sampler HP 6890 and FID detector, ar-
TLC. rangement for LC: laboratory pump LCP 4020, gradient
The advantage of the up-to-date methods using on-line programmer GP 6 (all ECOM), automatic fraction collector
(HP)LC-GC is a rapid performance since they omit the pro- (Development Workshops of the ÈSAV).
cedures of oil saponification, extraction of the unsaponi- Chemicals: KOH p.a. (Lachema, CR), n-hexane for trace
fiable fraction, and its pre-purification. In this case, sterols analysis, methanol p.a. ISO, diethyl ether GR ACS (all from
and sterol esters are first separated using the LC directly MERCK), ethanol for UV spectroscopy, isopropyl alco-
from the oil in the form of derivatives with pivalic acid hol p.a. (all from Lachema, CR), silica gel for column chro-
(GROB &LAFRANCHI 1989; GROB et al. 1991), or in the matography SILPEARL sorption capacity 61% H2O, pH
form of silylated derivatives (ARTHO et al. 1993) and then 6–7, particle size 25 µm (Sklárny Kavalier, CR), hexamethyl
identified using the GC. ALONSO et al. (1997) published disilazan (HMDS) purum >98%, trimethyl chlorsilan
the method enabling to determine sterols directly by GC (TMCS) puriss. >99%, pyridine purum >99 % (all from
after transesterification achieved by alkaline catalysis with Fluka).
mixture of KOH and methanol. They claim that the results Standards: Cholesterol purity 99 %, dihydrocholester-
are comparable to the procedures employing the isolation ol purity 99.2%, β-sitosterol practical, about 60%, from
of sterols by saponification and determination of their soybeans, also containing dihydrobrassicasterol, campes-
silylated derivatives by the GC. Therefore, the method is terol and stigmasterol (all from Sigma).
suitable for routine use. Vegetable oils: sunflower, soybean and rapeseed oils,
Parallel to the development of analytical methods for checked for authenticity; 5 virgin olive oils obtained from
the determination of sterols in plant oils, it was also sug- SIAL Exhibition, Paris 1998; 10 virgin olive oils obtained
gested to use these methods to prove the authenticity of from Prague market.
olive oils. One of the earliest important works on the de- Method for determination of sterols in olive oil: The
termination of sterols in vegetable oils was published by method can be divided into the following four steps.
ITOH et al. (1973). They determined relative retention times 1. Preparation of the unsaponifiable fraction. The prep-
(β-sitosterol = 1.00) of nine basic sterols and their per- aration procedure was identical to the method described
centage share in 19 different types of vegetable oils. JI- previously (BOHAÈENKO & KOPICOVÁ 1999). A modified
MENÉZ and GONZÁLEZ (1996) suggested using the sterol method was used for preparation (AOAC 1990 – No. 976.26;
contents, in particular ∆-7-stigmastenol and ∆-7-avenas- SLOVER et al. 1983).
terol, for the determination of individual types of olive Four ml of 60% aqueous solution of KOH and 20 ml of
oils (virgin oil, refined oil and solvent-extracted oil). GROB the alcohol solution (ethanol:methanol:isopropyl alcohol
et al. (1994a) suggested using the determination of ∆-7- = 90:5:5) were added to 0.5 g of the oil to be tested. Dihy-
stigmastenol, campesterol, stigmasterol and brassicast- drocholesterol (0.2 ml) was added as the internal standard
erol as a proof of the adulteration of the olive oils by (1mg/1 ml of hexane). After one hour of mild boiling under
additions of sunflower, soybean, or rapeseed oils. the reflux condenser, the mixture was cooled down, and
ALONSO et al. (1997) similarly used the change in ∆-7- the condenser was rinsed with 30 ml of alcohol solution.
stigmastenol to prove the addition of sunflower oil into The mixture was extracted using 50 ml of hexane with the

