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Poisson's Equation Laplace's Equation: E D V E V E D As

Poisson's equation and Laplace's equation are introduced. Poisson's equation relates the Laplacian of a function to charge density, while Laplace's equation sets the Laplacian equal to zero. The equations are derived and explained in multiple coordinate systems and dimensions. Applications include determining electric fields and capacitance. Uniqueness theorems state the equations have unique solutions given boundary conditions.

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Joel Dsouza
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94 views

Poisson's Equation Laplace's Equation: E D V E V E D As

Poisson's equation and Laplace's equation are introduced. Poisson's equation relates the Laplacian of a function to charge density, while Laplace's equation sets the Laplacian equal to zero. The equations are derived and explained in multiple coordinate systems and dimensions. Applications include determining electric fields and capacitance. Uniqueness theorems state the equations have unique solutions given boundary conditions.

Uploaded by

Joel Dsouza
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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E M Waves and Transmission Lines Unit 1

Lecture Notes 23
Poisson’s and Laplace’s equations

Poisson’s equation ∇ 2V = − ρυ
∈
Laplace’s equation ∇ 2V = 0
Proof The point from of Gauss’s law is
∇.D = ρυ
But D =∈ E
And E = −∇V
∇.D = ∇. ∈ E = ∇. ∈ (−∇V ) = ρυ

Or, ∇ 2V = − ρυ
∈
[as∇.∇ = ∇ ]
2

where ∇ 2 is scalar operator and is called Laplace’s operator.


∂2 ∂2 ∂2
∇2 = + +
∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2

In the regions where ρυ = 0, Poisson’s equation becomes Laplace equation as

∇ 2V = 0
Laplace’s equation in one dimensional form is given by
∂ 2V
∇ 2V = =0
∂x 2
Its solution is in the form of
V = mx + a
Laplace’s equation in two dimensional form is given by
∂ 2V ∂ 2V
∇ 2V = + =0
∂x 2 ∂y 2
Its solution is given by
1
V ( x, y ) = ∫ Vdl
2πr circle

where r is the radius of a circle about a point (x,y).


Laplace’s equation in three dimensional form is given by
∂ 2V ∂ 2V ∂ 2V
∇ 2V = + + =0
∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2

B. I. Neelgar, ECE, GMRIT.


E M Waves and Transmission Lines Unit 1
Lecture Notes 23
The value of V at point p is the average value of V over a spherical surface of radius r
centered at p and it is given by
1
2πr ∫s
V ( p) = Vds

Poission’s equation in different coordinates


∂ 2V ∂ 2V ∂ 2V ρ
(∇ V )
2
Cart . =
∂x 2
+ 2 + 2 =− υ
∂y ∂z ∈

(∇ V )cy = ρ1 ∂∂ρ  ρ ∂∂Vρ  + ρ1


2
2
∂ 2V ∂ 2V
+
∂φ 2 ∂z 2
= −
ρυ
∈
 
1 ∂  2 ∂V  1 ∂V  ∂V  1 ∂ 2V ρ
(∇ V )
2
sph = 2

 r 
 + 2 
r ∂r  ∂ρ  r sin θ ∂θ 
sin θ  + 2 2
∂θ  r sin θ ∂φ 2
=− υ
∈
APPLICATIONS OF POISSION’S AND LAPLACE’S EQUATIONS
1. They are useful in determining surface charge densities and electric field in the
regions of interest.
2. They can be used to find the capacitance of different structures by appropriate
application of boundary conditions.
Uniqueness Theorm:
The theorm states that for a given boundary conditions Laplace and Poisson’s
equation have unique solution.
Assume that there are law solutions of Laplace equation IP v1 & v2
∴ ∇2V1 = 0
∇2V2 = 0
Is ∇2 (V1 – V2) = 0

Each solution must also satisfy boundary conditions. If the given potential values
on the boundaries are denoted by Vb then lot value of V1 on the boundary be V1b & the
value of V2 on the boundary be V2b.
Is V1b = V2b = Vb
Or
V1b – V2b = 0
Using the identity
∇. (VD) = V (∇.D) + D.( ∇V)
Which holds for any scales V & vector D.

