UNIT –III - TUNED AMPLIFIERS

Two Marks Question & Answer

1. What do you mean by tuned amplifiers?
The amplifiers which amplify only selected range of frequencies (narrow band of frequencies)
with the help of tuned circuits (parallel LC circuit) are called tuned amplifiers.
2. What are the various types of tuned amplifiers?
 Small signal tuned amplifiers
a. Single tuned amplifiers
i)Capacitive coupled
ii) Inductively coupled (or) Transformer coupled
b. Double tuned amplifiers
c.Stagger tuned amplifiers
 Large signal tuned amplifiers
3. What is the response of tuned amplifiers?
The response of tuned amplifier is maximum at resonant frequency and it falls sharply for
frequencies below and above the resonant frequency.
4. When tuned circuit is like resistive, capacitive and inductive?
 At resonance, circuit is like resistive.
 For frequencies above resonance, circuit is like capacitive.
 For frequencies below resonance, circuit is like inductive.
5. What are the various components of coil losses?
 Copper loss
 Eddy current loss
 Hysteresis loss
6. Define Q factor of resonant circuit.
 It is the ratio of reactance to resistance.
 It also can be defined as the measure of efficiency with which inductor can store the energy.
Q=2п *(Maximum Energy Stored per cycle / Energy dissipated per cycle)
7. What is dissipation factor?
 It is defined as 1/Q.
 It can be referred to as the total loss within a component.
8. Define unloaded and loaded Q of tuned circuit.
 The unloaded Q or QU is the ratio of stored energy to dissipated energy in a reactor or
resonator.
 The loaded Q or QL of a resonator is determined by how tightly the resonator is coupled to its
terminations.
9. Why quality factor is kept as high as possible in tuned circuits?
 When Q is high, bandwidth is low and we get better selectivity. Hence Q is kept as high as
possible in tuned circuits.
  When Q is high inductor losses are less.
10. List various types of cascaded Small signal tuned amplifiers.
 Single tuned amplifiers.
 Double tuned amplifiers.
 Stagger tuned amplifiers.
11. How single tuned amplifiers are classified?
 Capacitance coupled single tuned amplifier.
 Transformer coupled or inductively coupled single tuned amplifier.
12. What are single tuned amplifiers?
Single tuned amplifiers use one parallel resonant circuit as the load impedance in each stage and
all the tuned circuits are tuned to the same frequency.
13. What are double tuned amplifiers?
Double tuned amplifiers use two inductively coupled tuned circuits per stage, both the tuned
circuits being tuned to the same frequency.
14. What are stagger tuned amplifiers?
Stagger tuned amplifiers use a number of single tuned stages in cascade, the successive tuned
circuits being tuned to slightly different frequencies.
(OR)
It is a circuit in which two single tuned cascaded amplifiers having certain bandwidth are taken
and their resonant frequencies are adjusted that they are separated by an amount equal to the
bandwidth of each stage. Since resonant frequencies are displaced it is called stagger tuned
amplifier.
15. What is the effect of cascading single tuned amplifiers on bandwidth?
Bandwidth reduces due to cascading single tuned amplifiers.
16. List the advantages and disadvantages of tuned amplifiers.
Advantages:
 They amplify defined frequencies.
 Signal to Noise ratio at output is good.
 They are well suited for radio transmitters and receivers.
 The band of frequencies over which amplification is required can be varied.
Disadvantages:
 Since they use inductors and capacitors as tuning elements, the circuit is bulky and costly.
 If the band of frequency is increased, design becomes complex.
 They are not suitable to amplify audio frequencies.

17. What are the advantages of double tuned amplifier over single tuned amplifier?
 It provides larger 3 dB bandwidth than the single tuned amplifier and hence provides the
larger gain-bandwidth product.
 It provides gain versus frequency curve having steeper sides and flatter top.
18. What the advantages are of stagger tuned amplifier?
The advantage of stagger tuned amplifier is to have better flat, wideband characteristics.
19. Mention the applications of class C tuned amplifier.
 Class C amplifiers are used primarily in high-power, high-frequency applications such as
Radio-frequency transmitters.
