ARBU 2 -BUILDING UTILITIES 2 BS ARCH 19

Module 3
Electrical Design

Schedule: Monday
Section A- 8:00 AM to 1:00 PM
Section B-1:00 PM TO 6:00 PM
Faculty Instructor: Arch. EnP. Kirby S. Mercado
Contact link: Email: [email protected]
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 Module Content
Outline
Design Criteria and Standard
Lighting Layout
General Requirements for Lighting Design
Lamp and Lighting System
Lighting Controls
Receptacle/Convenience Outlet
Conduit/Raceways for Wires
References
Design Criteria and Standard
Load Densities

Interior Lighting
Interior lighting consideration shall be
given to the option offered by direct
lighting, indirect lighting, down lighting
and lighting from wall or floor mounted
fixtures. The total lighting density for the
interior spaces of building shall not
exceed the maximum values for building
areas indicated
Exterior Lighting
The total lighting density for
the exterior spaces of
buildings shall not exceed
the maximum values for
building areas as indicated
• Exterior lighting is to comply with the • Entrances: Lighting fixtures shall be
local zoning laws of Barangay, provided at all entrances and exits of
Municipalities and Cities. Use lighting major buildings and shall be connected
levels appropriate for exterior areas as to the emergency lighting circuit.
indicated in the available standard • Loading Docks: Exterior door lighting
references. shall be provided at loading docks.
• Flood lighting shall also be provided if Fixtures for illumination of the interior of
necessary. Parking and roadway trailers shall be provided at each truck
lighting shall be of High Intensity position.
Discharge (HID) lamps or Light Emitting • The basic lighting density for roadway
Diode (LED). The illumination ratios shall not exceed the maximum values
shall not exceed 10 to 1 maximum to as indicated in Table 5-3.
minimum ratio and a 4 to 1 average to
minimum ratio.
• Parking lots shall be designed with pole
mounted luminaires that is environment
friendly and requires less energy but
efficient. Emergency power shall not be
required for parking lot lighting
Illumination Levels for Various
Areas
For lighting levels for interior spaces please
refer to the values indicated in Table 5-4 and
5-5. The electrical designer shall have the
option to use the manual calculation and/or
the applicable lighting calculation software.
Lighting Layout
Lighting shall be designed to enhance both the overall building architecture as well as
the effect of individual areas within the building with consideration on energy
efficiency.
For the required spacing with respect to mounting height between luminaires or
lighting outlets shall consider the spacing criteria recommended by the manufacturer.
Spacing criteria provide the designer with information regarding how far apart
luminaires may be spaced while maintaining acceptable illumination uniformity on the
work plane based on the photometric data of the luminaire to be used. Criteria for
spacing are generally conservative; they take into account the directcomponent of
illumination only and ignore the indirect component of light, which can contribute
significantly to the uniformity. However, used within its limits, a Spacing Criterion can
be valuable. To use the Spacing Criterion, multiply the net mounting height (luminaire
to work plane) by the Spacing Criterion number.
Applicable Lighting Software shall be used to determine the required spacing
considering the technical characteristic of the luminaires to be used
Office Lighting
Office lighting is generally fluorescent (tubular or CFL) and/or LED type lighting
fixtures utilizing pin-light or downlight. A lighting layout with a fairly even level of
general illumination is desirable. In open office areas with systems furniture
partitions, the coefficient of utilization shall be reduced to account for the light
obstruction and absorption of the partitions.
Design for glare, contrast, visual comfort and color rendering and correction
shall be considered by the designer
Task lighting shall be used in situations, such as areas of systems furniture,
where the general lighting level would be insufficient for the specific functions
required.
If the area contains special work stations for computer graphics, dimmable CFL
or LED may be required. If a large area is segregated into areas of high and low
personnel activity, switching design should provide for separate control of lights
in high- and low-activity areas of the area.
Conference Rooms and Training Rooms
These areas shall have a combination of fluorescent (tubular or CFL) and/or
dimmable LED or halogen lighting fixture.

Lobbies, Auditorium and Public Corridors

Special lighting design concepts shall be applied in these areas. The lighting
design shall be an integral part of the architecture. Wall fixtures or combination
wall and ceiling fixtures shall be considered in corridors to help break the
monotony of a long, plain space.
Mechanical and Electrical Areas
Lighting in equipment rooms or closets shall be provided by industrial-type
fluorescent fixtures or vapor-tight fixtures. Care shall be taken to locate light
fixtures so that lighting is not obstructed by tall or suspended pieces of
equipment.