Selecting (V1 – V2) as a scalar & ∇ (v1-v2) as a vector & using the above identity.

∇.[(v1- v2) ∇(v1-v2)] = (v1-v2) [∇.∇(v1 – v2)] + ∇ (v1-v2) . ∇(v1-v2)

B. I. Neelgar, ECE, GMRIT.


E M Waves and Transmission Lines Unit 1
Lecture Notes 23
Integrating the above equation throughout the volume enclosed by the boundary surface
∫ ∇. ( v1 − v2 ) ∇ ( v1 − v2 )dυ
vol

= ∫ (v
vol 1 − v 2 ) ∇.∇ ( v1 − v 2 ) dυ
+ ∫
∇ ( v1 − v 2 ) 
vol
--------------(7)
Using divergence theorm the LHS of the above equation can be replaced by surface
integral. This surface consists of boundaries already specified on which V1b = V2b

∴∫ ∇. [(v1-v2) ∇ [(v1-v2)] dv = ∫ [(v1b-v2b) ∇ [(v1b-v2b).ds]


vol
S
=0
One of the factor on RHS of equation (7)
2
Is ∇.∇(v1-v2) or ∇ (v1-v2) which is zero and hence the integral is also zero.
Hence the remaining integral value must be zero

2
Is ∫vol ∇ ( v1 − v2 ) dv = 0
Is [∇ (v1-v2)]2 = 0

∇ (v1-v2) = 0 (8)

Equation (8) implies that the gradient of (v1-v2) is every where zero. This means that
(v1-v2) cannot change with co-ordinates and hence
v1-v2 = constants

Since v1-v2 = v1b-v2b = 0


∴ v1-v2
Thus the uniqueness than has a unique solution
Example:
Let v be a function only of x.
∴ Laplace equation is
∂ 2 v ∂ 2v ∂ 2v
+ + =0
∂x 2 dy 2 dz 2
∴ Since V is only a function of x
∂ 2v
=0
∂x 2
∂ 2v
∴ =0
∂x 2
dv
Integrating =A
dx
Integrating again V = Ax + B
The constants A & B can be determined by boundary conditions.

B. I. Neelgar, ECE, GMRIT.


E M Waves and Transmission Lines Unit 1
Lecture Notes 23
Considering a problem of parallel plate capacitor assuming v = v, at x = x, and
v=v2 at x = x2, substitute x =x
∴ V1 = Ax1 + B & v2 = Ax2 + B
Is v1 – v2 = A (x1 – x2)
v −v
∴ A = 1 2
x1 − x2
v x −v x
∴ B = 2 1 1 2
x1 − x2
v −v v x −v x
∴ V = 1 2 x + 2 1 1 2
x1 − x2 x1 − x2
v ( x − x2 ) − v2 ( x − x1 )
= 1
( x1 − x2 )
By choosing a simpler boundary condition
V
Is v = 0 at x = 0 & v = Vo at x = d Then A= O B=0
d
V x
∴ V= O
d
Using equation (9) capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor can be found out. The
necessary steps are
1. Given v use E = - ∇v to find E
2. Use D = εE to find D
3. Evaluate D at either capacitor plate D = Ds = Dn
4. Take ρS = DN
5. Find Q by surface integration Q = ∫ ρ S ds .
S

ch arg e
∴C=
potential diff
Thus
x
V = vo
d
VO
E = - ∇v = - ax
d
V
D = ε E = - ε O ax
d
V
DS = D/x = 0 = - ε O ax
d
aN = ax
V
∴ DN = - - ε O = ρS
d
∈ vo − ∈O VO |Q| ∈s
∴ Q = ∫− ds = S i.e C = =
S
d d V0 d

B. I. Neelgar, ECE, GMRIT.

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