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Czech J. Food Sci. Vol. 19, No. 3: 97–103

addition of 100 ml of 0.1N aqueous solution of KOH. The Dihydrocholesterol content (mg/ml) was calculated from
aqueous part was separated and mixed with another 30 ml the peak areas of its standard.
of hexane. The hexane parts were associated together, The percentage share of each of other sterols was cal-
rinsed with distilled water until the neutral pH was reached, culated from the ratio of the relevant peak area to the total
and filtered through the Na2SO4 layer on filter paper. peak area for sterols.
Na2SO4 was rinsed again with 5 ml of hexane. The solvent Detection limit of sterols for each sterol monitored =
fraction was evaporated using a rotary vacuum evapora- 0.03 mg/ml sample
tor with the water bath adjusted to 50–55°C and the rest Yield of the method, found using the tenfold analysis of
was removed with a mild nitrogen stream. an olive oil sample with the constant addition of the inter-
2. Purification of the unsaponifiable fraction by prepar- nal standard: dihydrocholesterol ranged between 98 and
ative LC. The method introduced by EISNER et al. (1963) 102%.
was implemented and modified. Silica gel was used as Repeatability: expressed as RSDr (%) and calculated
sorbent instead of Florisil. from seven parallel determinations of the sample of the
The evaporation residue after the saponification was virgin olive oil was as follows:
dissolved in approximately 2.5 ml of hexane. A dosing Sterol RSDr (%) Percentage level
loop was used to apply 2 ml of this sample to the column.
cholesterol 7.8 0.5–1.0
The elution was carried out using the gradient method
brassicasterol 3.6 4.0–8.0
with three mixtures of hexane and diethyl ether.
Working conditions: Glass column packed with regen- campesterol 3.3 3.0–5.0
erated silica, length of column 535 mm, diameter 12.5 mm. 1.8 16.0–18.0
Purification of silica gel: 1 hour extraction on Soxhlet stigmasterol 7.9 0.5–1.0
was carried out using the mixture of chloroform and meth- 4.5 16.0–18.0
anol (1:1). Silica gel was activated prior to the first use ∆-7-stigmastenol 14.3 0.1–0.3
overnight at 120°C. One silica gel packing could be used 8.1 2.0–5.0
15 to 20 times.
Flow: 1ml per minute, pressure: 0.3–3 MPa, gradient elu-
tion: 0–80 ml (hexane:diethyl ether = 4:1); 80–200ml RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
(hexane:diethyl ether = 7:3), 200–400 ml (hexane:diethyl
ether = 1:1). Considering the apparatus equipment of this laboratory,
The last fraction of 200–400 ml, containing the pre-puri- the modified methodology suggested by EU Commision
fied sterols, was evaporated in the rotary vacuum evapo- Regulation (see above) was used for sterol determina-
rator with the water bath adjusted to 50–55°C and dried tion. Sterols were isolated in the unsaponifiable fraction
with mild nitrogen stream. and the pre-purification of the fraction was carried out
3. Silanization of sterols. The silanization was carried using the LC on the silica gel column with a gradient elu-
out pursuant to the AOAC No. 976/26 (1990) methodolo- tion with three mixtures of hexane and diethyl ether prior
gy. A total of 0.2 to 0.3 ml of the silanizing agent (pyri- to the determination of silylated derivatives using GC.
dine:HMDS:TMCS = 9 : 3 : 1) was added to the evaporation The retention volume containing the sterol was identified
residue and after 15 min of maintaining at laboratory tem- using mixed standards.
perature the sample was ready to be used for the determi- The method was verified by analyzing the mixture of
nation of sterols using the GC. standard cholesterol, brassicasterol, β-sitosterol, campes-
When analyzing the sterol standards, 0.4 ml of the mixed terol and stigmasterol. Our relative retention times (RRT)
sample (0.5 mg dihydrocholesterol and 0.5 mg of ß-sito- are in very good conformity with those published by JI-
sterol practical in 1 ml of hexane) was dried in the nitrogen MENÉZ and GONZÁLEZ (1996), who used the standard
stream, and 0.5 ml of the silanization agent was added to method pursuant to the Commission Regulation (EEC) No.
the evaporation residual. The next procedures were car- 2568/91 and worked with the same type of column. This
ried out as described above. finding enabled us to use the published relative RT’s of
4. Identification of sterol contents by GC. The identifi- other sterols whose standards are not commercially avail-
cation was carried out using the method of capillary GC able in our country and which Jimenéz identified using
with a non-polar chromatographic column, DB-5 (5% phe- mass spectrometry. Concerning the ∆-7-stigmastenol, a
nyl methyl silicon) 30 m × 0.25 mm × 0,25 µm. very important marker for the proof of the adulteration of
Conditions: injection – 1µl; detection: FID; Tdetector = olive oils (see below), the identification of its peak in the
320°C; injector: SPLIT 20:1; Tinjector = 300°C; carrier-gas: sunflower and soybean oil, was confirmed with mass spec-
nitrogen; flow 1.25 ml/min; temperature program: constant trometry. The mass spectrum (Fig. 1) obtained correspond-
temperature 270°C. ed with the spectrum published by BIEDERMAN et al.
(1996).

