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Eddy Current Inspection Formula
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Magnetic
Ohm's Law Impedance Phase Angle
Permeability

          
Where: Where: Where: Where:

I = Current (amp) Impedance f = Phase Angle (deg) Magnetic

Z = m = Permeability
V = Voltage (volt) (ohm) XL = Inductance
Impedance Resistance Reactance(ohm) (Henries/meter)
Z = R = Magnetic Flux
(ohm) (ohm) R = Resistance (ohm) B =
XL = Inductance Density (Tesla)
More Information Reactance(ohm) More Information H = Magnetizing
Ohm's Law Calculator Phase Angle Calculator Force
More Information (Am/meter)
Electrical Electrical
Relative Conductivity &
Conductivity Conductivity
Magnetic Permeability Resistivity
(%IACS) (%IACS)
When resistivity is known When conductivity in
S/m or mS/cm is known

or
                   
Where: Where: Where:

Relative Electrical Electrical Where:

mr = Magnetic s = Conductivity s%IACS = Conductivity
Permeability Siemens/m (% IACS) Electrical
(dimensionless) r = Electrical Electrical s%IACS = Conductivity
Any Given Resistivity r = Resistivity (% IACS)
Magnetic (ohm-m) (mohm-cm) Electrical
m =
Permeability Electrical sS/m = Conductivity
(H/m)   smS/cm = Conductivity (Siemens/meter)
Magnetic (mSiemens/cm) Electrical
Permeability in  
smS/cm = Conductivity
mo = Free Space (mSiemens/cm)
More Information
(H/m), which is
1.257 x 10-6 H/m More Information More Information

 
More Information
Standard Depth Standard Depth Standard Depth
Current Density
of Penetration of Penetration of Penetration
When electrical When electrical When electrical resistivity
conductivity (S/m) is conductivity (mohm-cm) is known.
known. (%IACS) is known.
In
    In mm 
mm
Where: In
In inches inches
Where:
Current Density
Jx =
(amps/m2) Standard Depth Where:
Jo Current Density at Where:
d = of Penetration
= Surface (m) Standard Depth of
Standard Depth of d = Penetration (mm
(amps/m2) p = 3.14 d = Penetration (mm or or in)
Base Natural Log Test Frequency in)
e = f = Electrical
= 2.71828 (Hz) f = Test Frequency (Hz) r = Resistivity
Distance Below Magnetic
x = Relative Magnetic (mohm-cm)
Surface Permeability mr = Permeability Test Frequency
d = Standard Depth of (H/m) (1.257 x (dimensionless) f =
m = (Hz)
Penetration 10-6 H/m for Electrical
nonmagnetic Relative Magnetic
s = Conductivity mr = Permeability
More Information mat'ls) (%IACS) (dimensionless)
Electrical
s = Conductivity More Information More Information
(Siemens/m)

More Information
Depth of Pen Calculator

Standard Depth of Penetration Versus Frequency Chart

Eddy Current Eddy Current Eddy Current Eddy Current

Field Phase Lag Field Phase Lag Field Phase Lag Field Phase Lag
When electrical When electrical When electrical resistivity
In conductivity (S/m) is conductivity (mohm-cm) is known.
Radians known. (%IACS) is known.

In In
Degrees In mm 
mm
  In
In inches inches
Where:
Where:
Where: Where:
Phase Lag (Rad
q =
or Degrees) q = Phase Lag (degrees)
q = Phase Lag
x = Distance Below (degrees) q = Phase Lag x = Distance Below
Surface (in or Distance Below (degrees) Surface (inch)
mm) x =
Surface (m) Distance Below Electrical Resistivity
x = r =
d = Standard Depth of p = 3.14 Surface (mm) (mohm-cm)
Penetration (in or Test Frequency Test Frequency f = Test Frequency (Hz)
mm) f = f =
(Hz) (Hz) Relative Magnetic
Relative Relative mr = Permeability
More Information mr = Magnetic mr = Magnetic (dimensionless)
Permeability Permeability
s = Electrical (dimensionless) More Information
Conductivity Electrical
(Siemens/m) s = Conductivity
(%IACS)
More Information
More Information
Material Thickness Frequency Selection Frequency Selection
Standard Depth of Requirement for for Thickness for Flaw Detection
Penetration and Resistivity or Measurement of Thin and Nonconductive
Phase Angle Conductivity Materials Coating Thickness
Measurement Measurements
Relative When measuring Selecting a frequency that Defect Detection
Std. Phase resistivity or produces a standard depth A test frequency that puts
Strength
Depth Lag conductivity, the of penetration that the standard depth of
of EC
0 rad = thickness of the exceeds the material penetration at about the
0 e0=100% o material should be at thickness by 25% will expected depth of the
0
least 3 times the produce a phase angle of defect will provide good
1 rad =
d e-1=37% depth of penetration approximately 90obetween phase separation between
57.3o to minimize material the liftoff signal and the the defect and liftoff
2 rad = thickness effects material thickness change signals.
2d e-2=14%
114.6 o signal.
3 rad =
3d e-3=5%
171.9 o
Where: Nonconductive Coating
4 rad = Thickness Measurement
4d e-4=2%
229.2 o Material To minimize effects from
t =
5 rad = Thickness the base metal the highest
5d e-5=0.7%
286.5 o d=
Standard Depth of practical frequency should
Penetration More Information be used.
 
More Information
 

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Partial support for this work was provided by the NSF-ATE (Advanced Technological Education)
program through grant #DUE 0101709. Opinions expressed are those of the authors and not
necessarily those of the National Science Foundation.