 In these applications, the high frequency pulses handled by the amplifier are not themselves
the signal, but constitute what is called the Carrier for the signal.
 Amplitude modulation is one such example.
 The principal advantage of class-C amplifier is that it has a higher efficiency than the other
amplifiers.
20. What is Neutralization?
The technique used for the elimination of potential oscillations is called neutralization. (OR) The
effect of collector to base capacitance of the transistor is neutralized by introducing a signal that
cancels the signal coupled through collector base capacitance. This process is called
neutralization.
21. What is the use of Neutralization?
 BJT and FET are potentially unstable over some frequency range due to the feedback
parameter present in them.
 If the feedback can be cancelled by an additional feedback signal that is equal in amplitude
and opposite in sign, the transistor becomes unilateral from input to output the oscillations
completely stop.
 This is achieved by Neutralization.
22. What are the different types of neutralization?
 Hazeltine neutralization
 Rice neutralization
 Neutrodyne neutralization.
23. What is rice neutralization?
It uses centre tapped coil in the base circuit. The signal voltages at the end of tuned base coil are
equal and out of phase.

16 marks Question
1. Explain in detail about single tuned amplifier.
2. Explain in detail about double tuned amplifier.
3. Explain in detail about stagger-tuned amplifier.
4. Compare single tuned and double tuned amplifier.
5. Explain the different types of neutralization?
 UNIT-IV WAVE SHAPING AND MULTIVIBRATOR CIRCUITS
Two Marks Question & Answer
1. What is High pass RC circuit? Why it is called high-pass filter?
 A simple circuit consisting of a series capacitor and a shunt resistor is called high pass RC
circuit.
 At very high frequencies the capacitor acts as a short circuit and all the higher frequency
components appear at the output with less attenuation than the lower frequency components.
Hence this circuit is called high-pass circuit.
2. Why high-pass RC circuit is called Differentiator?
High-pass RC circuit gives an output waveform similar to the first derivative of the input
waveform. Hence it is called Differentiator.
3. What is Low pass RC circuit? Why it is called low-pass filter?
 A simple circuit consisting of a series resistor and a shunt capacitor is called Low pass RC
circuit.
 At very high frequencies the capacitor acts as a virtual short circuit and output falls to zero.
Hence this circuit is called low-pass filter
4. Why low-pass RC circuit is called Integrator?
Low pass RC circuit gives an output waveform similar to the time integral of the input waveform.
Hence it is called Integrator.
5. What is High pass RL circuit? Why it is called high-pass filter?
 A simple circuit consisting of a series resistor and a shunt inductor is called high-pass RL
circuit.
 At very high frequencies, the inductor acts as an open circuit and all the higher frequency
components appear at the output. Hence this circuit is called high-pass filter.
6. What is Low pass RL circuit? Why it is called low-pass filter?
 A simple circuit consisting of a series inductor and a shunt resistor is called low pass RL
circuit.
 At very high frequencies, the inductor acts as a virtual open circuit and the output falls to zero.
Hence this circuit is called low pass filter.
7. What is Delay time (td) in transistor?
The time needed for the collector current to rise to 10% of its maximum (saturation) value i.e.
iC(Sat) = VCC/RC is called the delay time.
8. What is Rise time (tr) in transistor?
The time required for the collector current to rise from 10% to 90% of the maximum value is
called rise time (tr).
9. What is Turn-ON time (tON) in transistor?
The sum of the delay time (td) and the rise time (tr) is called the turn-ON time (tON).
tON = td + tr
10. What is storage time (ts) in transistor?
The time when collector current (iC) dropped to 90% of its maximum value is called the storage
time.
11. What is fall time (tf) in transistor?
The time required for the collector current to fall from 90% to 10% of its maximum value is called
fall time (tf).
12. What is Turn-off time (tOFF) in transistor?
The sum of the storage time (ts) and the fall time (tf) is called the turn-OFF time (tOFF).
(tOFF) = (ts) + (tf)
13. What is clipper?
The circuit with which the waveform is shaped by removing (or clipping) a portion of the input
signal without distorting the remaining part of the alternating waveform is called a clipper.
