Lesson 8

Aim: Subject-Verb Agreementn1 3NT1 w4t I

Y Lesson noun verb ID 9fuf;.^Ic'ilt,j t
Jt TT ci r 4 zvl c trc i
Noun TM subject Pt To 5'M subject 3 verb- Tt13
agreement T fWl 11t c5 I Subect-Verb agreement-FqqVA Af
C

1. Subject * third person singular verb '3 singular

present tense- verb- s V es Ct
have 0 has

Kamal goes to the office at 9 o'clock.

Monica wants some money.

Hasan has a sister named Mina.

2. Subject plural verb plural verb sfr4I

%T;WN:

Karim and Rahim go to school by rickshaw.

They play in their garden in the afternoon.

3. C noun cm group of persons/animals/things-43.1T

1T CF'Z)'CffR CtTii singular 11 plural verb 1 111:
The government has/have introduced compulsory
primary education.

The academic committee was/were annoyed with the

chairman.

Cri British English- plural verb American English-

singular verb 2115T FM AM in I

4. C E4 noun-4 OqR s 1 ics zM Cl noun 9rO singular

verb I
News about the accident has not yet come through.


TWO IMPORTANT PARTS OF SPEECH 49

A series of articles on campus violence has recently

come out in the press.
Physics is a difficult subject.

5. 1T plural Cl'3 verb singular kt:

Gulliver's Travels is a famous book.

Great Expectations was written by Dickens.

6. 0 TR 1i1i T f^o set c noun-0 CWR IM pair

4'40\ 'Tf4 pair •xi
tTl 4TW5 T \I singular verb
1;q fl kI '1i plural verb 4:

There is a pair of trousers on the table.

Kamal's trousers are baggy.

This pair of shoes is very nice.
These shoes are expensive.

7. A number-49 IV plural verb 11w number-44 lt

singular :

A number of persons were killed in the accident.

The number of students in this class is 50.

8. Fractions and percentages-431 9V uncountable noun

singular verb k; Plural countable noun 1tT plural verb
'1 collective noun (i1 1 W '-5rM) T4qM singular
'5'41 plural verb "ii'i 1 CgCz 91t:

Uncountable One-half of the gas in this cylinder has

escaped.
Fifty percent of his monthly income goes
on food.
Countable noun Two-thirds of the students in the English
Department fail in their examination.
Twenty percent of the students in this
University are girls.
Collective noun One tenth of the population of
Bangladesh is Budhist/are Budhists.
Eighty percent of the population of
Bangladesh is Muslim/are Muslims.
50 LEARNING ENGLISH THE EASY WAY

9. None, all, each and every pt iJ verh-

None uncountable noun-CTS singular verb

k; plural countable noun tltI singular I1
plural verb iiiJi 1 flI:

Uncountable: None of the information is correct.

Plural countable: None of the members of the committee

was/were present at the ceremony.

None of the pens writes/write well.

All rci cimt

Uncountable: All the money has been spent.

Plural countable: All the students are present.
Collective noun: All my family was/were present.

Each and every-. CLi singular verb iit

Each boy was given a prize.

Every boy was given a present.

10. Plural unit words of distance, money 6 time

singular verb

Distance : 100 miles is a fairly long distance.

Money : 2 million pounds is a lot of money.
Time : 5 years is a long time to spend on an honours degree.

11. Arithmetical operations-4 14 91 singular verb fC:

Addition : Two plus two is four.

Subtraction : Ten minus five is five.
Multiplication: Two times two is four.
Division : Ten divided by five is two.

12. Either ... or and neither ... nor-4`4 CWU proximity rule
4 1S verb noun- agree t:

Either my brothers or my sister is going to do the

washing- up.

-

TWO IMPORTANT PARTS OF SPEECH 51

Either my sister or my brothers are going to do the

washing- up.

Neither the books nor the movie was interesting.

Neither the movie nor the hooks were interesting.

13. Singular subject noun-4 together with, along with, as

well as and not others fl1 verb singular

Kamal, together with his three brothers, is going to

school.

Mrs Hakim, along with her daughter, has gone shopping.

Mina, as well as Bina, was absent from class yesterday.

The girl, not her parents, is responsible for the loss of the
watch.

'fTfkc 11Cii4 C'tl verb singular tT plural '

T:

Kamal is one of those students who have/has come out

successful in the BCS examination.

Traditional grammer I who-04 antecedent kPET students.

5T4 who-' 1t verb T have I 1 1TT native
speaker C PR preference 77 CTtI fl I 1l'i4 C PfV C0
0 WFW0,1t native speakers one-0 who that-44 antecedent
1t3 actual usage
singular u* i zi ITCF AK:
Kama[ is one of the best students that has ever come to
this department.

I am one of those who does not believe in socialism.

Mimi is one of those girls who takes regular exercise.

Marianne Celce-Murcia and Diane Larsen-Freeman:

The Grammar Book An ESL/EFL Teacher's Course (London, 1983), P. 43
52 LEARNING ENGLISH THE EASY WAY

Exercise
1. Correct the following sentences:

a) All the furniture have been sold.

b) Each and every body were given gifts.

c) Four plus four are eight.

d) Ten years are a long time.

e) Either my brothers or my sister are expected to meet me at

the station.

f) Twenty percent of the population of Bangladesh are Hindu.

g) A number of passengers was killed in the bus accident that

took place yesterday.

h) Karim, together with his friend Rahirn, are going to school.

i) One third of the students of this class is absent today.



Section 2

The Simple Sentence and its Structure

Lesson 9

Aim: a) Simple sentence Ttc t `4PO'AM

h) Simple sentence-i (4fiict
NJ noun verb-( C 9'Jf
7wTT 1TtT- fV ilciliI 5 1 3f I '1T lcii
csrn i tn c
i : a) Simple; b) Compound c) Complex.
compound tI complex sentence simple sentences- 1Nk
'10Z 2M simple sentence- 9f
511T1T simple sentence-44 structure t ¶tST 1tT ilc'ilt'i1 i I

fl1t simple sentence ti t 1I1 I

A simple sentence contains a single independent clause.

simple sentence 1z Icj1r clause 1rsi ¶tfi TI Subject
3 Predicate i ' m t'M clause KM I f1t; noun
pronoun (1, we, she, it, the y) subject 1cc subject
9M3 I C7V*T4 subject- pre G postmodifiers 041t
940 'M lt Lesson 3 s 4-4 cfl I Simple sentence-
Predicate l finite verb 10 cjj

II Lesson 6 7-4 C9T1 'Finite

'limited' l i Finite verb-C subject c
I Subject- person number IZ411.
verb k1 I Finite vcrh T1 fi ttT

F-5
54 LEARNING ENGLISH THE EASY WAY

Subject Predicate
1. Ali swims.
2. Birds fly.
3. She sang.

1Cd1 siviin verb-fl s C11 1 1t Al Subject

fD third person singular. ft fly 0 verb t plural form

zTU (s C1 l ) tt Birds subject plural. ' Icdl

verb 't11 Subject- person ' number W. I Finite verb

4-<- M l tense 1 T' i TO I T sang

verb past form 4 WtTk I ParticiplesL,(-ing forms) Infinitives (to +

base forms of verbs)- T1 Zl3 c . subject
person number T1 4-41, tense 1 79ITh3 2i1 xl 1

i1it finite verb I1 non-finite ftii gstc:

I. Ali swimming.
2. Birds to fly.
3. She singing.

'Swimming', 'to fly' ' 'singing' 41 non-finites. SubjecI-

agree 1 ' I finite verb fi

fl 1 0 simple sentence ' clause 1

subject "3 predicate 11c I

Simple sentence-c 1 i ttltiU N1 1

tfrf Nt E9

IiH 1,Ni cimi structure '5l1t I (2f ktTt:

1. Declarative: 'I 13 kt- 1 statement I

Examples:
Hamid is a student. (1-I structure)

He is not a teacher. (fl-J structure)

2. Interrogative:

Examples:
What is your name?
Where are you from?
 THE SIMPLE SENTENCE AND ITS STRUCTURE 55

3. Imperative: siiI 1J T mI 411 I

Examples:
Come in.
Shut the door.

4. Exclamatory: iI1 1iT 5flTt 2T1'1 I

Examples:
How nice to see you!
What a wonderful idea!

Exercise
1. Identify the finite verbs in the following sentences:
a) Smiling, she greeted me.
b) Mr. Ahmed is an engineer working in Khulna.
c) My language teacher asked me to work hard.
d) He sav the blind man cross the street without help.
e) I want to make a suggestion.

2. Say how the finite verb in each of the following sentences is

limited to its subject.
a) Weeds grow. d) Lightning flashed.
b) Julekha danced. e) God exists
c) I laugh. f) We agree.

3. Fill in the blanks with single-word subjects or single-word

predicates:
a) Cocks ... d) ... sleeps.
b) ... chirp e) They
c) Sheep ... She

4. Identify the type of each of the following sentences:

a) Come in.
b) The girls are singing the national anthem,
c) The lady sitting next to the chairman is his wife.
d) What makes you laugh?
e) How lucky you are!
Shorab is not an intelligent boy.
g) Don't make a noise.
h) What is your nationality?
 Lesson 10

Aim: Simple declarative sentence-4`1 basic structures-

9l1i5

I1CT C311

Lesson 9-A simple sentence- C fII C1fl 3

declarative sentence C5t4 'j4 1t c ii
1T j ' I Declarative sentence-04 basic structures

J Subject + Intransitive Verb

Dogs hark.
Hasina is sleeping.

+ Linki,t V
SSubJert
+
Honey tastes sweet.

) Subject + Linking Verb + Complement (Noun)

Kabir is a farmer
Mina became a nurse.

4. Subject + Be Verb + Complement (Adverbial)

Hamida is in the kitchen.
Ahmed is in the library.

S ubject + Transitive Verb + Object (Noun/Pronoun)

I amal speaks English
Monica has bought an umbrella.

6. Subject + Transitive Verb + Object (Noun/Pronoun) + Ccmplement

(Adjective)
We found the poem difficult
The nurse kept the baby quiet.
 THE SIMPLE SENTENCE AND ITS STRUCTURE 57

7. Subject + Transitive + Object (Noun/Pronoun) + Complement

(Noun)

We elected Karim secretary

They appointed him headmaster.

