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03 1000– CONCRETE FORMING AND ACCESSORIES

PART 1 - GENERAL
1.1 RELATED DOCUMENTS

A. Drawings and general provisions of Contract, including General and Supplementary

Conditions and Division 01 Specification sections, apply to work of this section.

B. The Contractor's attention is specifically directed, but not limited, to the following
documents for additional requirements:

1. The current version of the Uniform General Conditions for Construction

Contracts, State of Texas, available on the web site of the Texas Facilities
Commission.
2. The University of Houston’s Supplemental General Conditions and Special
Conditions for Construction.

1.2 DESCRIPTION OF WORK

A. The work of this section includes all labor, materials and equipment required to form all
cast-in-place concrete shown on the drawings including but not limited to all slabs,
joists, beams, columns, walls, stairs, and equipment pads.

1.3 CODES AND STANDARDS

A. Comply with the provision of the current version of the following codes, specifications
and standards except where more stringent requirements are shown or specified:

1. ACI 301 "Specifications for Structural Concrete for Buildings"

2. ACI 318 "Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete"
3. ACI 117 "Specifications for Tolerances for Concrete Construction and Materials".
4. ACI 347 “Guide to Formwork for Concrete”
5. Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute " Manual of Standard Practice"

1.4 RESPONSIBILITY

A. The design, construction and safety of all formwork shall be the responsibility of the
General Contractor. All forms, shores, backshores, falsework, bracing, and other
temporary supports shall be engineered to support all loads imposed including the wet
weight of concrete, construction equipment, live loads, lateral loads due to wind and
wet concrete imbalance. The Contractor shall also be responsible for determining when
temporary supports, shores, backshores, and other bracing may be safely removed.

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1.5 DESIGN RESPONSIBILITY

A. The design of all concrete formwork, formwork removal, shoring, and back-shoring
requirements shall be performed by a registered professional engineer in the state of
Texas and experienced in the design of concrete formwork. The Contractor shall employ
the formwork engineer. Calculations, sealed by the registered professional engineer,
shall be issued for Owner's record but will not be reviewed or returned.

1.6 ACTION SUBMITTALS

A. Design Calculations: Submit for record calculations of all concrete formwork and the
shoring plan sealed by a registered engineer in the state of Texas.

B. Formwork Drawings: Formwork Drawings, prepared under the supervision and sealed
by a registered professional engineer in the state of Texas, shall be submitted for
Owners record and shall be reviewed by the Engineer for conformance to structural
layout only. Such shop drawings shall indicate types of materials, sizes, lengths,
connection details, design allowance for construction loads, anchors, form ties, shores,
braces, construction joints, reveals, camber, openings, formwork coatings and all other
pertinent information.

C. Pan Form Shop Drawings: The Contractor shall submit pan shop drawings for Engineer's
review and approval. Approval will be for conformance to structural layout only.

D. Shoring Plan: Submit drawings to indicate the number of levels of shoring, proposed
time and sequence of formwork and shore removal, minimum concrete strength for
stripping of forms and shore removal, assumed construction loads, amount and layout
of shores (specify whether backshores or re-shores), and length of time shores are to be
left in place. This plan shall be strictly followed by the Contractor. Shoring plans are to
be submitted for Owner's record and reviewed for impact to structure.

E. LEED Action Submittals (Projects authorized for LEED certification only)

1. Building Product Disclosure and Optimization - Sourcing of Raw Materials:

a. Leadership Extraction Practices

(1) Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR): Submit documentation indicating
that manufacturers have a take back or recycling program for the product
purchased.
(2) Recycled Content: For products having recycled content, indicate
percentages by weight of post-consumer and pre-consumer recycled
content.
(a) Include statement indicating costs for each product having recycled
content.

