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Sine and Cosine Functions (Stretching&Shrinking) : Sinx and Cosx Are The Two Basic and Frequently Used

The document discusses sine and cosine functions, including their properties, key terms, and how to sketch their graphs. It notes that sine and cosine have the same properties, including a domain of all real numbers, range from -1 to 1, amplitude of 1, and a period of 2π. It defines important terms like amplitude, period, phase shift, and vertical shift. It provides an equation to represent transformed sine and cosine graphs and describes how transformations affect amplitude and period. Examples are given of how to sketch graphs of transformed sine and cosine functions based on their key points.

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TEJA SINGH
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
160 views

Sine and Cosine Functions (Stretching&Shrinking) : Sinx and Cosx Are The Two Basic and Frequently Used

The document discusses sine and cosine functions, including their properties, key terms, and how to sketch their graphs. It notes that sine and cosine have the same properties, including a domain of all real numbers, range from -1 to 1, amplitude of 1, and a period of 2π. It defines important terms like amplitude, period, phase shift, and vertical shift. It provides an equation to represent transformed sine and cosine graphs and describes how transformations affect amplitude and period. Examples are given of how to sketch graphs of transformed sine and cosine functions based on their key points.

Uploaded by

TEJA SINGH
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Sine and Cosine functions (Stretching&Shrinking)

Sinx and cosx are the two basic and frequently used
trigonometric functions. Their graphs have same properties.
Lets have a look at these properties.
1) Domain of both sinx and cosx is all real numbers (-∞,∞).
2) Range of each function is [-1,1].
3) Amplitude of each of these functions is 1.
4) Each of them has same period of 2𝜋. (Period is the length
of one complete cycle here).
5) Maximum and minimum values of both functions are 1
and -1 respectively but they occur at different points for
each of these functions
Important terms related with graphs of trigonometric
functions:
1) Amplitude: It is the distance between central line and
peak of the graph. Or it is the height from central line to
either maximum or minimum point. Amplitude(a) is half
the distance between maximum and minimum points.
𝑌𝑚𝑎𝑥 −𝑌𝑚𝑖𝑛
|a|=
2
2) Period: It is the time in which one cycle is completed.
Horizontal length of each cycle is called period. For a
function y=asin(bx) or acos(bx) , period is given by the
2𝜋
formula, period= .
𝑏
3) Phase shift: Phase shift is how far a graph is shifted
horizontally from its usual position. It is denoted by c so
positive c means shift to left and negative c means shift
to right.
4) Vertical shift: This is how far a graph is shifted up or down
from its usual position. It is denoted by d so +d means
shifted up and –d means shifted down.
5) Frequency: it is the number of cycles completed in one
second. It is the reciprocal of period so its formula is given
𝑏
as f =
2𝜋
Putting all the above terms together, we get the following
equation.
Y= asin(b(x-c))+d OR y= acos(b(x-c))+d
Using key points to sketch a curve:
To sketch the basic sine and cosine functions by hand it helps to
note five key points in one period. These key points are :
intercepts, maximum and minimum points.

Example: Sketch the following function using five key points on


the interval [-𝜋, 4𝜋]
Y = 2sinx
Solution: When we compare it with y= asin(b(x-c))+d, we see
that there is no phase shift and vertical shift (c=0,d=0).
Here we have amplitude , a=2
2𝜋 2𝜋
Using b=1 , period = 𝑏
= = 2𝜋
1
Now we divide this period of 2𝜋 into 4 parts to get key points.
Initial point of sinx curve is (0,0) which is also x intercept.
Intercept max. intercept min. intercept
𝝅 𝟑𝝅
(0,0) ( ,2) (𝝅,0) ( ,-2) (𝟐𝝅,0)
𝟐 𝟐

After connecting all these five points we get a smooth curve.


Extending this curve in both directions over the interval [-𝜋,
4𝜋] we get the graph as shown below. Graph of 2sinx is same
as sinx, except amplitude get doubled.

Here is a summary of vertical and horizontal shrink and stretch


and their effects on amplitude and period.
Function Transformati Effected Graphs
on para-
meters
Y=aSinx , Vertical Amplitud
a>0 stretch e get
increased

1
Y= 𝑎 Sinx, Vertical Amplitud
a>0 shrink e get
reduced

y=aCosbx Horizontal Period


a>0 ,b>0 shrink get
decrease
d

Y= Horizontal Period
𝑥
aCos(𝑏) stretch get
a>0 ,b>0 increased
Y=-aSinx Reflection Max. and
a>0 across x axis min. get
reversed

𝑥
Example2. Sketch the graph of y= sin(2).Compare it with the
graph of basic function y=sinx. How its parameters amplitude
and period get effected?
𝑥
Solution: Comparing the given equation y= sin(2) with standard
basic sin function y= aSin(bx), we get
1
Amplitude(a) = 1 and b = 2
2𝜋 2𝜋
Period = 𝑏
= 1 = 4𝜋
2

So this function has period interval [0, 4𝜋] as compared to the


basic period interval of [0, 2𝜋]. Now we divide this interval into
4 equal parts with values 𝜋, 2𝜋, 3𝜋 to get five key points.
Intercept max. intercept min. intercept
(0,0) (𝝅,1) (𝟐𝝅,0) (𝟑𝝅,-1) (𝟒𝝅,0)
Connecting all these points , we get the following graph.
We can observe that there is no effect on amplitude but period
get doubled. So there is horizontal stretch.
Same way we can draw the graphs for functions like y=sin(2x)
where period get reduced by half so new period would be
[0,𝜋]. Then we divide this period into 4 equal parts and get a
graph which is compressed horizontally .
For the function y= aSinx or Y= aCosx its amplitude get
increased by factor ‘a’ so there would be vertical stretch and
1
for the function y= 𝑎 Sinx amplitude get decreased by factor ‘a’
causing vertical shrink. X coordinates of 5 key points will remain
same as period remain unaffected but y coordinates changed to
–a and a accordingly.
Practice problems:
1) Find period and amplitude for the following functions and
then graph them using five key points.
a) Y= Cos(2x)
b) Y=-4Sin(x)
𝑥
c) Y= Sin( )
3
1
d) Y= 4 Cos(x)

Answers:
1(a) amp.= 1 , period =[0, 𝜋]
b) amp.= 4 ,period =[0, 2𝜋]
c) amp. =1 ,period= [0,6 𝜋]
d) amp. = 0.25 , period= [0, 2𝜋

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