8. Subject + Transitive + Indirect Object + Direct Object

(noun/pronoun)

They awarded Shamim a prize.

I sent her some flowers.

9. There + Verb + Subject

There
is a book on the table.

There lived a hermit in the forest.

Lesson ZMC structure

Lesson 11

Aim: a) Structure l-1 function 0NT1 1 3 Tk1 C131T

.) Verb 1*5V modify 51 c11

c) intransitive verb- c91

Structure 1-4 91 basic items fl: subject 8 intransitive verb. 11Q

0 noun pronoun subject t I
Intransitive verb CI verb C45 --TZl I TM 9" O^R Object (noun/pronoun)
subject 7k 'j.'I
I structure- 4.

'ilt C1\3T1

Subject Intransitive verb

1. Gold glitters.

2. Yasmin smiled.

3. The old man is dozing.

4. The roof of this building might collapse.

5. Two sickly boys have fainted

Xj
1Itt verb- C^ F H noun/pronoun '417-7 CR
TC-Tf^ 49 subject 7k wtrn 74 1319f li I verb - C

intransitive CT 1t t;

4 T1f1 subject (Gold 1 3 Yasmin) - verb

(g1ittersS smiled) Glitters 0 verb 1T present form 4 z fltQ smiled

q Z verb m past form 4 zTMi it f5;
lkZdt Subject

Intransitive verb I 1it 11 :

Subject Intransitive verb

Deter Adjective Noun Prepositional

miner phrase

The old man is dozing. (be + ing

form of verb)


THE SIMPLE SENTENCE AND ITS STRUCTURE 59

The roof of this building might collapse. (modal

+ base form of verb)
Two sickly boys have fainted. (have +
past participle)

CI3 CT verb-' Tt 53 t1 CJ15 iI1 t 7M, CT1

9fl:

The old man is dozing in his chair.

The roof of this building might collapse any lime.
Two sickly boys have fainted just now.
t'PMcM italicized TtTt verb-CT modify t 5TtS verb 75FCW
fi w cT I structure- iIii 5I
97; optional; 4W rti qQM C9ST7M I .
iii1 verb-9 -4 modifiers 0 i ff ic f 1 cqtz flt:

(i) Particles: term-% W" CtZ fl'j:

across away back down in out off

L I I

verb- 1 tl verb-GF modify TO I

T CT 4I1 verb- '5I?t I TTtt two-word verbs 3 11 TtI I
Exiip1es:
ayl-lis car broke down.
b) 4risoner gal away,
c)'The lights went out.
d) His false beard came off.
(ii) Single-word adverbs: i-ff adverb W verb-C
modityTTT I

Examples:
a) Monica sang beautifully.
b) The guests will aj,vtoinorrow.
c) Hamid lives heft
(iii) Preposit paiphrases: prepositional
phrase-prepostion + noun/noun phrase) noun- modify I
111N phrase VV verb-C3 mod ity 3M 'M I


60 LEARNING ENGLISH THE EASY WAY

Examples:

bomb exploded at night.

b) Two boys are playing in the field.
c) The President spoke for an hour.
(iv) Noun phrases : Noun phrase 1ic'i verb 05 modify
ft tKk4 'f C'3I1 fl:

a) John swims eveydqy

b) My brother will come toinorrowtnorning.

c) The accident happened two days ago.

- InfinitiveA nfinitive phrases: 'to' +

tv) I I
base form of a verb f ^rff infinitive qf 3T i infinitive 'lM
verb 0 modify t{ 1L infinitive of purpose 1 T

Examples:

a) He sat down to relax.

b) They sprang up to protest.

c) We went to town to buy some clothes.

(vi) Present participles/Present participle phrases: verb- It

ing CT11 present participle tT I CI intransitive
verb- 1Z present participle/present participle phrases
1 4M Ct1 11 Caine, go, lie, sit, stand.
Examples:

a) Mosquitoes came swarming in.

b) Monica has gone

c) Hamida sat watching television.

d) Kamal stood at the window, looking out.
Verb modifiers-04 structure V Tha1 I
A 71'4 modifiers C45 adverbials 1&cii 51ctj I AU function T
WTJ '1I1 adverbials 4 cif fit T :

I

THE SIMPLE SENTENCE AND ITS STRUCTURE 61

1. Adverbials of Manner: They answer the question 'how'

(11t' 4,45 t ff 1 1 c cr i) t5
adverbials of manner-4 -4 ii1PI C'51 kCTh

well beautifully

badly slowly

perfectly quickly

carefully frankly

rt11J, 'i1ii4 exhaustive I

Examples:
He speaks slowly.
She sang beautifully.
They listened carefully.

2. Adverbials of Place: They answer the question 'where' ('tltflT'

'1 irtl C1T )-1 adverbials 14t:
prepositional phrase (Preposition + Determiner + Adjective +
Noun) Th

Preposition + Determiner + Adjective + Noun - Adjective + Noun

in the university library

along the road

•uiTder the table

ind the kitchen

Examples:

Monica is reading in the university library.

Ahmed is walking along the road.

Kamal is digging behind the kitchen.

3. Adverbials of Direction : They answer the question 'where to'

((4k1tC1' WVZ 11 C9T I) t111tc5:
prepositional phrase

to school
towards the door
to Dhaka
 62 LEARNING ENGLISH THE EASY WAY

Examples:
Jamal is going to school
Belal is walking towards the door.
Kamal will fly to Dhaka.

1r4. !Adverbials of Time: They answer the question 'when'

tM C9 ) 4t1 lt:
prepositional phrase , t4 preposition 13 J:

Rules Examples

a. in before months in January in June

years in 1985 in 1989

seasons in winter in summer

special expression in the morning in the afternoon

b. on before days of on Monday on Thursday

the week
10th 15th
dates on July on March

c. at before the time at nine-thirty at 8:30

of day

special expression at noon at night

Every + Noun ftm adverbial of time

Examples:

He walks every day/every morning.

She goes to Dhaka every month/every year.

5. Adverbials of Duration : They answer the question 'how long'

( q' L
W;TM I)ir
adverbials for I

Examples:

She has been shopping for two hours.

We have been living in Rajshahi for twenty years.
 Rn

THE SIMPLE SENTENCE AND ITS STRUCTURE 63

6. Adverbials of Degree: Degree adverbials sometimes answer the

w-fm^ud-sometimes 'how much':
question 'Fo—

Examples:

How far do you agree with me?

I agree with you completely.
How much did you enjoy the film.
I enjoyed it very much.
rs'Q 1tj if1i adverb 131* t CTt\-5 9M, I cic'c order
'I C: manner, place, time:

Examples:

I went home by rickshaw yesterday.

Hlked home through the park.
/drive to work every morning.

Structure I (Subject + Intransitive verb) structure

' 1 IkM intransitive verb
I AU intransitive verb-4`1 14t Wi1i CW'51 -lzcfl I
Intransitive verb-U@ function '6 CW11

1. Verbs of Movement or Direction

Present Past Past Participle

Come (tPrT) came come

go (s) went gone

walk (l1) walked walked

stroll ( 5flt T) strolled strolled

run (1kil) ran run

jump (I1flZfl) jumped jumped

swim (1T S11 swam swum

boil (t T) boiled boiled

play (C1T 1) played played

64 LEARNING ENGLISH THE EASY WAY

Present Past Past Participle

fly (1) flew flown

get up 0191 C '5t) got up got up

rise (T) rose risen

move (l) moved moved

dance (151) danced danced

travel (Tl 1) travelled travelled

[float (5T) floated floated

2. Verbs of Sound

Present Past Past Participle

cry (11 t) cried cried

shout (fi 1) shouted shouted

roar (tT t) roared roared

whistle (ift iIIc. i) whistled whistled

howl (cc S1) howled howled

bleat (C1i N) bleated bleated

trumpet (kl 1) trumpeted trumpeted

mew (ItG T) mewed mewed

bark barked barked

twitter (1fT fT1T TKO twittered twittered

laugh (CT 11) laughed laughed

neigh (I1 1) neighed neighed

sob ('fT *91) sobbed sobbed

scream screamed screamed


THE SIMPLE SENTENCE AND ITS STRUCTURE 65

3. Verbs of Rest or Position

Present Past Past Participle

sit ('rt) sat sat

lie (C113TI) lay lain

rest (fliT cT'ifl) rested rested

y(and (1) stood stood

squat (5tl5T 1t tt) squatted squatted

wait ( 911 1) waited waited

sleep ('jtc.il) slept slept

arrive ((t1tfl) arrived arrived

breathe (99fl) breathed breathed

stop (ilIT) stopped stopped

live (Pf t) lived lived

stay (1k fl) stayed stayed

4. Other intransitive verbs

Present Past Past Participle

glitter glittered glittered

sparkle sparkled sparkled

fade faded faded

smoke smoked SiflOed

fail failed 1failed

surrender surrendcred s rrenderrd

rot (tC fl) rotted rotted

opened (ct1l) opened opened

break (Ct Ml) broke broken

66 LEARNING ENGLISH THE EASY WAY

Present Past Past Participle

Close ( closed closed

drop (ft '31) dropped dropped

die (1t t1) died died

happen (1) happened happened

sink ( sank sunk

drown (1 1T) drowned drowned

appear (fi U) appeared appeared

disappear (1 2) disappeared disappeared

&t transitive verb

'liansitive verb I fl:
1i verb ZI structutçi (Subject +ntransitive ver )-
1 T41 fltT ff tense form- moc uxi iaries lt
T;ffT 71t 4 t9 9V adverbials l{l 1t4 I t5
tIt C91 :

The car moved off.

The car moved off at high speed.
The car is moving off slowly.

Shops open at nine o'clock.

Shops opened at eight o'clock yesterday.
Shops might open at seven o'clock tomorrow.
She gets up at seven o'clock.
She got up at eight o'clock yesterday.
She might get up at nine o'clock tomorrow.

He swims.

He swims on Mondays.
He might swim tomorrow.

THE SIMPLE SENTENCE AND ITS STRUCTURE 67

Exercises
Identify the modifiers of the verbs in the following sentences:
a) We live behind the mosque.
b) The rain has stopped completely.
c) Amin is going to school.
d) I have been working in Rajshahi for ten years.
e) A boat capsized in the Padma yesterday.