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b. Sourcing of Raw Materials: For products that are required to comply with
requirements for regional materials, indicating location of material
manufacturer and point of extraction, harvest, or recovery for each raw
material.
(1) Include statement indicating distance to Project, cost for each regional
material and the fraction by weight that is considered regional.
(2) Product Certificates: For materials manufactured within 100 miles of
Project, indicating location of material manufacturer and point of
extraction, harvest, or recovery for each raw material. Include distance to
Project and cost for each raw material.
2. . Indoor Environmental Quality, Low Emitting Materials: Building Products must
be tested and compliant with the California Department of Public-Health (CDPH)
Standard Method V1.1-2010, using the applicable exposure scenario.

a. For paints, and coatings, wet applied, include printed statement of VOC
content, showing compliance with the applicable VOC limits of the
California Air Resources Board (CARB) 2007, Suggested Control Measure
for Architectural Coatings or the South Coast Air Quality Management
District (SCAQMD) Rule 113-2011.
b. Adhesives and Sealants: For wet applied on site products, submit
printed statement showing compliance with the applicable chemical
content requirements of SCAQMD Rule 1168, effective July 1, 2005 and
rule amendment date of January 7, 2005.
(1) Product Data: For installation adhesives, indicating VOC
content.
c. Alternative tests for VOC include ASTM D 2369-10, ISO 11890,
ASTM D 6886-03; or ISO 11890-2.
d. Methylene Chloride and perchloroethylene may not be added to paints,
coating, adhesive or sealants.
e. Provide General Emissions Evaluation certificates for adhesives, sealants
showing compliance with California Department of Public Health v1.1
emissions testing or equivalent.
3. Laboratory Test Reports: For installation adhesives indicating compliance with
requirements for low-emitting materials.

1.7 INFORMATIONAL SUBMITTALS

A. LEED Informational Submittals:

1. Building Product Disclosure and Optimization - Sourcing of Raw Materials:

a. Raw Material Sources and Extraction Reporting: Submit Raw materials

supplier corporate Sustainability Reports (CSRs); documenting

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responsible extraction; including extraction locations, long term

ecologically responsible land use, commitment to reducing
environmental harms from extraction and manufacturing processes,
and a commitment to meeting applicable standards or programs that
address responsible sourcing criteria.
(1) Submit manufacturers' self-declared reports.
(2) Submit third party verified corporate sustainability reports (CSR)
using one of the following frameworks:
(a) Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) Sustainability Report
(b) Organization for Economic Co-operation and
Development (OECD) Guidelines for Multinational
Enterprises
(c) UN Global Compact
(d) ISO 26000
(e) USGBC approved program.
2. Building Product Disclosure and Optimization - Material Ingredients

a. Material Ingredient Optimization: Submit manufacturer's Environmental

Product Declaration (EPD) or at least one of the following:
(1) GreenScreen V1.2 Benchmark: Third party report prepared by a
licensed GreenScreen List Translator, or a full GreenScreen
Assessment.
(2) Cradle to Cradle: Manufacturer's published literature for the
product bearing the Cradle to Cradle logo.
(3) International Alternative Compliance Path - REACH Optimization
(4) Declare: Manufacturer's completed Product Declaration Form
(5) Other programs approved by USGBC
b. Product Manufacturer Supply Chain Optimization: Submit
documentation from manufacturers for products that go beyond
material ingredient optimization as follows:
(1) Are sourced from product manufacturers who engage in
validated and robust safety, health, hazard, and risk programs
which at a minimum document at least 99 percent (by weight)
of the ingredients used to make the building product or building
material, and
(2) Are sourced from product manufacturers with independent
third party verification of their supply chain that at a minimum
verifies:
(a) Processes are in place to communicate and
transparently prioritize chemical ingredients along the
supply chain according to available hazard, exposure
and use information to identify those that require more
detailed evaluation

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(b) Processes are in place to identify, document, and

communicate information on health, safety and
environmental characteristics of chemical ingredients
(c) Processes are in place to implement measures to
manage the health, safety and environmental hazard
and risk of chemical ingredients
(d) Processes are in place to optimize health, safety and
environmental impacts when designing and improving
chemical ingredients
(e) Processes are in place to communicate, receive and
evaluate chemical ingredient safety and stewardship
information along the supply chain
(f) Safety and stewardship information about the chemical
ingredients is publicly available from all points along the
supply chain.

PART 2 - PRODUCTS
2.1 PAN FORMS

A. Specification: Unless specified otherwise, concrete joist construction shall conform to

current version of Manual of Standard Practice, Chapter 10, as published by CRSI.

B. Material and Pan Type:

1. Material: Pans shall be fabricated either of steel that is free of dents,

irregularities, sag and rust or of glass-fiber reinforced plastic that is molded
under pressure with matched dies. Pan forms allowing warped surfaces,
leakage of concrete at joints, and uneven surfaces beyond tolerance levels will
not be acceptable.