Dining Areas and Services

Ample daylight is the illumination of choice in dining areas, assisted by
fluorescent (tubular or CFL) and/or LED type fixtures. Limited CFL for accents
shall be considered if comparable architectural effect to LED or incandescent
lighting can be achieved.
Structured Parking
Fixtures for parking areas shall be fluorescent strip fixtures with wire guards or
diffusers. Care must be taken in locating fixtures to maintain the required
vehicle clearance. Enclosed fluorescent or HID fixtures should be considered
for above grade parking structures
High Bay Lighting
Lighting in shop, supply, or warehouse areas with ceilings above 4900 mm shall
be color-improved HPS. In areas where color rendition is known to be of
particular importance, metal halide MH shall be used.
Emergency Lighting
Emergency lighting shall be provided to designated areas and installed on wall
below the ceiling line.

Exit Lighting
Exit lighting shall be provided to all emergency and egress areas installed
surface mounted on the ceiling or wall mounted
Energy Conservation
The largest factor in the energy consumption of a building is lighting. The overall
efficiency of the lighting system shall depend both on the individual components and
on the interaction of components in a system. A good controls strategy shall be
applied to eliminate lighting in unoccupied areas and reduces it where day lighting is
available that can contribute significantly to energy conservation. Necessary
applicable control methods shall be applied such as through a Building Automation
System (BAS) and other available technology to comply with the energy conservation

Visual Impact
The location and selection of the electrical system shall have visual impact on the
interior and exterior of the building or facility that shall be closely coordinated
with the architectural design. This includes colors and finishes of lights, outlets
and switches
General Requirements for Lighting Design
The minimum requirements in achieving energy efficient lighting design and
installations is one purpose of this guidelines. The provisions are expressed in
terms of lighting power density, luminous efficacy and illumination level. In
choosing suitable indoor illuminance level for an area, energy efficient shall be
considered plus other lighting requirements.
• Design of lighting shall use the energy efficient lighting fixtures. The
lighting system shall be selected to provide an aesthetic and
adaptable environment in accordance with the intended purpose and
with the minimum likely energy requirements.
• Task oriented lighting shall be chosen wherever applicable.
• When choosing lighting fixtures, take into account the color rendition
and appearance of the area to be lighted. Refer Table 5-6.
• Consider the maximum practical room surface reflectance in the
lighting design. Utilize light finishes to attain the best overall
efficiency of the whole lighting system. Avoid dark surfaces because
these absorb light. Table 5-7 shows the recommended room surface
reflectance.
Lamp and Lighting Part
The National Electric Code (NEC) classifies lamps as incandescent or electric
discharge. Incandescent lamps have a filament that glows white-hot. Lamps
that produce light without a filament are classified as electric discharge lamps.
• Fluorescent lamps
• Mercury vapor lamps
• Metal halide lamps
• Some other types of lamps
are classified as discharge types. Electric discharge lamps operate by passing
current through a gas-filled envelope. In some cases, they may have a filament
to get started.
INCANDESCENT LAMPS
An incandescent lamp has a filament made of tungsten. When the tungsten
becomes white hot, or incandescent, it gives off light and heat. Incandescent
lamp filaments are available in a number of sizes and shapes. See Figure 5-1.
Incandescent lamps differ in their output, bases, wattage, and life expectancy
Filament designations consist of a letter or letters to indicate whether the wire is
straight or coiled, and an arbitrary number sometimes followed by a letter to
indicate the arrangement of the filament on the supports. Prefix letters include: S
(straight)– wire is straight or slightly corrugated; C (coil)– wire is wound into a
helical coil or it may be deeply fluted; CC (coiled coil) – wire is wound into a helical
coil and this coiled wire again wound into a helical coil. Some of the more
commonly used types of filament arrangements are illustrated.
BASES
Most incandescent lamps for home use have a threaded base that is referred to
as the Edison base. The threads on the base screw into matching threads on a
socket. A base of the same shape but much larger in diameter is called a mogul
base. It is usually found on bulbs that have high wattage capacity, draw high
currents, and operate on 220 volts or higher. Mogul bases are also used on
some mercury vapor lamps
WATTAGE AND LIFE EXPECTANCY
The wattage rating of a bulb is directly related to its light output: the higher the
wattage, the greater the light output. Wattage, in turn, is directly related to the
voltage applied to the filament and changes with any increase or decrease in
voltage.
FLUORESCENT LAMPS
A fluorescent lamp is an arc-discharging device that has no inherent resistance. Therefore,
unless it is controlled, current flow will rapidly increase until the lamp burns out. This problem
is solved by the use of a device called ballast that is connected between the lamp and the
power supply to limit the current to the correct value for proper lamp operation. (To “ballast”
something is to stabilize or steady it; the ballast in a fluorescent lamp stabilizes, or limits, the
amount of current flow.)
BALLAST
One of the most practical ways to limit current to a fluorescent lamp in an AC circuit is to use
a coil or inductor. Simple inductive ballasts are coils of copper wire wound around iron cores.
Alternating current passes through the turns of the copper wire, creating a strong magnetic
field. The magnetic field reverses its polarity 120 times per second when operating on 60-
hertz AC. The resulting reactance opposes a change in current flow and limits the current to
the lamp. Only a few ballasts are this simple, but the basic principle of operation is the same
in all ballasts. See Figure 5-5.
 2. Instant-Start Cold-Cathode
Fluorescent Lamp.
Cold-cathode lamps do not have to be
TYPES OF FLUORESCENT LAMPS heated before starting. One type, the
1. Preheat Fluorescent Lamp. instant-start type, was developed in
the 1940s. It requires no starter.
The preheat or switch start circuit is
the oldest one in use today. It is used 3. Rapid-Start Fluorescent Lamp.
with preheat or general line lamps The rapid-start ballast circuit is the
requiring starters and is particularly most popular in use today. It is used
well suited for low wattage, low-cost with rapid-start (430 mA),high output
applications. (800 mA), and extra-high-output (1500
mA) lamps.
MERCURY VAPOR LAMPS
Mercury vapor lamps are commonly used
in shopping centers, parking lots, in large
farmyards, and along highways. A
mercury vapor lamp is an arc-
discharging, non-filament device. Once
the arc is struck and the unit is emitting
light, some type of ballast is usually
required to limit the current flow to the
device. There are two general types of
mercury vapor lamps:
• Those that require the addition of a
ballast some place on the fixture.
• Those that are self-ballasted
METAL HALIDE LAMPS