2. Write structure I sentences using

a) a verb with an dveibiaI of manner
b) a verb with adverbials of place and time
c) a verb with adverhials of manner, place and time
d) a verb with an adverbial of duration
e) a verb with an adverbial of direction

3. Write structure 1 sentences modifying the verbs with the

following adverbials
occasionally in the afternoon last night
badly in the evening on the floor
quickly at five o'clock for five hours
quietly in summer every day
suddenly in 1984 on Monday

4. She walked
Modify the verb in the above sentence by adding
a) an adverbial of place
b) an adverbial of time
c) an adverbial of manner

5. Write five structure 1 sentences using five different verbs of

movement. Vary the tense form and use adverhials.

6. Write five structure I sentences using five different verbs of

sound. Vary the tense form and use adverbials.

7. Write five structure 1 sentences using five different verbs of rest.

Vary the tense form and use adverbials.
 Lesson 12

Aim: Paragraph- WPTT Structure 1- 11 C'811

Subject '3 Intransitive verb fti CT structureT 9J0 Lesson-4

sentence level- C13I Tt I Lesson-4 paragraph

4 1IJ??T 5t1t1 Nt C'8Th 17,M I iik CT paragraph
'I1 model fI4 CTt1 ft'c structure
5tTh 1I CTQ TF71 structure iii&11 I <cIC I

Lesson- -4 dq t paragraph CTH !9Tk C1ti1 t'f3

t ciiifr ci, 4 --TM paragraph-4 if structure IT
u1i:i

a) A tall stout man with a stick in his hand was walking along a
country road in the afternoon. Soon he came to a bend. He
stopped there suddenly. A big black snake was lying across the
road. The man scared. The stick dropped from his hand. lie ran
away. Arriving home, he slumped into a chair. Then he fainted.

b) Kamal. a bi ight student reading for an honours degree in English

at Rajshahi University, lives in a hail of residence. He gets up at
seven o'eock every morning. Then he exercises vigorousy for
half an hour. He breakfasts heartily at eight o'clock. He goes to
class at half-past eight. He reads in the library in the afternoon.
He works very hard.

c) Mr. Hamid. a rather fat man. was strolling in his garden. After a
while he sat down on the ei'is. Mrs Ilamid. a plump woman,
was knitti iiz under a tree. M : iii, their piec ty little chtughter, was
prattling beside her mother. Mi 1-1amid got up and walked
towards them. But he stumbled over the root of a tree. His wife
looked up anxiousy. But his daughter giggled.


THE SIMPLE SENTENCE AND ITS STRUCTURE 69

Vocabulary:

country road— 597;1 -411; scared— I Ct Ct; tall— Nt; bend—

c1; dropped— C'f; stout— cNlclT; stopped— Cq7 C;
slumped— It C1; stick— l; suddenly— 1;

fainted— CI; hail of residence— 1ik; was strolling—

get up— t76 9W; After a while— 1;

vigorouly— CWt C1t; plump— tlt; heartily— 1

was prattling— •141 stumbled— C*l CcrE1;

anxiously— t; giggled— 51fl t1 I

Paragraph 191t i TJ noun/pronoun intransitive verb

f.tq 50z i ­ 19M 1t lsf3 ci CT( noun '3 verb-4-4
modifiers c1 T ic Paragraph-
analysis t 1I

Subject (Noun with modifiers)

Determiner Adjective(s) Noun Prepositional phrase

A tall stout man with a stick in his hand

(two prepositional phrases)

A big bluk snake

The man

The stick

Predicate (intransitive verbs with modifiers)

Auxiliary Main Adverbial Place Time

verb of manner

was walking along a country in the

road afternoon

came to it bend

StOpI)C(l suddenly
was lying across the road

dropped from his hand

slumped into a chair

F-f'


70 LEARNING ENGLISH THE EASY WAY

T paragraph-
Arriving home, he slumped into a chair.

1t1 Subject (he)-' T1 1ii Arriving home phrase

present participle phrase T 1 ,
W 61 verb- -ing CI1
present participle i C'3^T4 present participle
J'1 j i 1 Tlm

a) '1 *11 tl zlc "present

participle ftt J1C main verb- Tt
Smiling, the girl went away.
Groaning, the old man collapsed.

b) 'tl Tt Subject
present participle 11 3M 14M i CR
Passage A CC I1 I (Arriving home, he
slumped into a chair) 1 1M tWMt C'S1 l:

Taking off his shoes, hejumped into the pond.

Putting off the light, he went to bed.

present participle <C perfect participle '

1T I Having taken off his shoes. Having put off the light. t3
T, present participle- I1 fl3: written English l
ff il I Ht91 i111t:

The girl smiled and went away.

He took off his shoes and jumped into the pond.

C) " Z. iIf O qlt4 31V1 za F1f5

WIv M c present participle ft T'I t 1T

Examples:
She came in, closing the door behind her.
He rushed out, shouting for help.

Ct adverbials position fIf i-

' 11 verb

11 subject 9t1t I W 11 Tt: verb fC 'i

Paragraph tI1t adverbials- position ki
cI
 THE SIMPLE SENTENCE AND ITS STRUCTURE 71

Exercise

1. Find in passages B and C subjects which have been modified by

appositives and analyse the appositives.

2. Find the verbs modified by adverbials of manner.

3 Find the verbs modified by adverbials of place.

4. Find the verbs modified by adverbials of time and duration.

5. Write five structure 1 sentences using present participles or

present participle phrases.

6. Write ten structure 1 sentences modifying the subjects and

predicates in as many ways as possible.

7. Write a continuous paragraph consisting of only structure 1

sentences.

8. Identify structure 1 sentences in the following paragraph:

Mr. Hasan works for the local municipality. He is a sanitary

inspector. His duty is to see that the regulations for the protection
of health are obeyed. Riding a bicycle, he visits various parts of
the town frequently. As a result of his work, sanitary conditions
of the town are excellent.


Lesson 13

Aim: Structure 2 (Subject + Linking verb + Adjective - Complement)-

function J1fl i

1. Shamima is pretty. 4. Hasan has become rich.

2. Honey tastes sweet 5. Monica feels sad.

3. Kabir looks cheerful. 6. Milk turns sour.

TJC1 structure 2- structure1 f* basic

items ( I) T('k I CT Subject C structure '
I structure l-L TNT 1 Ci noun
pronoun 1T't: Subject IW
DUT noun
modify expand (Tt) C appositive
tnq WO A 35" cti im

Shamima, daughter of Mr and Mrs Kamal, is pretty.

*tckij it- t Subject-C1 513tiItti T'1 ¶, CIT C'tt

lt't zM q adjective fItT

Unpasteurized milk turns sour.

OqM structure- tc structure 4 Subject- verb I

structure-ca f
intransitive verb, q,T A Q structure- verb -
linking verb verb-4-4 Subject \8 Adjective-
Complement-C link 1 Cpflm I zWf C;f -4rR CT
adjective 11Tt: noun- 1t1 1'1 structure-
adjective verb- I noun- N 1I

Linking verb- tT1 1 4`4 CT he 1Cb I

k 0 be- forms fl: be, am, is, are,
was, were, being \3 been. t1 iiI structure 2-
'ilt C1'2T1

a) I am happy.
b) Mina is intelligent.

THE SIMPLE SENTENCE AND ITS STRUCTURE 73

C) You are kind.

d) Bela] was ill-
e) Hamid and Hakim were absent-
f) Karim may be ill.

g) You are being impatient.

h) The sky has been cloudy.

0 be main verb 11 1t
verb 9MO C C" M ft- ;TD 1cl ZM, i be (base
form), being (-ing form) been (past participle form)- 1TC1
ma y , are has I 7M linking verbs (main

main verb
C3TVF
fi
verbs)-C iIki TTC ftlzt

are be-4`q
l
it
form; 4
T1 '* CT be
lt (g)-C 41
T1

being-CT C1
1I11JI)

main
I

verb ' be ing form.

Be 1I verb OZM linking verb
I lt5 'IOi1 W31:

Linking Verbs' Examples

appear/appeared/appeared Rahim appears healthy.

become/became/become The merchant became poor.
fall/fell/fallen Shirin has fallen ill.
feel/felt/felt The boy felt nervous.
get/got/got You are getting bald.
go/went/gone Kalam has gone mad,
grow/grew/grown The patient grew restless.
keep/kept/kept You must keep calm.
look/looked/looked His eyes look red.
prove/proved/proved The sum proved difficult.
remain/remained/remained The morale of the soldiers remained
high.

Linking verb cZ 1tI forms ti tn ct'n ? verb

present, past past participle form.


74 LEARNING ENGLISH THE EASY WAY

run/ran/run The river has run dry.

seemlscemed!seeined Mina seems unhappy.

smell/smelt/smelt These flowers smell sweet.

sound/soundedlsou nded You sound pessimistic.

taste/tasted/tasted Mangoes taste delicious.

turn/turned/turned The leaves of the trees are turning

yellow.

tw-13 c t1 verb-C intransitive G transitive ¶703

ik 1 qM I t41Tt linking 1&c TC
adjective adjective subject- 1't
A7 C:q linking verb- be-4`1
IC be- C1 4Ttt form 1T replace 1 01:
Mina seems (is) unhappy.
The sum proved (was) difficult.

structure-4 INOxt adjective-A -4 52fl I11 fl I

predicate adjective '3 77 TMII 4T predicate I verb

adjective M complement I zl Qft, subject

complete 1 Jf I Adjective ¶T C7D subject

I

Adjective-Complement- 41 ff lt modify

fl 1T rPt C1 TM 'ii premodifiers L CT
17 postmoditiers CI

Premodiliers of Adjectives:

a) Intensifiers: Adverb -4I adjective-4 - q 11 adjective-!l NQT

ckiii TC4 intensifier t1 I kO intensifiers-u
\t11; i G1JT fl:

rabsolutely extremely perfectly terribly

completely greatly really thoroughly

deeply highly seriously very

1. His behaviour is absolutely awful.

2. The house is completely empty.
 THE SIMPLE SENTENCE AND ITS STRUCTURE 75

3. I am deeply sorry.
4. Nazma is extremely shy.
5. Mina is very pretty.

b. Noun phrases that state a number of units of measurement -

noun phrase (noun with modifiers): t1 111t:
Tq^f, Zfft, 2r, l' 1'1il P't • ttT I

Examples:

1. Kamal is twenty years old.

2. Mina isfivefeet tall.
3. The new road is ten miles long.
4. The ocean is five hundred feet deep.

cM italicized tt11 noun phrase. t1 adjective- 4`4

tft rtt i

Postmodifiers of Adjectives:

a) Infinitive/Infinitive Phrase: I1t1 tPi CT 'to' + base

form of a verb-CT infinitive CI I Verb CIt infinitive 4

tI verb f T&1T VW 5I11 infinitive-' 1Z
adverb 1 transitive verb cIt k'f object tI
Infinitive- itt WffJ C1I Infinitive Phrase 1T 3T I
Adjective 4 ft I4 infinitive IM infinitive Phrase CT lt
N WW CT adjective fD infinitive/infinitive phrase-4
C*-R O LWM I

Examples:

Aslam is eager to swim. (Infinitive)

2. Alam is happy to conic home. (Infinitive Phrase)

3. Kamal is willing to help us. (Infinitive Phrase)

4. 1 am sorry to interrupt you. (Infinitive Phrase)

W11 ii tt11t infinitive 'z adjective-0 5 modify

b) Enough + Infinitive: Enough cf adverb- infinitive

CT predicate adjective - C modify
adjective- 41'f t tfl V tfntdI ct ccrc I
76 LEARNING ENGLISH THE EASY WAY

Examples:
I . Ahmad is old enough to go to school. (T

2. The patient fel strong enough to leale his bed. (C

CI 1f C41 icii I)

3. He was kind eIloui./I to help inc. ( 1.7 ZU ,TE MM 7<-i

--

H
4. i s essay was not good enough to satisfy his teacher.
(Rt 51i fe I)

C) TOO + Adjective + Infinitive. Too-1 77 714--1 infinitive <r

[T RT CI adjective- . 4 1QI J infinitivc- q tff;

Examples:
The patient is too weak to walk. (C1 1 CT
Pi)
2. The doctor was too bus y to answer the telephone. (Tt
CT, fl i)
3. 11 is too hot to it'oi'k here. (fI T T 7 i)
4. He was too laz y to look fr a job. W1 -q-z (
i;1 T1 Tt I)

(1) For-Phrase + Infinitive: Adjective- for-phrase +

infinitive tI Cq adjective f CTCt ij
TTfJ, 1cTfj I

Examples:

The stor y is easy fr So/lu-' students to read.

It is difficultJoi- us to speak EiiglishJluentiv.

e) Of- Phrase + Infinitive : Adjective- L It of-phrase +

infinitive adjective infinitive .I
iIrL' i1 t 2T I

Examples:
It is very kind of you to lie!]) Itu-.
It was very thoughtful of /ion to have presented this book to
me.
 THE SIMPLE SENTENCE AND ITS STRUCTURE 77

f) Prepositional Phrase: Prepositional phrase (preposition + noun

phrase) adjective Wi 11 tJ ¶ I

Exaniples:
1. Mina is fond of sweets.
2. Karim is angry with his friends.
3. The officer was absent from work yesterday.
4. Kamal is worried about his results.
tJ C, cR adjective proposition IJII 1

qt i adjective ' appropriate preposition I

Adjective ft--T forms T — base form, comparative form

superlative form. base form i*I
71, 1 form-47 4Tk1 ti i i Comparative form
3T T CR Tf l adjective Q 5i9J 1

tl- wc I ci sf t ii if

ZT46O superlative form ik

fii syllable F4Rt adjective- comparative form

er cfl J I T1 syllable-f^M adjective
' 111 more' than CP'f 9E T I 1tt rI syllable-
1 adjcctive-C superlative adjective- the

k (.1tT est CJ1I *t 1 syllable 1f4

adjective- 5tT?I the most IIC' TI

Examples:

Hamid is tall. Hamid is taller Hamid is the tallest of

than Karim. all.

Hena is young. Hena is younger Hena is the youngest

than Monica, of all the girls.
na n
Mina is Mi k more Mi a is the most
intelligent intelligent than intelligent of all.
Meleka.

Aslam is Aslam is more Aslam is the most

ambitious ambitious than ambitious of all.
Hasan.
 78 LEARNING ENGLISH THE EASY WAY

•t l 0 sii-ucure 2- adjective-complement
non-linking verb- passive form- iik t I non-
linking verb ZM cut, cciii, consider 4. make.
Examples:
a) His life was cut short by an accident.
b) She was called noble by her friends.
c) Socrates is considered wise.
d) Her life was made miserable by abject poverty.

tc*1 verb l active voice- 3tTN

adjective 1T T

C7 adjective-cu 9V infinitive prepositional

phrasead
ftCI
, jective-0 modify 1 T
C 1JC q, M adjective- 1L infinitive. \3 prepositional phrase T1
01 adjective- infinitive '4 CI1 tc
preposition SfR 9-ATM I tcb ( iit (Y1 ,3V I

Adjective followed by infinitives:

able astonished curious

afraid hound delighted

careful
agreeeah he determined

amazed certain due

amusing content eager

angry crazy easy

anxious cruel excited

apt prepared fit

ashamed prompt fortunate

grateful proud free

happy qualified glad

'Voice iiii 1 I
 THE SIMPLE SENTENCE AND ITS STRUCTURE 79

hard quick stupid

hesitant ready sure

inclined relieved surprised

interested right thankful

keen rude thrilled

kind sad wicked

likely safe wise

lucky selfish worthy

mad sensible wrong

nice shocked welcome

pleasant silly sorry

pleased slow

Examples:
He is not able to repay his debts.
I am afraid to distii h him
She is not agreeable to accept the job.

Adjectives followed by the preposition about:

angry uneasy crazy sensitive

glad annoyed curious sensible

happy frightened doubtful serious

knowledgeable pleased furious silly

mad worried suspicious sincere

reasonable concerned hesitant sorry

careful excited honest stupid

anxious mistaken hopeful sure

certain clear positive selfish

 LEARNING ENGLISH THE EASY WAY

Examples:
He is angry about m y behaviour.
1 am glad about his success.
Karim is happy about his work.

Ajectives followed by the prepostiwn At:

amazed expert
astonished good
brilliant skilful
clever quick
clumsy slow
bad
Examples:
We are amazed at his conduct.
They were astonished at his performance.
He is brilliant at mathematics.

Adjcctives followed by the preposition In:

accurate earnest persistent
correct fortunate resolute
defective fertile unsuccesslul
deficient honest weak
efficient outstanding proficient

Examples:
She is accurate in her work.
The scheme is correct in every particular.
He is defective in moral sense.

Adjectives followed by the preposition of:

afraid condfident envious jealous
aware conscious full negligent
boastful certain fond oblivious
capable clear guilty proud
careful critical hard short
careless devoid ignorant resentful

THE SIMPLE SENTENCE AND ITS STRUCTURE 81

Examples:
I am afraid of snakes.
We are aware of the situation.
He is boastful of his wealth.

Adjectives followed by the preposition On/Upon:

dependent reliant
intent severe
hard obligatory
keen consequent
contingent
Examples:
He is dependent on his son's income.
She is intent on her work.
She is very hard on her servant.

Adjectives followed by the preposition To:

adequate blind disastrous irrelevant
adjacent callous detrimental liable
affectionate close equal limited
alien common essential loyal
alive camparahlc faithful necessary
amenable conducive familiar obedient
answerable contiguous favourable offensive
applicable contrary hostile open
appropriate deaf indifferent painful
averse deroatorv inimical subject
acceptable due impervious strange
apparent false fatal subordinate

Examples:
The money is adequate to my needs
The house is adjacent to the mosque.
He is very affectionate to his children.


82 LEARNING ENGLISH THE EASY WAY

Adjectives followed by the preposition With:

angry popular

busy quarrelsome

compatible replete

consistent ill

content synonymous

conversant uneassy

indignant unfamiliar

identical patient

contemporary radiant

Examples:
He is angry with me,
She is busy with her work.
His words are not compatible with his action.

structure-' function 91 CT( adjective t11 41I i

zct 1I 1, 1 adjective-C classify C9l1 91 c:

(a) Adjectives of colour: white, black, red, blue, orange, etc.

Examples:
Blood is red.
The sky is blue.
Milk is white.
Trees are green.

(b) Adjectives of shape: square, rectangular, circular, semi-circular

My dinning table is rectangular.

My bedroom is square.
This desk in semi-circular.

(c) Adjectives of size: big, small, medium-sized

This room is big.
My dinning room is rather small.
His dining room is medium-sized.
 THE SIMPLE SENTENCE AND ITS STRUCTURE 83

(d) Adjectives of physical condition: sick, healthy, listless, lazy,

depressed

He is sick.

She is healthy.

He feels listless.

(e) Adjectives of mental condition: happy, unhappy, worried,

cheerful, hopeful, optimistic

Kamal is very unhappy.

Mina is cheerful.

Hasan is very optimistic.

Ahmed is worried.

(f) Adjectives of quality: nice, delicious, beautiful, wonderful

The room is nice and cool.

Roshogollas are delicious.

The vase is beautiful.

You look wonderful.

Exercise
I. Supply linking verbs to complete the following sentences. Do
not use the same verb and the same tense twice.

a) The cows - dry.

b) Medicine -bitter.

c) The cake in the oven - brown.

d) The old man - tired.

e) He - quiet all day.

2. Make up two sentences with each of the linking verbs given in

this lesson.

3. Make sentences using the following non-linking verbs in the

passive forms so as to fit structure 2: make, call, consider, cut.
 LhARNING ENGLISH THE EASY WAY

4. Fill in the gaps with subjects and infinitives or infinitive

phrases in the following:
a) was able
b) have been eager
c) - were reluctant --
(1) -- is anxious -

5. Change the following sentences so as to include a for-phrase

and an infinitive:
a) The car is too expensive.
b) English is difficult.
c) The bag is too heavy.
It was too hot.

(. Make sentences of y our own using the following phrases:

a) too tired to/tired enough to
b) too small to/big enough to
C) too difficult to/interesting enough to
d) too old to/otci enough to
e) too hungry to/was not hungry enough to

7. Use toe before the adjective or enough after the adjective to

make the following sentences meaningful.
a) The patient was - restless - to sleep.
h) The boy was clever - to answer all the questions.
c) I don't feel hungry - to eat my breakfast.
d) The girl is not - old - to go to school.
e) The old man was weak - to walk.