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Abundance

m/z Õ

Fig. 1. Mass spectrum of ∆-7-stigmastenol in olive oil

The yield of the method ranged between 98 and 102%.

The detection limit for sterols was 0.03 mg/ml of samples.
The repeatability expressed as RSDr (%) determination of
sterols important for the proof of adulteration has not
exceeded 8% with exceptions of ∆-7-stigmastenol where
on the percentage level 0.1–0.2 RSDr was 14.3% (see
Materials and Methods). The chromatogram of sterol frac-
tion from olive oil (Fig. 2) proves the possibility of good
identification of individual sterol peaks.
All parameters of the method shown were comparable
with other published data, and they met the requirements.
Therefore, this method can be used to assess the authen-
ticity of olive oils from the values of the free sterols con-
tent included in the Commission Regulation (EEC) No.
2568/91 (Table 1).
The verification of the capability of identifying the adul-
teration of the olive oil with sunflower, soybean or rape-

Table 1. Limit sterol contents in olive oil (Commision Regula-

tion (EEC) No. 2568/91)

Cholesterol max. 0.5%

Brassicasterol max. 0.2%
Campesterol max 4.0%
Stigmasterol < campesterol
β-sitosterol* min. 93%
1 = cholesterol; 2 = campesterol; 3 = stigmasterol; 4 = β-sitosterol;
∆-7-stigmastenol max. 0.5% 5 = ∆-5-avenasterol; 6 = ∆-7-stigmastenol

*sitosterol + ∆-5-avenasterol + ∆-5,23-stigmastadienol + ∆-5,24-stig-

mastadienol + clerosterol + sitostanol Fig. 2. Gas chromatographic analysis of sterols in olive oil

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Table 2. Sterol content (%) in sunflower, soybean and rapeseed quired under the Commission Regulation, should be low-
oils er than the content of campesterol, whose limit is 4% (Ta-
ble 1). For this reason it was not used as a marker sterol
Oil although changes in its content were high, in particular
sunflower soybean rapeseed when soybean oil was added. In addition, its content in
Cholesterol 0.24 0.42 N.D. our olive oils samples was relatively low, i.e. 0.5 to 1.93%
Brassicasterol N.D. N.D. 9.28
(Table 4), and did not exceed the permissible value of
campesterol even after the addition of 20% of the sun-
Campesterol 10.29 16.94 34.75
flower or soybean oil.
Stigmasterol 7.51 16.64 0.18 In this case, ∆-7-stigmastenol and campesterol can be
β-sitosterol 58.01 54.36 50.28 used to prove an adulteration of olive oils with sunflower
∆-5-avenasterol 5.13 3.75 2.53 or soybean oils, since their increased content in com-
∆-5,24-stigmastadienol 1.26 1.19 1.11 parison with the limits set forth by the Commission was
∆-7-stigmastenol 9.72 4.28 0.11 manifested as of a 5 to 10% addition. Concerning an adul-
∆-7-avenasterol 5.54 1.77 0.06 teration with rapeseed oil, the presence of brassicasterol
is well detectable as of a 5% addition. Our conclusions
Sum (%) 97.46 98.93 98.3
correspond well with data recommended to identify this
and other methods of adulteration (GROB et al. 1994a;
ALONSO 1997).
seed oils was carried out on model samples containing a This method, which employs the determination of the
5, 10, or 20% addition of these oils to virgin olive oil (sam- content of free sterols, cannot decide in practical terms
ple No. 15 was used, for content of sterols, Table 4). The whether the soybean or sunflower oil was used for an
sterol content in the sunflower, soybean or rapeseed oils adulteration up to the addition of 20 %. To distinguish
added is shown in Table 2. It corresponds well with the among the two oils, GROB et al. (1994b) suggested other
data by ITOH et al. (1973). The percentage shares of re- supportive markers, such as elevated content of γ-tocof-
spective sterols in model samples are shown in Table 3. erol or linolenic acid for soybean oil additions. Our re-
The most important changes in the content of sterols in sults also support this conclusion since we have detected
increasing additions of sunflower oil were found in ∆-7- a 0.6 to 0.8% content of linolenic acid in olive oils while its
stigmastenol and stigmasterol. A 7.6 to 27.6 times, and 2.5 content never falls under 6% in the soybean oil.
to 6.8 times increase, respectively, was found versus ref- Finally, the method was used to analyzing 10 samples
erence olive oil. of virgin olive oils of Italian and Spanish provenance pur-
The greatest manifestations of changes due to soybean chased in a Prague market, and 5 samples of olive oils
oil additions were found in 4.5 to 13.5 times increase in obtained from the food exhibition SIAL (Paris). It is evi-
stigmasterol content; 3.1 to 12.5 times increase of ∆-7- dent from the results shown in Table 4 that levels of
stigmastenol content; and 1.4 to 2.3 times increase of campesterol and ∆-7-stigmastenol have not exceeded the
campesterol content. The content of stigmasterol as re- limits recommended by the EU commission in any of the