The halide family of elements consists

of mercury, sodium, thallium, indium,
and iodine. The metal halide lamp
contains many of these metals and
puts out a better-quality light than a
lamp containing only mercury.
SODIUM LAMPS, HIGH-
PRESSURE
A high-pressure sodium lamp contains
xenon gas, along with mercury and
sodium. When the gases are
vaporized by an electric arc, the glow
gives a very intense light. The color of
the light is somewhat yellowish-orange
but objects under it appear almost
their natural color.
OTHER TYPES OF LAMPS
There are many other types of lamps,
including ballasted mercury vapor
lamps, compact-source iodide lamps,
high-pressure mercury vapor lamps,
repro-lamps, black light lamps, water-
cooled, superhigh-pressure mercury
lamps, air-cooled, super-high-pressure
mercury lamps, quartz tubes, pulsed
xenon lamps, super actinic lamps,
spectral lamps, and neon lamps.
Lighting Controls
Manual (tumbler and dimmer switches), automatic, or programmable
microprocessor lighting controls shall be provided for all lighting, except those
required for emergency or exit lighting for security purposes. The application of
these controls and the controlled zones shall depend on a number of space
factors: frequency of use, available daylighting, normal and extended work
hours and the use of open or closed office plans. The factors to be considered
when establishing zones, zone controls, alternate control and appropriate
lighting control are:
1. At least one lighting control device shall be provided for each space enclosed
by ceiling-height partitions. The device shall have the ability to switch on and off
all the lights within the area.
2. Every task lighting shall be provided with lighting control device.
3. The general lighting of any enclosed area equal to or greater than 10 m²
wherein the connected loads is greater than 10 W/m² for the entire area shall be
controlled so that the lights load may be reduced by at least one-half while
retaining a uniform level of illuminance all over the area. This process shall be
made by the use of dimmers, dual switching of alternate lighting fixture, or
switching each lighting fixture.
4. The quantity of control devices needed shall be at least one for every 1.5 kW
of connected lighting load. It shall also comply with the preceding item. The total
number of control points to be used is shown in Table 5-8
5. Exterior lighting not intended for 24 hours continuous use or both all-night
and part-night lighting circuits shall be automatically switched on by a timer,
photocell or combination of both timer-photocell. This process shall be provided
with manual bypass switch.
6. Use manual or automatic controls where adequate day lighting is available.
Examples of automatic controls are photoelectric switches or automatic
dimmers. These controls shall not only be provided for day lighted spaces but
also to operate rows of lights parallel to front/exterior wall.
7. Continuous lighting shall be applied for security purposes
Receptacle/Convenience Outlet
Load Analysis In establishing electrical loads for buildings or facility it is
important to look its actual requirements. Future changes have the effect of
redistributing electrical loads. The minimum connected receptacle loads
indicated in Table 5-9 combined with other building or facility loads multiplied by
appropriate demand factors, and with spare capacity added, shall be used for
obtaining the overall electrical load of the building.
Building standard receptacle shall be duplex. Single receptacle shall be used on
certain equipment to be used such as for Emergency Light, Exit Light, etc.
Special purpose receptacles shall be provided for window type Air-conditioning
unit, Electric Ranges, Heating and Refrigeration and other similar equipment.
Device plates shall be plastic, colored to match the receptacles.
Design the receptacle system per the following
minimum requirements:
1. Location of receptacle outlets shall be readily accessible and the number of outlets
depends on the area requirement of the structure.
For offices, minimum of 3.7 m spacing between receptacles is required. However, for
modular or workstation offices that requires computer, a dedicated receptacle shall be
provided.
2. For hallway and corridors (to accommodate cleaning equipment), minimum of 6 m spacing
between receptacles is required.