8. Write tell sentences in structure 2 modifying the adjective with a

prepositional phrase. Use as many prepositions as possible.

9. Write live structure 2 sentences using the comparative form of

the adjective afd five more using the superitive form.
 Lesson 14

Aim: Paragraph-431 143t1 structure 2- lt cil

a) Kamal was late for his class. Professor Huq looked angry with
him. For a moment the professor stood speechless. Then his
manner grew unpleasant. His voice became strident. Kamal was
surprised at his reaction. However, he was ready to apologize.
But he was unable to speak. He became dumbfounded.

b) Mrs Hamid, a woman of delicate health, had been ill with

typhoid for two weeks. She became very weak. At times she
grew restless. Her condition remained unchanged for another
week. Her doctor was rather doubtful about her recovery.
Fearing the worst, Mr Hamid, a devoted husband, felt distressed.
Their two children, a boy and a girl aged 15 and 12, were tearful.
Luckily, Mrs Hamid, responding to treatment by another doctor,
felt better. Her temperature became normal. Her family was
happy to see her getting well.

c) Wandering around hills and valleys, Wordsworth, a great

English poet, was delighted to see a host of golden flowers called
daffodils. The daffodils, stretching along a lake, were
comparable to the stars in the Milky Way. Dancing in the breeze,
they seemed full of joy. Wordsworth stood spellbound. But the
pleasure was not simply momentary. He was able to recollect the
pleasure later in a quiet mood.

Vocabulary:

speechless— reaction— 11i manner - wiki apologize-

4 0P'1 1 unpleasent— WV dumbfounded— CT CI
strident— 34 q delicate health— i 1J restless— tearful—
WO tT unchanged— iN 9C1 luckily— cTltii t: doubtful-
tTk 11TT temperature- 51t recovery— OTN 1 31 normal-
1511 fearing the worst— WWR 11i1 f iN1 qm
comparable— TqN the Milky Way— Tfl"tQI spellbound— li
momentary— recollect— I I

F-7
 86 LEARNING ENGLISH THE EASY WAY

¶1 paragraph J3 Subject + Linking Verb +

Adjective ' structure 4 Ct1 CH C1T 43 '1J
CT CT item 1 I
I tT Subject ii fi 1 14 I

1 0 appositive fzt subject C modify I
C:

Mrs Hamid, a wonan of delicate health, had been ill ........

Mr Harnid, a devoted husband, felt distressed.
Their children, a bo y and a girl aged 15 and 12, were tearful.
Wordsworth, a great English poet, was delighted to see .....

italicized noun phrase (noun with modifiers). ThI

appositive rc , '1 noun
I CT 1C' 11 comma ¶1 1 I

CTf CT Subject Pt present participle Tk14M. subject C

modify 1 i tIFTk1.t :

Fearing the worst, Mr Hamid, a devoted husband, felt distressed.

Wandering around hills and valle y s, Wordsworth, a great
English poet, was delighted to see .....
Dancing in the breeze, they seemed full of joy.
0 verb -irig MI TO present participle
present participle 9rO 7f adverbials 1 object flt
present participle phrase I C Ici comma
fCT 0 noun GT modify 4CC Ct?k i Present participle
phrase 0 noun-' lci 1tJ italicized
tT 'daffodils' modify 7RI CC:
The daffodils, stretching along a lake, were comparable

paragraph CTC be ¶f form

linking verb q JIkI ,1 1 Ct1 1:
look remain
stand sound
grow feel
become seem

linking verb past tense

adjective It modifiers U I infinitives!


THE SIMPLE SENTENCE AND ITS STRUCTURE 87

infinitive phrases 15FM T3 It1N 1t prepositional phrases
1510 1 C7 uM adjective- infinitives/infinitive phrases
fl:
ready to apologize delighted to see ...........
unable to speak able to reollect .............
happy to see her ........

adjective ' prepositional phrases ici cti

late for his class comparable to the stars in the
Milky Way
angry with him full of joy
surprised at his reaction
ill with typhoid
doubtful about her recovery

adjective 4 31 IzM5t intensifiers -ii t1 t:

very weak simply momentary
rather doubtful

Structure 1 lcThl 1 cT intransitive verb

C adverbials iT modify 1 Th adverbials T1 1
I Linking verb [C fTT 4NM ZNfil,' linking verb
0 adverbials ¶ZI modify 1 71T 4 adverbials Iciii i1C1 TIT
W I ItT paragraph CqCT 1 T131 CPN31341 T1:

For a moment the professor stood speechless.

At times she grew restless.
Her condition remained unchanged for another week.

llT it tlf1cltadverbials iIcii f lc-:t

adverbials kJi con icic I

Exercises
1. Write ten structure 2 sentences. Vary the tense forms and modify
the subjects and adjective complements.

2. Identify structure 2 Sentences in the following passage:

Hasan is a university student. He is studying Economics. But he
is negligent of his studies. He is passionately interested in games
and sports. He is going to take his final examination this year.
But he does not feel hopeful of his success.
 Lesson 15

Aim: Structure 3- Jfl T ' 9T3I C'31fl

1. Belal is a good student

2. The earth is a small planet.
3. Habib became a successful lawyer.

1 1JT Structure 3 (Subject + Linking Verb + Noun-

Complement)1ii ct I Structure 2 0 linking verb
adjective 4M, f Structure 3-0 noun t1 noun-s complement
Ric 'k'i F'f 5tI I tOV CT 0 Structure-
Subject '3 complement 31 1 Tqt;45 T4tN CP lct
Belal '3 student TfR fT R1 earth '3 planet 4
Tz 7ft t*t 'Habib' ' 'lawyer' TRF I Qf9 ct i
C4C CT noun-05 noun phrase-4 91f cr i 7qM 351R noun
ff modifiers iiii 1 ',qM I Structure 3- complement 1T Ctk
noun, t'3 modifiers iili t VK Ct 1t*1 f
noun complement-.O determiner '3 adjective J4J 1
cc: 'a good student', 'a small planet', 'a successful lawyer',
Noun-complement 'frulii modifiers CTtT present participle
phrase ,9 prepositional phrase tTt ¶

Examples:
Hasan is a doctor working in the Middle East. (present
participle phrase)

Monica is a nurse of Rajshahi Medical College.

(prepositional phrase)

CT subject '3 noun complement tt:

subject singular !1 complement \13 singular 4-4\
711 plural T complement '3 plural c4 I

structure-4 subject '3 noun complement

flT; fc f W I Subject 5tfl


THE SIMPLE SENTENCE AND ITS STRUCTURE 89

qualities CTTT size, colour, age price Cit noun-

complement 5 9M4 I

Examples:
Kamal and Hasan are much the same height. (size)
What colour is this pencil? (colour)
Ali is my age. (age)
This loaf of bread is Tk ten. (price)

CT u14 T linking verb structure

1 1T I Be, become IM q 931 ,13 CT linking verb
structure 0 3T CtT CIT:

appear prove
feel remain
look turn

Examples:
The conference appeared a success.

Helal felt a complete fool.

Mina looks an angel.

The experiment proved a failure.

Your plan seems a good one.

The ambassador turned traitor.

C't 91Tft turned linking verb m

ff4T I verb-4 TC 1J'! noun-
complement- 5T1t1 article T fl CIN 'traitor' tlTI
Tt C1T article iikiI kTfl I

non- linking verb 't1 passive form s 4 structure 3

elect make
choose hold
appoint pronounce

Passive wti gro q jcuijt,-jj 1 I

90 LEARNING ENGLISH THE EASY WAY

Examples:

Karim was elected (chosen, appointed, made) president of

the club.
Nasim was held a captive.
The experiment was pronounced a success.

paragraph 4`1 ,M 1ff7 structure 3-4',lW15 C1

a) English is a part of the Secondary and I ligher Secondary

courses in Bangladesh. This is indeed a good thing. English
was once the native language of England only. But now it
has become a world language. It is the only means of
international cornniunication. It is also a window on the
world of knowledge. Unfortunately, in spite of studying
English for ten years or more, most students in this country
remain poor language learners. Unsuitable text-books and
outdated methods of teaching seem to be the reasons for
their failure to learn English. This book, advocating and
illustrating a new approach to teaching English, will
hopefully prove a great help to them.

b) Mr All was a bright student. After graduating in Law from

Rajshahi University, he became a lawyer. He was an
intelligent, eloquent and hard-working man. So he became a
successful lawyer. lie remained a lawyer for fifteen years.
He was appointed it judge of the Supreme Court at the age of
forty. In course of time he was made Chief Justice.

c) Siraj-ud-'doula, the last independent Nawab of Bengal, was a

patriotic young man. His struggle to curb the growing
powers of the East India Company is proof of his patriotism.
Unfortunately. Mir Jafor, his commander-in-chief, turned
traitor at the battle of Plassey in 1757. As a result, the battle
proved a disaster for Siraj-ud-doula. Running away from the
scene, he must have felt a betrayed man. He remains a tragic
figure in the history of this sub-continent.

Vocabulary:

means— 't17 international communication— SIc cT1tTtrT

unsuitable— 1C1 outdated— jr4rR, C7CC1 new approach—

intelligent— eloquent— hard-working-


THE SIMPLE SENTENCE AND ITS STRUCTURE 91

i1f independent— 'Ik patriotic— struggle— tN

curb— 1 patriotism— unfortunately— ii1g

traitor— disaster—f tragic figure— tT 4J

sub-continent— 1'1t9 I

paragraph T1 1T Subject + Linking verb + Noun-

Complement structure I C,;W CTM subject 0 appositive '2
present participle phrase modify 1 i Appositive '
CW3T1 fl:

Siraj-ud-doula, the last independent Nawab of Bengal, was a

patriotic young man.
Mir Jafor, his commander- iii-chief turned traitor,
Participle phrase 4

Running away Jron the scene, he must have felt a betrayed man.

This book, advocating and illustrating a new approach to

teaching English, will hopefully prove a great help to them.
Paragraph tt noun-complement C prepositional phrase
ftr modify 1l kC CI111D tTiI.f C'2 C1l:

It is the only means of international communication.

It is also a window on the world of knowledge.
He remains a tragic figure in the history of this sub-continent.
tT complement determiner '2 adjective modify 1

Examples:
This is indeed a good thing.
Mr Ali was a bright student.