2. Subject to pan tolerance and the surface finish required by the surface finish
class SF-1.0 as shown on the drawings, pan forms may be either new pans or
reconditioned pans at Contractor's option. Forms may be "long forms", "flange
forms", "long flange forms", or "adjustable forms" at Contractor's option. Pan
splices may be lapped, reinforced butt jointed, or semi-butt jointed (using end
caps welded back-to-back with 2" maximum distance between pan ends). The
maximum number of joints in any bay shall be four located at approximately the
one-fifth points in each bay.

3. Subject to pan tolerance and the surface finish required by the surface finish
class SF-1.1 as shown on the drawings, pan forms in exposed areas shall be new
pans and pan forms in unexposed areas may be reconditioned pans. Forms may
be "long forms", "flange forms", "long flange forms", or "adjustable forms" at
Contractor's option. Pan splices may be lapped, reinforced butt jointed, or

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semi-butt jointed (using end caps welded back-to-back with 2" maximum
distance between pan ends). The maximum number of joints in any bay shall be
four located at approximately the one-fifth points in each bay.

4. New Pans. All pan forms used in areas designated to have Surface Finish-2.3
shall be new pans either one piece continuous from beam to beam or beam to
header ("long forms", "long flange forms", or "adjustable forms") without
splices or with reinforced butt joint spliced. "Flange forms" are not acceptable,
nor will forms be permitted that are lapped spliced or semi-butt joint spliced
(using end caps welded back-to-back). Pans shall meet tolerances and the
surface finish required for surface finish class 2.3.

5. New Pans. All pan forms used in areas designated to have Surface Finish-3.3
shall be new pans either one piece continuous from beam to beam or beam to
header ("long forms", "long flange forms", or "adjustable forms") without
splices or reinforced butt joint spliced. "Flange forms" are not acceptable, nor
will forms be permitted that are lapped spliced or semi-butt joint spliced (using
end caps welded back-to-back). Pans shall meet tolerances and the surface
finish required for surface finish class 3.3.

The pan form surfaces specified herein are intended to be architecturally

2.2 FORM-FACING MATERIALS

A. Smooth-Formed Finished Concrete: Unless otherwise specified, formwork for exposed

concrete surfaces as defined by the Surface Finish Class noted on the drawings, shall
consist of plywood, metal, metal framed plywood, or other acceptable surface.
Formwork shall provide a continuous straight and smooth surface conforming to the
joint system as specified on the Architect's drawings. Form material shall have sufficient
thickness to withstand pressure of concrete without bow or deflection. Plywood shall
be exterior grade plywood panels, suitable for concrete forms, complying with U.S.
Product Standard PS-1, each piece bearing a legible inspection trademark, and as
follows:

1. Phenolic Surface Film Overlay over Hardwood Face, Class 1 or better.

2. High Density Overlay (100/30 min. rating) on Hardwood Face, Class 1or better.

3. High Density Overlay (100/30 min. rating) on Softwood Face, Class 1 or better

4. Medium Density Overlay on Hardwood Face, Class 1 or better, mill-release agent

treated and edge sealed.

5. Medium Density Overlay on Softwood Face, Class 1 or better, mill-release agent

treated and edge sealed.

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6. Structural 1, B-B, or better, mill oiled and edged sealed.

7. "B-B (Concrete Form) Plywood", Class 1, or better, mill-oiled and edge sealed.

B. Non-specific formed concrete: Unless otherwise specified, the default finish for formed
surfaces shall be rough-form finish constructed with plywood, lumber, metal or other
acceptable material. Lumber shall be dressed on at least two edges and one side for
tight fit. The minimum grade shall be B-C, exterior grade.

C. Textured-form finished concrete: For exposed surfaces as noted on the drawings

provide units of form face design, size, arrangement and configuration that matches
Architect's control sample. Provide solid backing and form supports to ensure stability
of textured form liners. See Architect's drawings, specifications and control sample for
special form textured finish concrete.

2.3 CYLINDRICAL COLUMNS AND SUPPORTS

A. Round section members shall be formed with metal or fiberglass, unless otherwise
specified. Units shall have sufficient wall thickness to resist loads imposed by wet
concrete without detrimental deformation.