14. What are the four categories of clippers?
 Positive clipper
 Negative clipper
 Biased clipper
 Combination clipper
15. What is comparator?
 The nonlinear circuit which was used to perform the operation of clipping may also be used to
perform the operation of comparison is called the comparator.
 The comparator circuit compares an input signal with a reference voltage.
16. What is clamper?
A circuit which shifts (clamps) a signal to a different dc level, i.e. which introduces a dc level to
an ac signal is called clamper. It is also called dc restorer.
17. Which circuits are called multivibrators?
 The electronic circuits which are used to generate nonsinusoidal waveforms arecalled
multivibrators.
 They are two stage switching circuits in which the output of the first stage is fed to the input of
the second stage and vice-versa.
18. Which are the various types of multivibrators?
 Astable multivibrator
 Bistable multivibrator
 Monostable multivibrator
19. What is astable multivibrator?
 A multivibrator which generates square wave without any external triggering pulse is called
astable multivibrator.
 It has both the states as quasi-stable states. None of the states is stable.
 Due to this, the multivibrator automatically makes the successive transitions from one quasi-
stable state to other, without any external triggering pulse. So it called Free-running
multivibrator.
 The rate of transition from one quasi-stable state to other is determined by the discharging of a
capacitive circuit.
20. List the applications of Astable multivibrator?
 Used as square wave generator, voltage to frequency convertor and in pulse synchronization,
as clock for binary logic signals, and so on.
 Since it produces square waves, it is a source of production of harmonic frequencies of higher
order.
 It is used in the construction of digital voltmeter and SMPS.
 It can be operated as an oscillator over a wide range of audio and radio frequencies.
21. State the basic action of monostable multivibrator.
 It has only one stable state. The other state is unstable referred as quasi- stable state.
 It is also known as one-short multivibrator or univibrator.
 When an external trigger pulse is applied to the circuit, the circuitgoes into the quasi-stable
state from its normal stable state.
 After some time interval, the circuit automatically returns to its stable state.
 The circuit does not require any external pulse to change from quasi- stable state.
 The time interval for which the circuit remains in the quasi-stable state is determined by the
circuit components and can be designed as per the requirement.
22. Mention the applications of one short multivibrator?
 It is used to function as an adjustable pulse width generator.
 It is used to generate uniform width pulses from a variable width pulse train.
 It is used to generate clean and sharp pulses from the distorted pulses.
 It is used as a time delay unit since it produces a transition at a fixed time after the trigger
signal.
23. Which multivibrator would function as a time delay unit? Why?
Monostable multivibrator would function as a time delay unit since it produces a transition at a
fixed time after the trigger signal.
24. What is Bistable multivibrator?
 The Bistable multivibrator has two stable states.
 The multivibrator can exist indefinitely in either of the two stable states.
 It requires an external trigger pulse to change from one stable state to another.
 The circuit remains in one stable state unless an external trigger pulse is applied.
25. List the applications of bistable multivibrator?
 It is used as memory elements in shift registers, counters, and so on.
 It is used to generate square waves of symmetrical shape by sending regular triggering pulse to
the input. By adjusting the frequency of the trigger pulse, the width of the square wave can be
altered.
 It can also be used as a frequency divider.
26. What are the two methods of triggering for bistable multivibrators?
 Unsymmetrical triggering
 Symmetrical triggering
27. How many stable states do bistable Multivibrator have?
Two stable states.
28. When will the circuit change from stable state in bistable Multivibrator?
When an external trigger pulse is applied, the circuit changes from one stable stateto another.
29. What are the different names of bistable Multivibrator?
Eccles Jordan circuit, trigger circuit, scale-of-2 toggle circuit, flip-flop and binary.
30. What are the other names of monostable Multivibrator?
One-shot, Single-shot, a single-cycle, a single swing, a single step Multivibrator, Univibrator.
31. Why is monostable Multivibrator called gating circuit?
The circuit is used to generate the rectangular waveform and hence can be used to gate other
Circuits hence called gating circuit.