He was an intelligent, eloquent and hard-working man.

c tlt 9T3t1 4-, II1 adjective q J1kFq TTtk I

Paragraph 'ZI1t adverbials

He was appointed a judge of the Supreme Court at the age of

forty.
In course of time, he was made Chief Justice.
92 LEARNING ENGLISH THE EASY WAY

Exercises
1. Write structure 3 sentences using the following linking verbs:

be (all present and past forms), become, feel, prove, remain and
turn, Modify the subjects and noun-complements in as many
ways as possible.

2. Write structure 3 sentences using the following non-linking

verbs in the passive form:

appoint, elect, choose, hold, make and pronounce.

3. Analyse the structure of the noun-phrases in the following

sentences.

a) English is a part of the Secondary and Higher Secondary

courses in Bangladesh.

b) Unsuitable textbooks and outdated methods of teaching seem

to be the reasons for their failure to learn English.

c) His struggle to curb the growing powers of the East India

Company is proof of his patriotism.

4. Write sentences in structure 3 modifying the subjects as follows:

a) a present participle phrase

b) a prepositional phrase
c) a determiner and two adjectives

5. Write sentences in structure 3 modifying the noun-complements

with:

a) a determiner and an adjective

b) a prepositional phrase
c) a present participle phrase


Lesson 16

Aim: Paragraph- tt1TCT OQN ftft structure-t 4i3

citn
structure Z,11 ,11 1ii lk1tC 1 ATW fI'I

structure 1UT '1T I A lesson '

1J'40I Ci1T1 W9 : 3
paragraph- ff1If structure

Michael was a poor shepherd living in the Lake District of England. He

was frugal and industrious. His wife, Isabella, was also hard-working.
Their only son, Luke, was the apple of their eye. He was a great comfort
to them in their old age. But he had to go and work in London following
a sudden and unexpected financial crisis. A dutiful son, Luke wrote
home regularly for a year. Then his letters became irregular. He fell into
bad habits. Ultimately, he had to go into hiding beyond the seas. His
parents were shocked to hear of his misdeeds. But they did not break
down. They had become accustomed to hardship and misfortune.
Several years later they died. With their death, their humble cottage
called the Evening Star disppeared completely.

Vocabulary:
Lake District— -'lFT ilc 11 I 4flT

ultimately— fnigal—'il misdeeds— industrious—

fit accustomed— apple of their eye— misfortune-
l t1 dutiful— JT1T1 humble cottage— I

Exercises
1. Label each of the sentences in the passage as structure 1, 2 or 3.
2. Identify the noun-groups functioning as complements and
describe their make-up.
3. Identify the adjective phrases and describe their make-up.
4. Identify the front-shifted appositives.
5. Locate the intransitive verbs and say how they have been modified.
6. Write a paragraph on your grandfather using structures 1, 2 and 3.
 Lesson 17

Aim: Structure 4-44 3 'rrt cr1

1. Kalam is here.

2. lIelal has been there.

3. Aslam is behind the tree.

4. That was five years ago.

5. Shamima is in the kitchen now.

1L* 1 p nn structure 4 (Subject + Be + Adverbial-Complement)

t 7fli It I structure-4 be ¶T ZFU GTF y en) 1J J fl
be eT 1C have/has/hat—1, will/would, shall/should Tt 1i+i verb
fT C1T example 2 C5 be past participle (been)
T1 has Be 4 0 adverbial-complement CT
adverbial of place , CT tT WIc't ;41C. (here,
there). Adverbial of time structure 11
example 4- (five year ago) I Adverhials of time 6 place
1T 5 flt I CqIP9 example 5- (in the kitchen now) 'ZM I

structure 4 adverbials of manner J1' I

Paragraph:

Hasan was in the drawing-room, watching television. His mother

was in the kitchen, cooking. Suddenly she screamed. Hasan
rushed into the kitchen. His mother was in a terrible state.

"What's up, Mother?"

A rat", she cried.
"Where is it?"
"It's behind the cooker."

But the rat was not there. It was on the run. With a stick in his hand,
Hasan was after it. But he was too slow. The rat was off and away.
 THE SIMPLE SENTENCE AND ITS STRUCTURE 95

structure ' main verb be modifier Rcci present participle

flt I C TC3 zR watching television,
cooking.

Exercises

1. Write five sentences in structure 4 using adverbials of place.

2. Write five structure 4 sentences using adverhials of time.

3. Write two sentences in structure 4 using both adverbials of place

and time.

4. Complete the following sentences with adverbial complements:

a) Amin was

1) Monowara has been -

c) That was -
 Lesson 18

Aim: Structure 5-' TNfl 1 ' Tt C'3T1

' structure- fr1 items 1t: Subject + Transitive Verb + Object.

Subject W 'T 1 Tt1:

noun/pronoun C subject Ric

modify 1 structure- C verb TT transitive
verb I 4 --1 intransitive verb 4 0 subject
intransitive verb '1 PT subject 7k transitive verb
p4 fl J j c1 T 3f
]C I1 J W' 3 ff:

1. Karim laughed.

2. Mina bought it book.

O QM 1I subject laughed verb J Cl

I f 1t3 bought verb
Ic CT f 7k7 WT I (a book)
I verb 05 transitive V T 3zPk
object 1 CE I Transitive a Intransitive verb 91
tt I
verb Dictionary C C79

transitive, 91 intransitive. Dictionary C transitive verb 05 vi. '

intransitive C vi.
17 verb C transitive IC,
intransitive 1 Th I I f<'^FM W i
fl1 -f

1. The door opened.

2. He opened the door.

opened verb m intransitive. 1T CT9

I SFAM tq I cl opened verb
transitive I I1 C1t9 the door 91
iV.i i1cii CT9 ZK 2zU 911
 THE SIMPLE SENTENCE AND ITS STRUCTURE 97

4 9R transitive verb object T 14 fitc ii nt

'IC'I dii Cfl kt1:
1. Noun/Noun phrase: Noun '5ttT noun-4 -4 '-'rM fft modifiers
4i1k WO transitive verb ,4 -4 object t II I

Examples:
Hamid bought medicine.
Mina is reading a book.

tt iIct object modify lt4 Cfl CT5 911T:

1. Hamicl bought some medicine yesterday.

2. Mina read an interesting book of short stories last year.

O RM ilicci medicine 4 object some 0 determiner 1

medicine 0 modify TCi I fT book 44 object 04 IZM5t an
interesting (determiner +. adjective) 9ft* of short stories
prepositional phrase (preposition + adjective + noun) 1[C1 V51
modify 1 ccz I r1hT 0"
z W1t yesterday 13 7ast year
adverbials of time MFcITT objects
f transitive verb C modify cic I 5l1tf 11 CT intransitive
verb- adverb it 9l1 Transitive verb- lt3 WJrCZ 9n-q.I
Z O transitive-44 CWR adverb Tl: object t1 I

2. Pronoun: Noun- ,4'4 9VR^TC4

5 pronoun istt I I Pronoun-C
object fiiQ i;il 14M i Pronoun 04 object forms ft (W3U

Singular Plural
ist
person me us
2nd
person you you
3rd
person him/her/it them

Examples:
1. The secretary received rue/us cordially.
2. I love YOU.
3. The teacher rebuked him/her.
4. The chair is broken. Take it away.
5. Roshogollas are delicious. But diabetics should avoid them.
98 LEARNING ENGLISH THE EASY WAY

3. Infinitive: Infinitive '4I infinitive, phrase C transitive verb i

object ciC ik oqM qM I

Examples:
1. I want to go.

2. Ile promised 10 helpme.

3. Masoom decided lo study Economics.

1Ltl,-MtCm italicized transitive verb object

fT

U) /ie1j to stiedv

infinitives objects One Economics) T1 C?J

I inli ii iti y es transitive verbs (/ic/p ' study ) I

TTI 'S transitive verb'-q K 9VI infinitive R7 object

ifi f G3i t1:
hi. in ('11 'I) /began/begun
con(i iiue (If1'7 TI'S?fl) /continued/continued

hope (PiI *l) Thoped/hoped

intend ( WI 1) intended/intended
learn (CXN1)/lcarnt1learnt

neglect (l 1) /neglccted/ncg]ected

offer (f T 4- Tl 1)/offered/offered

plan (9tf 1)/planned/planned

promise 1) /prornised/promised

remember ( I) /remembered/remembered

try (CT 1) /tried/tricd

Examples:
He began to sing.
I intend to buy a tar.
He promised to help mc.
She tried to get a job.

Verb form cTh5T t1 (t1 present, past S past participle

Forms
 THE SIMPLE SENTENCE AND ITS STRUCTURE 99

4. Infinitive with Subject: t 9rO ' c WtI ci'n

C3;M7TM transitive verb \8 subject C1 want '3

to go ig zC 20 subject fl I. transitive verb

flt subject '3 infinitive 04 subject QmiMi I
transitive verb ' C9FU infinitive subject verb ft '.fl.
infinitive '

Examples:
1. The doctor advised Karim to go to bed.
2. The teacher asked Mina to learn her lessons.

WIt advised c verb- subject T The doctor

to go to bed infinitive phrase- subject Karim fi

subject infinitive phrase advised '1 -4 object fri i

CI Mina to learn her lesson infinitive phrase
subject subject infinitive phrase l asked '
transitive-1 verb 4 object 1t k I CT
infinitive-'.q`4 subject 7f4 pronoun ?T wcq CIt object form LI Jk

Examples:
The doctor advised him (Not: he) to go to bed.
The teacher asked her (Not: she) to learn her lessons.

0 7'I' transitive verb tO1ci 3T

cpf fl I1:
allow C3rT) allowed/allowed

convince(fPi ilcil) convinced/convinced

encourage (rTf 1)/encouraged/encouraged

force (OR 5 t) /forced/forced

instruct (ft*'1 cWfl) /instructed/instructed

invite Ut l) /invited/invited

persuade (f 1) /persuaded/persuaded

remind (I q 1ki ccrrt) /rcminded/rernindecl

teach (c 1CT1) /taught/taught

tell (11) /told/told



100 LEARNING ENGLISH THE EASY WAY

help (1I 4M 1) /helped/helped

beg ( t d. f9iT T/5'i fl) begged/begged

t1tt verb ' 1 CT-

expect, like, want
Examples:

I expected to go there.