2.4 FORMWORK COATINGS

A. Formwork coatings shall be a commercial formulation that will not bond with, stain, nor
adversely affect concrete surfaces or impair subsequent treatment of concrete surfaces
requiring bond or adhesion, nor impede curing with water or curing compounds.
Provide a product that has a maximum VOC (Volatile Organic Compounds) of 50 g/l but
not greater than that permitted by the local government agency having jurisdiction in
the area where the project is located.

Products: Subject to compliance with requirements, provide one of the following:

"Bio-Release EF", Dayton Superior

“Farm Fresh”, Unitex
“Form-Eze Natural”, The Euclid Chemical Company, Inc.
“Bio-Form”, Universal Form Clamp
“Aqua Blue”, US Spec

2.5 NAILS AND FASTENERS

A. Use only galvanized nails and fasteners for securing formwork in structures exposed to
weather or unconditioned spaces such as garages, canopies and porte-cocheres.

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2.6 FORM TIES

A. Factory-fabricated, removable or snap-off metal or glass-fiber-reinforced plastic form

ties designed to resist lateral pressure of fresh concrete on forms and to minimize
spalling of concrete on removal.

1. Exposed Surfaces: For surfaces designated with Surface Finish Class SF-2.x or SF-
3.x , furnish units that will leave no portion of the tie closer than 3/4 inch to the
plane of the concrete surface and that will leave holes not larger than 1 inch in
diameter in concrete surface when the ends or end-fasteners have been
removed.

2. Dampproofed Surfaces: Furnish ties with integral water-barrier plates to walls

indicated to receive dampproofing or waterproofing.

3. Exposed to Weather or Unconditioned Space: Provide removable, glass-fiber-

reinforced plastic, stainless steel, or galvanized form ties that will leave no
corrodible metal closer than 1 1/2 inches in surfaces that will be exposed to
weather or in an unconditioned space in the final structure. The ties shall leave
holes no larger than 1 inch in diameter in concrete surfaces when the ends or
end-fasteners are removed.

2.7 CHAMFER STRIPS

A. Provide wood, metal, PVC, or rubber strips, ¾ by ¾ inch, minimum.

PART 3 - EXECUTION
3.1 FABRICATION AND CONSTRUCTION

A. Design, erect, support, brace and maintain formwork, according to ACI 301, to support
vertical, lateral, static, and dynamic construction loads that might be applied until the
concrete structure can support such loads.

B. Construct forms to sizes, shapes, lines and dimensions shown, and to obtain accurate
alignment, location, grades, level and plumb work in finished structures. Provide for
openings, offsets, sinkages, keyways, recesses, moldings, rustications, reglets, chamfers,
blocking, screeds, bulkheads, anchorages and inserts and other features required in
work. Use selected materials to obtain required finishes. Solidly butt joints and provide
back-up at joints to prevent leakage of cement paste.

C. Fabricate forms for easy removal without hammering or prying against concrete
surfaces. Provide crush plates or wrecking plates where stripping may damage cast

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concrete surfaces. Provide top forms for inclined surfaces steeper than 1.5 horizontal to
1 vertical. Kerf wood inserts for forming keyways, reglets, recesses, and the like, to
prevent swelling and for easy removal.

D. Set edge forms, bulkheads, and intermediate screed strips for slabs to achieve required
elevations and slopes in finished concrete surfaces. Provide and secure units to support
screed strips; use strike-off templates or compacting-type screeds.

E. Provide temporary openings where interior area of formwork is inaccessible for

cleanout, for inspection before concrete placement, and for placement of concrete.
Securely brace temporary openings and patch forms to prevent loss of concrete mortar.
Locate temporary openings on forms at inconspicuous locations.

F. Chamfer exposed corners and edges as indicated, using specified chamfer strips
fabricated to produce uniform smooth lines and tight edge joints.

G. Provisions for Other Trades: Provide openings in concrete formwork to accommodate

work of other trades. Coordinate size and location of openings, recesses and chases
from trades providing such items. Accurately place and securely support items built into
forms.

H. Pan Form Fabrication and Construction:

1. Factory fabricate pan form units to specified sizes and shapes as indicated on
the drawings. Units shall be designed for easy removal without damaging placed
concrete. Units shall be properly shored and adjoining pan units shall be
blocked if required to prevent lateral or vertical deflection of formwork during
concrete placement.