Table 3. Sterol content (%) in model samples of olive oil with addition of other plant oils

Addition (%) of oil

sunflower soybean rapeseed
5 10 20 5 10 20 5 10 20
Cholesterol 0.35 0.33 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.43 N.D. N.D. N.D.
Brassicasterol N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. 0.46 0.93 1.86
Campesterol 4.56 5.24 6.32 5.33 6.58 8.92 5.38 6.92 11.25
Stigmasterol 1.31 2.15 3.63 2.40 4.23 7.14 0.51 0.50 0.45
β-sitosterol 70.72 68.74 63.46 70.28 69.71 64.12 71.41 70.30 67.18
∆-5-avenasterol 20.54 18.27 16.41 19.69 17.22 15.58 21.30 20.31 17.55
∆-5,24-stigmastadienol 0.34 0.56 1.07 0.37 0.50 1.01 0.34 0.38 0.49
∆-7-stigmastenol 1.07 2.21 3.87 0.44 0.93 1.75 0.14 0.14 0.13
∆-7-avenasterol 0.73 1.41 2.65 0.35 0.50 1.00 0.22 0.21 0.19
Sum (%) 99.62 98.91 97.71 99.21 100.07 99.95 99.76 99.69 99.10

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Table 4. Results of sterol analysis of olive oils

Sterol content (%) in sample No.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Cholesterol 0.36 0.40 0.57 0.20 0.15 0.56 0.85 0.53 0.27 0.73 0.50 0.37 0.41 0.37 0.35
Campesterol 3.44 3.45 3.42 3.27 3.39 3.45 3.21 3.38 3.64 3.72 4.04 3.57 4.05 3.38 3.83
Stigmasterol 0.74 0.67 1.31 1.89 1.93 0.86 1.02 0.83 0.44 0.79 0.78 0.94 0.50 1.44 0.53
β-sitosterol 81.68 86.81 85.63 87.17 86.53 78.78 79.31 81.62 84.46 80.07 85.72 80.98 70.81 84.88 72.52
∆-5-avenasterol 11.84 6.67 5.99 3.35 3.88 14.52 13.14 11.68 9.12 12.81 7.11 10.78 22.20 8.22 21.94
∆-5,24-stigma-
0.57 0.42 0.84 1.13 1.07 0.60 0.86 0.64 0.58 0.61 0.64 0.70 0.52 0.82 0.30
stadienol
∆-7-stigmastenol 0.22 0.18 0.18 0.53 0.52 0.13 0.17 0.14 0.23 0.14 0.36 0.50 0.14 0.30 0.14
∆-7-avenasterol 0.46 0.40 0.45 0.63 0.61 0.33 0.30 0.36 0.37 0.45 0.23 0.61 0.23 0.27 0.23
Sum (%) 99.31 99.00 98.39 98.17 98.08 99.23 98.86 99.18 99.11 99.32 99.38 98.45 98.86 99.68 99.84