I expected you to go there.

I would like to dance.

I would like you to dance.

He wants to do this.

He wants you to do this.

5. Bare Infinitive with Subject: 't1 transitive verb 1Q

C1tI1 8 1i-lkki lko, infinitive 4 5111 to
Verb '&11 AtI

make, let, hear, watch, see

Examples:

1. He made me laugh.
2. The police let the prisoner go.
3. I heard her sing.
4. They watched the boy dive.
5. I saw him miss the bus.

6. Infinitive with interrogative word : transitive verb

aq 9 M how, where, whom when interrogative 91

infinitive 'tC3 tI

Examples:

I know how to handle the situation.

He decided what to do next.
We found out where to park the car.
We must learn when to be discreet.


THE SIMPLE SENTENCE AND ITS STRUCTURE 101

C'R transitive verb- infinitive with interrogative word

5l1l subject tT? I

Examples:

Itold him what to do.

He asked me how to pronounce this word.
She showed him where to put the table.

7. Gerund: Verb 'I C-ing C1t ciT gerund 1 verbal noun

c9f3 transitive verb object iCi T1
flti

Examples:

1. 1 enjoy watching television.

2. He avoided meeting me.

WIk CT 'fc watching '1 meeting watch meet

verb-4-1 7PF ing M 51 gerund 1 verbal noun
Ttl*I enjoy, avoided-' object 1c.iti I Verb t'T
transitive TI K51M q 91 object (television 'S me) iik.i CiC I CI
verb It? 4 1J1 3T 4U 'tc IJ iPi'.ii C9fl Cfl:

admit 1) /admitted/admitted

appreciate (P't?fl 1) /appreciated/appreciated

postpone (Qf1 1) /postponed/postponed

consider (1ci I 1) /consideredlconsidered

deny (k4 1) /denied/denied

finish (Q'1 1) /finished/finished

strt T) /started/started

try (CT 1) /tried/tried

intend (.!lI QT.l T) /intended/intended

8. Noun with present participle (phrase): Z1 transitive

verb 4-4 9FO noun 4K
present participle (phrase)
verb &l lfeel, hear, notice, observe, see, watch, smell, etc.
F-S
102 LEARNING ENGLISH THE EASY WAY

Examples:
I could feel my heart beating violently.
We heard her singing.
I noticed theni smiling.
We saw the blind man crossing the street alone.
They smelt something burning-
She watched her children playing,

C fi'i verb C transitive ikC 11I Th, tS

verb Lesson 4 structure 4 fit. TO I
two-word verbs NMk 1 4 TI1 verb C ll 1
1: separable ' inseparable. two-word verb . WMI VU3
4-4 object
tl verb ' particle c T1W1 1 '2Tt separable
1CI0, q1t9T - 1 rn Ic inseparable fl 1 9T d1 fC ti

1. He took off his shoes.

2. He took his shoes off.

IiT OqT.11 1CJ took off a two-word transitive verb

shoes noun phrase object IC iiI I
objccl C look off c tTF IL1 IC tH 1 I

T1 I ZNft,, take off Lf separable two-word transitive

verb. W i if pronoun object ic 1

verb C 111i1 Nt I

Examples:
I-Ic took them off. (not : He took off them.)

Inseparable two-word verb Gtt1 CtIt lkt ilM lt 1 Ø1S

lf1 object I

Examples:
He called on me. (Not : He called me oil.)

Two-word verb ' idiomatic ' IIk verb TTxl:

Separable Two-Word \'erbs

NOW up -- cause to explode (VYCII C1)
 THE SIMPLE SENTENCE AND ITS STRUCTURE 103

bring about - cause to happen (Ici!)

bring on— cause to begin ('5fl lcil)

bring out - publish (lV't T)

bring off— accomplish something difficult (4-.7i PM 1)

bring up— raise, e.g. children or a subject (71 1TF tlM l,

11 ct f PJf9 )
call off— cancel (TM F45 1,k cu1 T)

call up - telephone (c 1cMk t)

carry out— perform, fulfil (CtT PiJ 5l)

figure out— calculate T)

fill in or fill out - complete forms, etc. (1 1 i1 ciTdl r)

find out - learn, discover (1t l tq A 5P.q 1)

give away— give something to someone ( C1T f ci ftT CitT)

give back— return something taken from another (ci clt
C3TT ff CF C9Sfl)
give up— surrender, abandon (fp1149 , T)

hand in - submit ( OYM f$ lt c3rT)

hand out - distribute (151 1)

leave out - omit (1f c'irl)

let down - disappoint, betray (Tl T ftlt7fth.I $)

look up - seek ( 01 CF Xj 51J c41tT)
make up - invent, compose ( l; ' cosmetics
fltT)

pass out— distribute publicly (ia t1t ct T t t)

pass up— take no advantage of (CT Tt5M l )
pay off - discharge a debt (t't 9F4M q l)

pick out - select (tt Ct C)

pick up - lift with the hands or fingers (T lT
1c.iI)
point out —indicate (t W.3 C1 4 1)
Put away - store, put something in a safe place (t1 lf
WtI )
104 LEARNING ENGLISH THE EASY WAY

put on - dress oneself in (f1t *T)

take down— write from dictation (Oft C4C

take off— remove ( CTT fi JCT c11)
throw away— discard, reject ( CII C'eri)
try on - put on (garment) to test the fit, appearance ( CR C9IN1
fit f 0T1 f1W1 Cfl)
try out - test, use experimentally (cTI 1i fTt C$1 11M
TO CPfv)

turn down— reject, refuse an offer ( c1t JNTt 1)

turn off - stop the operation of something (i-i CT
cT)

turn on - begin the operation of (11, tfIfI T WO

C9TT)

Examples:
The enemy blew up the bridge.
The enemy blew the bridge up.
Please turn on the radio.
Please turn the radio on.
He looked up the word in the dictionary.
He looked the word up in the dictionary.

Inseparable Two-Word Verbs

call for - require (cls TT)
call on - Visit ( CTfl *)
care for— tend, guard, supervise (f1, CftI 1)
come across— find accidentally (1 C1 91TTI)

count on - rely on ( I)

get around— evade, avoid 1)

get in - inter (t't T)

get on - board (Tlc b1)

get off - leave, descend from (Hl Cl 1T)

get over - recover from ( U1 Tk l C T)

 THE SIMPLE SENTENCE AND ITS STRUCTURE 105

go over— review ( llcG1II 1)

hear from - receive a communication from (ff i T1 'f1's'Tl)

hear of - learn about ( CT{ fit rtcl)

hit on - discover accidentally (lS CFT l)

look after— take care of (T C'fl)

look for— (fl)

look into— investigate ('.'iimk 1)

run across— find or meet accidentally (iS C9ItT Th43T1 zf9m tt

1)

Examples:
The situation calls for prompt action.
A delegation of teachers called on the President yesterday.
Hamid looks after his old father.

Exercises
1. Make Structure 5 sentences with the following verbs, modifying
the objects in all possible ways:
buy use read learn
catch gain write know
find hold fill write

2. Fill in the gaps in the following:

a) - expected to -
b) - wanted to -
c) - decided to -
d) —began to -
e)—hopedto--

3. Write Structure 5 sentences with the following verbs, using

infinitives with subjects as objects:
ask invite permit advise
tell compel persuade instruct
force allow help allow
106 LEARNING ENGLISH THE EASY WAY

4. Complete the following sentences with bare infinitives:

a) I heard my sister -
b) He watched the bo ys -
c) I saw the old man
d) The comedian made everybody -
e) The police let the prisoner -

5. Make infinitive phrases from the following infinitives and use

them in Structure 5 sentences:

to play to spend to finish

to earn to waste to plan

to serve to continue to will

6. Make sentences from the following beginning using gerunds as

objects:
a) I enjoy d) Karim denied

b) He avoids e) He continued

C) He admits t) Mina began

7. Change the italicized verbs to two-word verbs:

a) They have abandoned the plan.
h) Please submit your homework tomorrow.
c) You have oimtted an important point
(1) You should not refuse this Opportunity.
e) I am going to publish this hook immediately.
 Lesson 19

Aim: Paragraph-' 11TC1 Structures 54 i l1dt C3T

paragraph zK z1 Structure 5 (Subject + Transitive Verb +

Object)-4 -4 Wt Rcici fiIf5 11:

a) Hasan had a nice dog called Lassi. He loved Lassi very much.
He used to feed him three times a day. He would wash him with
soap once a week. lie would take him out for a walk
occasionally. One day Lassi refused to eat anything. liasan
called a vet. The vet examined Lassi. lie asked Hasan not to
worry. Lassi had only a stomach-upset. The vet prescribed some
medicine. Hasan thanked him profusely.

b) Mina enjoys reading short stories in English. She looks up

difficult words in the dictionary. She uses Oxford Advanced
Learner's Dictionary of Current English. This dictionary not
only gives meanings of words but also makes sentences with
them. So it helps a student to learn words in their context. Mina
has now a fairly large vocabulary. She keeps a diary. Everyday
she writes down her thoughts and activities. She also likes
watching English films on television. At first she could not
understand most of the dialogue. But she does not have this
problem any more. She practises speaking in English with her
father. As a result, she writes and speaks English fairly well.

c) The other day Mina read a short story called 'The Verger' by
Somerset Mau-ham. Maughain, a famous novelist, has written a
large number of short stories. 'The Verger' tells the story of an
illiterate man. His work included the opening of pews in the
church. He had been doing this for twenty years. After the
retirement of the old vicar, the church authorities appointed a
new vicar. He was an enthusiastic young man. He dismissed the
verger because of his illiteracy. After dinner the verger broke the
 108 LEARNING ENGLISH THE EASY WAY

news to his wife. It upset her very much. But the man consoled
her. After all, they had some savings. His wife pulled herself
together. Then the man felt an urge to smoke. But he had no
cigarettes. Going out to buy some, he could not find a single
tobacconist's. This surprised him. However, he bought some
cigarettes from a shop in another street. On his way back an idea
struck him he could set up a shop selling cigarettes. He decided
to do that. Soon he made a handsome profit. So he set up more
shops in a number of streets. He engaged people to run the shops
for him. In a couple of years he had about twenty thousand
pounds in his bank account. With education, he would have
spent his life as verger in comparative poverty. Without
education. he made a fortune.