3. For any heating, air-conditioning, or refrigeration equipment, a dedicated receptacle is
required. Special purpose receptacle shall be used for the applicable equipment.
4. Ground-fault circuit interrupter (GFCI) or Earth leakage circuit breaker (ELCB) protection
shall be provided on all receptacles located within 1.8 meter of sinks, water fountains,
vending machines, and any equipment holding a pool of water and connected to building
plumbing.
5. Weatherproof receptacle shall be used for exterior installation exposed to
weather condition.
6. Receptacle Ratings: Where connected to a branch circuit supplying two or
more receptacles or outlets, receptacle ratings shall conform to the values listed
in Table 5-10, or where larger than 50 amperes, the receptacle rating shall not
be less than the branch-circuit rating.
7. Branch Circuit Requirement: The type of circuit is a general purpose branch
circuit, a circuit that serves two or more receptacles or outlets for lighting and
appliances. Each receptacle shall be valued at 180VA. In general every ten
220V receptacles requires one branch circuit at 80 percent of rated capacity.
Conduit/Raceways for Wires
The design for the conduit/raceway systems used in supporting and protecting
electrical cable shall be in accordance with the provisions of the PEC.
1. Raceway system consists of manholes, duct banks, entrance rooms and vaults,
equipment room(s), closets, and the sleeves, ducts, conduits, raceways and
outlets that comprise the horizontal pathways, backbone pathways and
workstation outlets of the technology infrastructure.
2. All cable trays except electronic trays shall be of trough or ladder type
construction with a maximum rung spacing of 150 mm, nominal depths of 100 mm
to 150 mm, and various widths as required. There shall be a maximum spacing of
2.4 m between cable tray supports, except fittings (elbows, tees, etc.) which shall
be supported in accordance with standards.
3. Raceways or cable trays or wire ways containing electric conductors shall not
contain any pipe, tube, or equal for steam, water, air, gas, drainage, or any
service other than electrical.
4. Metal raceways, cable armor, and other metal enclosures for conductors shall be
metallically joined together into a continuous electric conductor and shall be
connected to all boxes, fittings, and cabinets so as to provide effective electrical
continuity. Raceways and cable assemblies shall be mechanically secured to boxes,
fittings, cabinets, and other enclosures.
5. Electrical conduits shall be installed in concrete slab or wall or double walls and
floors.
6. PVC conduits shall be used for embedded and concealed installation, EMT for
concealed installation spaces up to 32 mm maximum size and RSC or IMC conduit for
exposed to weather, and in areas susceptible to damage and for high and low-voltage
feeders inside the building. PVC or RSC/IMC conduit shall be used on underground
installation with concrete encasement or duct banks.
7. Flexible Steel Conduit (Aluminum Flex Not Allowed) shall be used for short runs
from ceiling Junction-Boxes to light fixtures, final connection to motors or other
appliances and equipment or where special permission is granted for use.
8. Liquid tight flexible metallic conduit shall be used for damp location and for
connections to accessory devices such as: solenoid valves, limit switches, pressure
switches, etc.; for connections to motors or other vibrating equipment; and across areas
where expansion or movement of the conduit is required.
9. All others conduit, unless specific environmental requirements dictate the use of
plastic or aluminum conduit, shall be rigid galvanized steel.
10. Conduit shall be size in accordance with the allowable cable fill requirements.
11. All conduits and boxes shall be in accordance with PEC requirements. All boxes and
cabinets shall be approved particular use and purpose
12. Exposed conduits is acceptable where finish ceilings are not provided. Wherever it
is impractical to conceal conduits, due to economics considerations or the need to
accommodate existing field conditions
References

-Building Construction Illustrated -- Fifth Edition Francis D.K.

Ching
-Electrician Pocket Manual – McGraw Hill Second Edition
-Design Guidelines, Criteria and Standards Volume 6 Public
Buildings and Other Related Structures DPWH Bureau of
Design 2015
Plate No. 3 Lamp and Lighting System