2. Load Distribution Ribs: Provide load distribution ribs at least 5" wide for all pans
30" wide and narrower and elsewhere where indicated on the drawings.
Minimum rib spacing shall be:

a. None in spans less than 20 feet.

b. One near the center of spans 20 to 30 feet.
c. Two near the third points of spans over 30 feet.

Discontinue ribs between two adjacent joists or beams that have differences in
span larger than 33%, between a joist and an adjacent parallel wall, and
between a joist and an adjacent parallel beam that is 1 ½ or more times wider
than the joist.

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3.2 CLEANING AND TIGHTENING

A. Thoroughly clean forms and adjacent surfaces to receive concrete. Remove chips,
wood, sawdust, dirt, and all other debris just prior to concrete placement. Retighten
forms and bracing prior to concrete placement as required to prevent mortar leaks and
maintain proper alignment.

3.3 CLEANING AND RE-USE OF FORMS

A. Forms reused in the work shall be repaired and cleaned. Split, frayed, delaminated, or
otherwise damaged facing material will not be acceptable for exposed surfaces. Forms
intended for successive concrete placement shall have surfaces cleaned, fins and
laitance removed, and joints tightened to avoid surface offsets. New form coating
compound shall be applied to reused forms. Thin form-coating compounds only with
thinning agent of type, and in amount, and under conditions of form-coating compound
manufacturer's directions. Do not allow excess form-coating material to accumulate in
forms or to come into contact with in-place concrete surfaces against which fresh
concrete will be placed. Apply in compliance with manufacturer's instructions. Coat
steel forms with a non-staining, rust-preventative form oil or otherwise protect against
rusting. Rust-stained steel formwork is not acceptable.

3.4 TOLERANCES

A. Unless specified otherwise, all tolerances for concrete formwork shall conform to ACI
Standard 117, "Standard Tolerances for Concrete Construction and Materials". Before
concrete placement the Contractor shall check lines and levels of erected formwork and
make any corrections and adjustments as required to ensure proper size and location of
concrete members and stability of forming systems. During concrete placement the
Contractor shall check formwork and supports to ensure that forms have not displaced
and that completed work will be within specified tolerances.

B. Construct forms so as to limit the offset between adjacent pieces of formwork facing
material in accordance with the surface tolerance class as defined in ACI 117
corresponding to the surface finish class noted on the drawings. The offset limits shall
apply to both abrupt and gradual variations in the surface.

C. Pan Construction Surface Tolerance: Discontinuities in the concrete surface formed by

pan construction shall be limited to the values noted in the surface tolerance classes of
ACI 117 corresponding to the surface finish classes noted on the drawings.

D. Prior to each concrete pour, the Contractor shall engage a qualified surveyor to verify
that work is within specified tolerances.

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3.5 SHORES AND SUPPORTS

A. Definitions

1. Shores: Vertical or inclined support members designed to carry the weight of

formwork, concrete, and construction loads above.

2. Re-shores: Shores placed snugly under a stripped concrete structural member

after the original forms and shores have been removed from the member, thus
requiring the member to carry its own weight and superimposed construction
loads at the time of installation. Re-shores are assumed to carry no load at the
time of installation. After the installation of re-shores, superimposed
construction loads are assumed to be distributed among all members connected
by re-shores.

3. Backshores: Shores placed snugly under a stripped concrete structural member

after the original formwork and shores have been removed from a small area
without allowing the structural member to deflect or support its own weight or
superimposed construction loads. It is assumed that backshores carry the same
load as that carried by the original shores they replace.

Comply with requirements of ACI 301 for shoring, reshoring and back-shoring in
concrete construction and as herein specified where more stringent.

B. Design: Shores and re-shores or backshores must be designed to carry all loads
transmitted to them. A rational analysis should be used to determine the number of
floors to be shored, re-shored, or back-shored, subject to the minimums stated in the
following paragraph, and to determine the loads transmitted to the floors, shores and
re-shores or backshores as a result of the construction sequence. The analysis should
consider, but should not necessarily be limited to, the following:

1. Structural design load of the slab or member including live load, partition loads,
and other loads for which the engineer designed the slab. The live load
reduction factors for the design of certain members are shown on the structural
drawings. The reduced live load and an allowance for construction loads shall be
taken into consideration when performing the analysis.