Vocabulary:

vet (ahbr for veterinary surgeon) - ¶ worry— i

stomach-upset— C t19f profusely— enjoy-
1 look up difficult words—
dialogue— practise speaking in En g lish-
TiV famous novelist— TI 'kU illiterate— pews—
C church— I1 retirement- 'ii II
vicar— church authorities— 51tM enthusiastic—
dismissed— broke the news— 19
pulled herself together— 11T IIi tobacconist's -
1icci CTT handsome profit— engaged—
a couple of years— poverty— tf made a fortune—
t9 T1 PtI tccil I

paragraph 't1 Li T3 Subject + Transitive Verb +

Object struCtUre-4 Cfl I Sul) ject- moclifiers-
H kC I noun/pronoun subject
I Paragraph iii transitive verb t1 Tf
9ICT noun/pronoun noun phrase C
object fci iit 1 I fO, verb VC
infinitive/infinitive phrase C-I object I TN
CTC gerund. Paragraph I
iili lC FJ I
 THE SIMPLE SENTENCE AND ITS STRUCTURE 109

Exercises
1. Analyse the noun phrases in the following sentences:

a) Maugharn, a famous novelist, has written it large number of

short stories.

b) After the retirement of the vicar, the church authorities

appointed a new vicar.

c) He was an enthusiastic young man.

d) Soon he made a handsome profit.

2. Find prepositional phrases in the paragraphs and make your own

sentences with them.

3. Find adverbial phrases in the paragraphs and make your own

Sentences with them.

4. Find in the paragraphs verbs which have been followed by

infinitives/infinitive phrases as objects.

5. Find in the paragraphs verbs which have been followed by

gerunds as objects.

6. Write a paragraph using mainly Structure 5 sentences.

El


Lesson 20

Aim: Passive voice-' TNfl fl s T Cf3fl

Lesson-4 Subject + Transitive Verb + Object '

structure T1J1 '3 1't C31 k structure-
1t: Subject '3 Object. Subject
Subject agent 7zrl performer of an action Object CT
receiver of the action c C41 . active voice
4 object C object C tfr
subject c1 passive voice T T

Active Mina (subject) speaks English (object).

Passive English (originial object) is spoken by Mina (originial

subject).

't active Mina Cf

Mina 05 performer fki C1T1 Ct; Ct C'3fl
i DSSjV
0,KfDt z English ff'T (ft 1
English CT G'31 I Mina 0 k' CT1 Cf
'3 T1 Passive FJf verb
Verb 1fT5 1 k0c be + past participle
speaks 0 is spoken t I Passive voice
1t CTT iig

Active Passive
The child ate the banana. The banana was eaten by the child
The hunter killed a tiger. A tiger was killed by the hunter.
I made a doll. A doll was made by me.

Active '3 Passive 3 k1t iiOj C9"fc

I. Active voice-' object 05 passive voice-44 subject k, K5AP,

active voice-4 C1 passive voice-



THE SIMPLE SENTENCE AND ITS STRUCTURE 111

2. Active voice- subject-O passive voice-4 by C1tI C'tC I'I

9 Ci1 T I

3. Passive voice-4 verb-0 past participle-. 'tII 1 L!

5111 bet 445M form i1Cil T

4. Passive voice-u subject pronounT (1, we, he, she)

passive voice-4 W object from- ifi T 10 me, we, 0 us,
he 0 him, she 0 her 11 1 made 0 is made b y me TI

passive voice-4-4 object form ,4-U pronoun-0 active voice-

subject form 'I 9fRcr me, us, him, her-Os
T 15141 I, we, he, she-
tfI\! was made by me-0 made I

active voice-OK subject-CT by C1t passive-'

passive 1CJ LqVt t4U KNI T,

Jute is grown in Bangladesh.

The road has been repaired.
The building was pulled down.

CWR by + object ,1 3 -M- T I

I. agent (active voice-c subject) CR T

1ki 3I omit T C9 T T CI

America was discovered by Columbus.

2. agent 41 indefinite 1 noun phrase OIGI T tJ

Mr Karim was assaulted by a young mnan.

Passive voice f4ffz4 form tc ct ttg

Tense Active voice Passive voice

Simple present offer, offers am
is offered
are

Present continuous

am
is offering is being

are are offered

 112 LEARNING ENGLISH THE EASY WAY

Simple past offered was

were offered

Past continuous was was being

were offering were offered

Future shall shall he

will I offer will offered

Present perfect have have been

has offered I I offered

Past perfect has offered had been offered

Future perfect shall have shall have been

will offered will offered

Active Voice Subject + Passive Voice Subject + he + Past

Transitive Verb + Object Participle + by + Object
1. Many people read the The litefaq is read by many people
Ittefaq.
2. The girls are singing the The national anthem is being sung
national anthem. by the girls.
3. Malek wrote a letter A letter was written by Malek
yesterday. yesterday.
4. The boys were playing Football was being played by the
football. boys.
5. The Finance Minister will The budget will be announced by
announce the budget to- the Finance Minister to-night.
night.
6. Very few people have This book has been read by very
read this book. few people.
7. They had completed the The work had been completed by
work before lunch. them before lunch.
8. Mr. Hakiin will have A house will have been bought by
bought a house. Mr. Hakim.


THE SIMPLE SENTENCE AND ITS STRUCTURE 113

0 passive voice-4 Be verb-4 ,q 7FUf modal auxiliaries

(can/could, may/might, shall/should, must, etc.) WF4-qZ ATZ 9rV I

Examples:

The moon can be seen from the balcony.

could
Mr Hakim must be elected chairman.
should
might

T CT transitive verb-0 passive voice-

1l T "4M 1 f ttl transitive verb 5IT. CItT
passive T Tlt l i CTt1 1 have, lack, hold, fit, become,
resemble.
Examples:

Active No Passive
They have a beautiful house.
The chairman lacks courage.
The auditorium holds 500 people.
The coat does not fit him.
This dress becomes Mina.
Hamid resembles her mother.

f verb '5tt C[t'I1 past participle- (CTzt11 transitive 3

?fTC, intransitive 3 9l1t) preposition i'i T I 0 participle '3
preposition Lq Z PR^ zlc-q tI CT unit tT 11 I11T
11 transitive verb-04 equivalent. 'I Ih ft t "'t
t;5 C1S1

He was laughed at (ridiculed) by everybody.

A doctor has been sent for (called)

The incident was talked of (discussed) for a long time.

The President's speech was listened to (heard) with rapt
attention.

The old man was cared for (tended) by his daughter.

Passive voice- be + past participle noun + preposition

Unit ¶i I 1S single transitive


114 LEARNING ENGLISH THE EASY WAY

participle-4-4 equivalent I f 9TI 5

C21 CTh

His warning was not paid attention to (was not heeded).

Orphans should he taken care of (should be tended).
The poor man was made fun of (was ridiculed).
An important point has been lost sight of (has been overlooked).
This nonsense should be put a stop to (should be stopped)
Corruption should be got rid of (should be removed).

passive voice-4 CTM C Ct be + past participle

IfL get + participle H1i T I ThTt: past
participle- get : broken, burnt, caught, drowned,
engaged, married, killed, hurt, struck.

Examples:
My glasses got broken last night.
The child got burnt accidentally.
She got burnt/killed in art accident.
The man got caught while he was stealing.
Three men got drowned when a boat capsized yesterday.
They got engaged/married.

he get- 1J f 9114 SJ IT Get-'T Hkk colloquial

L!Q -el -4C443 fi TI 11 be neutral. ft1 get

process- C1 C, be im state i5-

ftV 1 , active voice- C I

ci ti active1 passive- I C
0 cT active passive- ffr
qK I ¶ 11I CL passive unnatural 1
unidiornatic lfr 1 i Karim has hit me 43T natural English
I have been hit b y Karim 5I natural pa s sive
voice 34kT FTI1 : ZI
TI ft'17 '-I- I F9, ff SitUatiOn-4 passive voice
iiilt 4*l :
 THE SIMPLE SENTENCE AND ITS STRUCTURE 115

I. lrtflci

Examples:
The window was broken last night.
The bridge was built five years ago.

2. C c C1 ff9 1T 1
Examples:
My son was given some bad advice.
She was told that her English was not good.

3. (agent) C5T (receiver)

Ofm c9 3T I

Examples:
He was elected chairman.
The mistake was not discovered until yesterday.

4. C1 ilik I1T I
Examples:
The Mona Lisa was painted by Da Vince.
The Merchant of Venice was written by Shakespeare.

5. C-7-41T i

Examples:
Water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen.
In Industrial towns air is polluted.

6. Ct 1 impersonally1) 2I1I t3Th't: passive

voice 7RrM 3! I
Examples:
It is believed that
It is felt that -

for People believe that

People felt that

Other forms are

It is leaved that
It is hopcd that -
It is said that -
It is thought that -
116 LEARNING ENGLISH TFIE EASY WAY

Exercises
Change the following active sentences to passive ones:
a) All the students respect the English teacher.
b) The sweeper cleans the room every morning.
c) The boys are playing football.
d) Hamid is reading the newspaper.
e) The President will inaqugurate the conference tomorrow.
f) The Government founded this hospital in 1960.
g) The fire has entirely destroyed the house.
h) He had just bought the watch when someone stole it.
i) The contractors were still building the stadium when a strike
halted all c&on.
J) You must return the book within a week.

Use the correct voice (active or passive) and the correct tense of
the verb in each sentence:
a) English (teach) in all secondary schools in Bangladesh.
America (discover) in 1492.
c) Mr. Hakim (teach) English since 1975.
d) That house (build) last year.
e) The proposal (consider) at this very moment.

The following sentences are active. Which would sound better in

the passive? Change them accordingly.
a) The clerk told him that the headmaster would come at ten
o'clock.
b) Someone has stolen my pen.
c) Shakespeare wrote Hamlet.
d) People everywhere study English.
e) He is taking the dog out for a walk.
f He is going to set up a shop.
g) They expect the team to do even better next year.

4. Put into the passive:

a) They say that life is not a bed of roses.
b) People assume that politics solve all human problems.
c) They hope that things will improve soon.
ci) Thc' feel that the situation may become difficult.
e) We usually find that disease is often caused by overeating.