32. What are the main characteristics of Astable Multivibrator?
The Astable Multivibrator automatically makes the successive transitions from one quasi- stable
State to other without any external triggering pulse.
33. What is the other name of Astable Multivibrator- why is it called so?
As it does not require any external pulse for transition, it is called free running Multivibrator.
34. What are the two types of transistor bistable Multivibrator?
 Fixed bias transistor circuit
 Self bias transistor circuit.
35. Why does one of the transistor start conducting ahead of other?
The characteristic of both the transistors are never identical hence after giving supplies one of the
Transistors start conducting ahead of the other.
36. What are the two stable states of bistable Multivibrator?
 Q1 OFF (cut off) and Q2 ON (Saturation)
 Q2 OFF (Cut off) and Q1 On (Saturation)
37. What finally decides the shape of the waveform for bistable multivibrator?
The spacing of the triggering pulses.
38. How are the values R1, R2 and VBB chosen in bistable Multivibrator?
It is chosen in such a way that in one state the base current is large enough to drive the transistor
into saturation while in other state the emitter junctions is well below off.
39. What is the self biased Multivibrator?
The need for the negative power supply in fixed bias bistable Multivibrator can be eliminated by
raising a common emitter resistance RE. The resistance provides the necessary bias to keep one
transistor ON and the other OFF in the stable state. Such type of biasing is called self biasing and
the circuit is called self biased bistable Multivibrator.
40. What are the other names of speed up capacitors?
 Commutating Capacitors
 Transpose capacitors
41. Define transition time?
It is defined as the time interval during which conduction transfers from one transistor to other.
42. What is the value of commutating capacitor?
It lies in the range of tens to some hundreds of Pico farads.
43. Define resolving time.
The smallest allowable interval between triggers is called resolving time.
44. Give the expression of fmax with respect to resolving time
Fmax = 1/resolving time.
45. Define gate width
The pulse width is the time for which the circuit remains in the quasi stable state. It is also called
gate width.
46. What is UTP of the Schmitt Trigger?
The level of Vi at which Q1 becomes ON and Q2 OFF is called Upper Threshold Point.
47. What is the other name for UTP?
It is also called input turn on threshold level.
48. What is LTP of the Schmitt trigger?
The level of Vi at which Q1 becomes OFF and Q2 on is called Lower Threshold Point.
49. Define transfer Characteristics
The graph of output voltage against input voltage is called transfer characteristics of Schmitt
trigger.
50. What is the important application of Schmitt trigger?
 It is used as an amplitude comparator
 It is used as a squaring circuit.
51. What is Schmitt trigger?
 It is a wave shaping circuit, used for generation of a square wave from a sine wave input.
 It is a bistable circuit in which two transistor switches are connected regeneratively.
52. What is meant by Hysteresis voltage in a Schmitt trigger?
 The difference between UTP (Upper Threshold Point) and LTP (Lower Threshold Point) is
called Hysteresis voltage (VH).
 It is also known as Dead Zone of the Schmitt trigger.
53. List the applications of Schmitt trigger.
 It is used for wave shaping circuits.
 It can be used for generation of rectangular waveforms with sharp edges from a sine wave or
any other waveform.
 It can be used as a voltage comparator.
  The Hysteresis in Schmitt trigger is valuable when conditioning noisy signals for using digital
circuits. The noise does not cause false triggering and so the output will be free from noise.
54. How a Schmitt trigger is different from a multivibrator?
 A Schmitt trigger has an input and an output; the output is a squared-up version of the input.
As long as the input is constant, the output of the Schmitt trigger is also constant.
 A multivibrator typically has no inputs (other than power), only an output: an oscillating
signal.

16 marks Question
1. Explain BistableMultivibrator and its types?
2. Explain about speedup capacitors or commutating capacitors.
3. Explain about Monostable Multivibrator.
4. Explain about collector coupled AstableMultivibrator.
5. Explain emitter coupled AstableMultivibrator.
6. Write in detail about Schmitt Trigger circuit?
7. Explain high pass RC circuit? Why it is called as high pass filter?
8. Explain low pass RL circuit? Why it is called as low pass filter?