2. Dead load weight of the concrete and formwork.

3. Construction live loads, such as placing crews and equipment or stored

materials.

4. Design strength of concrete specified.

5. Cycle time between placement of successive floors.

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6. Strength of concrete at time it is required to support shoring loads from above.

7. The distribution of loads between floors, shores, and re-shores or backshores at

the time of placing concrete, stripping formwork, and removal of re-shoring or
back-shoring.

8. Span of slab or structural member between permanent supports.

9. Type of formwork systems, i.e., span of horizontal formwork components,

individual shore loads, etc.

10. Minimum age where appropriate.

11. Alignment of shores. Where possible, Shores for any floor shall be placed
directly above previously placed shores so that load will be transferred directly
to such shores.

3.6 REMOVAL OF FORMS AND SUPPORTS

A. Determination by Contractor's Registered Engineer: The Contractor's registered

engineer shall determine and submit for Owner's record the time and sequence of
formwork and shore removal subject to the criteria as specified below. The submittal
shall clearly distinguish between reshoring and back-shoring procedures.

B. Determining in situ Strength of Concrete: The General Contractor shall be responsible

for making and curing concrete cylinders, cured under field conditions, for the purpose
of determining concrete strength at time of form and shore removal. Such cylinders
shall be made by the Contractor and tested by his testing laboratory. Alternatively, the
in situ strength of concrete may be determined by the Maturity Method following the
requirements of ASTM C 1074. An acceptable system for this method is the “intelliRock”
system manufactured and supplied by Engius Constructive Intelligence of Stillwater, OK.

C. Records of Weather Conditions: The General Contractor shall be responsible for

keeping records of weather conditions to be used in the decision on when to remove
forms.

D. Formwork Not Supporting Concrete: Formwork not supporting concrete such as sides of
beams, walls, columns and similar parts of the structure, may be removed after
cumulatively (not necessarily consecutively) curing at a concrete temperature not less
than 50°F for 12 hours after placing concrete, provided the concrete is sufficiently hard
so as not to be damaged by form removal operations and provided curing and
protection operations are maintained. If ambient air temperatures remain below 50°F,
if retarding agents are used, or if Type II and Type V Portland cement is used, then this
specified minimum period should be increased as required to safely remove the forms

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without damage to the concrete. Where such forms also support formwork for slab or
beam soffits, the removal times of the latter shall govern.

E. Formwork Supporting Weight of Concrete: Formwork supporting weight of concrete

such as beam soffits, joists, slabs and other structural elements shall not be removed
until concrete has attained at least the following percentages of the design compressive
strength, while cured following the specified requirements, including hot or cold-
weather concreting, where applicable:

Joists, Beam Bottoms - 70%, but not less than 2800 psi
Slabs - 70%, but not less than 2800 psi

F. Placing Re-shores and Backshores:

1. All shoring operations shall be carried out in accordance with a planned

sequence as determined by the Contractor's shoring engineer.

2. Shoring operations shall be performed so that at no time will areas of new

construction be required to support combined dead and construction loads in
excess of the available strength as determined by the design loads (as specified
in the General Notes) and the developed concrete strength (as determined by
field cured cylinders) at the time of stripping and re-shoring or back-shoring.

3. Shores (backshores or re-shores) shall not be removed until the structural

member supported has sufficient strength to support all applied loads.

4. For back-shoring operations, the forms shall be removed in such a manner that
individual structural members are not allowed to deflect and carry load.

5. Reshoring operations require that the structural members be strong enough to

safely support their own weight before stripping of formwork.

6. For reshoring operations, no structural member shall be overstressed under its

own dead weight plus the weight of the floors above and construction loads
assigned to the structural member by a rational analysis that accounts for the
relative stiffness of each floor with due consideration of concrete age and
strength. While reshoring is underway, no construction loads shall be permitted
on the new construction unless it can safely support the construction loads.

7. Where possible, shores shall be located in the same position on each floor so
that they will be continuous in their support from floor to floor.

G. Post Tension Construction: Formwork supporting post-tensioned floor construction,

including shores, re-shores and backshores shall be designed to support any additional
loads produced by the stressing operation.

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END OF SECTION 03 1000

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AE Project #: <Insert Project Number> UH Master:02.2020