Brassicasterol wasn’t identificated; samples No. 1–10 from local market; samples No. 11–15 from SIAL exhibition-Paris

inspected samples. Also, the stigmasterol to campesterol EISNER J., FIRESTONE D. (1963): Oils, fats and waxes. Gas
ratio and the content of β-sitosterol comply with the EU chromatography of unsaponifiable matter. II. Identification
directive. Only samples 7 and 10 showed a higher level of of vegetable oils by their sterols. JAOAC, 46: 542–550.
cholesterol (0.85% or 0.73%, respectively). The maximum EISNER J., LIVERSON J., MOZINGO A. K., FIRESTONE D.
acceptable content of cholesterol is 0.5%. Since the two (1965): Oils, fats and waxes. Gas chromatography of unsa-
samples complied with the limits for the most important ponifiable matter. III. Identification of hydrocarbons, aliphatic
sterols we have suggested also that both samples are alcohols, tocopherols, triterpenoid alohols and sterols present
non-adulterated. in the olive oils. JAOAC, 48: 417–433.
EISNER J., LIVERSON J., FIRESTONE D. (1966): Oils, fats
Acknowledgment: The authors wish to thank workers of the and waxes. Gas chromatography of unsaponifiable matter.
Czech Agriculture and Food Inspectorate, especially Ing. IV. Aliphatic alcohols, tocopherols, and triterpenoid alcohols
M. KEMPNÝ, for the measurement and evaluation of mass spectra in butter and vegetable oils. JAOAC, 49: 580–590.
of ∆-7-stigmastenol in soybean and olive oils. EISNER J., WONG N. P., FIRESTONE D., BOND J. (1962): Oils,
fats and waxes. Gas chromatography of unsaponifiable matter.
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Accepted for publication April 27, 2001

Souhrn

BOHAÈENKO I., KOPICOVÁ Z. (2001): Využití identifikace sterolù pro prùkaz autenticity olivových olejù. Czech J. Food
Sci., 19: 97–103.

Pro spolehlivý prùkaz autenticity olivových olejù byl použit obsah (procentní zastoupení) vybraných sterolù, který je deklarován
naøízením Komise EU. Pøi implementaci analytické metody na stanovení sterolù pomocí GC byl k oddìlení nežádoucích interferujících
látek v nezmýdelnitelné frakci modifikován postup využívající preparativní LC s kolonou naplnìnou silikagelem a s gradientovou
elucí tøemi smìsmi hexanu a diethyletheru. Dále bylo modelovými pokusy ovìøeno, že touto metodou lze identifikovat falšování
olivového oleje pøídavky oleje sluneènicového, sójového nebo øepkového, a to na základì stanovení obsahu ∆-7-stigmastenolu
(pøídavek sluneènicového oleje), campesterolu (pøídavek sójového oleje), resp. brassicasterolu (pøídavek øepkového oleje). Zvýšení
obsahu tìchto markerových sterolù proti povoleným hodnotám umožòuje rozeznat pøídavek již 5–10 % olejù. Touto metodou
byla též hodnocena autenticita ètyø olivových olejù z výstavy SIAL a deseti panenských olivových olejù z pražské tržní sítì
a bylo zjištìno, že žádný z tìchto olejù nevykazoval prvky falšování.

Klíèová slova: olivový olej; autenticita; falšování; steroly; sluneènicový olej; sójový olej; øepkový olej; kapalinová chromatografie;
plynová chromatografie; stanovení sterolù

Corresponding author:

Ing. IVAN BOHAÈENKO, CSc., Výzkumný ústav potravináøský Praha, Radiová 7, 102 31 Praha 10-Hostivaø, tel.: + 420 2 72 70 23 31,
fax: + 420 2 72 70 19 83, e-mail: [email protected]

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