E M Waves and Transmission Lines Unit 2

Lecture Notes 27

Biot-Savart’s Law Problems

1. Find the magnetic field intensity H at the centre of a square current loop of side
‘L’.
y
Solution: consider the square loop be located in
Cartesian co-ordinate system as shown. By L/2 I
symmetry each hay side contribute same
amount of H at the centre. I
I p L/2
L
For a half side 0 ≤ x ≤ L/2 & = -L/2 -
2

L
- I dx
2
For an elemental length dx as shown
L
Rar = [- Xax + - ay]
2
L
− Xax + ay
ar = 2
R

I d x a z × [ − Xax + L / 2ay ]
∴ dH = 3/ 2
4π  x 2 + ( L / 2 ) 
2
 
I .dx L / 2 a z
=
2 3/2
(
4π x 2 + ( L / 2 ) )
∴ Total field at the centre of square loop

L
Idx. az
H=8 L/ 2
2
∫ 
3/2
L 
0 2

4π  x 2 +   
  2  

I
= 8 L L /2 dx az
4π 2∫ O
 2  L 2 3/2

x +   
 2 
IL L/2 dx
= az
π ∫ O
 x + ( L / 2) 
2 2 3/ 2

 
L L
Put x = tanθ ∴ dx = sec2 θ d θ
2 2
B. I. Neelgar, ECE, GMRIT.
E M Waves and Transmission Lines Unit 2

Lecture Notes 27

L
At x=0 θ=0 L.x = θ = π/4
2
IL L 2
sec θ dθ
H = L /2
2 az
π ∫
O
 L  2 2 3/2

2 L
  tan θ +   
 2  2 
IL L 2
sec θ dθ
= π /4 az
π ∫O 2L 3 3
  sec θ
2
IL 4 π /4
=
π L2
∫
o
cos θ dθ az

4I π /4
= [sin θ ]o az
πL
4I 1
= az
πL 2
2 2. 2.I
=
2π L
2 2I
= az A/m
πL

∴ 2 2
H= I az A/m
πL

(3) State and explain Blot – Savarti Law using the Law find an expression for magnetic
flux density at any point on the axis of a circular current loop of radius ‘r’ & carrying a
current I amps.

Consider an ole mental length dl

carrying is current Idl as shown. At a point
P on the axis of the current loop referring
the figure:
P
h R

B. I. Neelgar, ECE, GMRIT.

E M Waves and Transmission Lines Unit 2

Lecture Notes 27
ur
R ar = - ra r + h az
− rar + haz
∴ aR=
r 2 + h2
For the elemental length
uur
dl = r d φ a φ
∴ From Biot – Savart Law
uur
I dl × aR
dH =
4π R 2
I r dφ aφ × ( −rar + haz )
= 3/2
4π ( r 2 + h 2 )
I r dφ [ raz + har ]
= 3/2
4π ( r 2 + h 2 )
Due to symmetry diametrically opposite current element produce ‘r’ components which
cancel.
Ir 2αφ
∴ dH= 3/ 2
az
4π ( r 2 + h 2 )
2π Ir 2 dφ
∴ H = ∫o 4π (r 2 + h 2 )3/ 2
az

Ir 2 .2π
= 3/ 2
4π ( r 2 + h 2 )

Ir 2
H= 3/ 2
az
2 ( r 2 + h2 )

Car: At h = 0 is at the center of the loop

I
H= az
2r
Find an expression for the magnetic field intensity at any point due to a finite length
current element.

Solution:

B. I. Neelgar, ECE, GMRIT.

E M Waves and Transmission Lines Unit 2

Lecture Notes 27

Consider a conductor of length ‘l’, carrying current. I along z-axis Let ‘P’ be a point at a
distance r along the ⊥r from the conductor at which magnetic intensity is to be found. For
an elemental lengths dl at a distance z at P1 as the below figure shown the position vector
P1P is Z
θA

P R
Z

α2
o y
α1 P
rar

Rar = rar - Zaz

r − Z az
∴ aR = ar
r2 + z2
From Biot – Savart Law
Idl × aR
dH =
4π R 2
Idzaz × ( rar − zaz )
dH = 3/2
4π ( r 2 + z 2 )
I r d z aφ
= 3/2
4π ( r 2 + z 2 )
a +l Irdz
∴H = ∫a
4π ( r 2 + z 2 )
3/2
aφ

Put z = r tanθ
dz = r sec2θdθ
a
at z=a tanθ = ∴ θ = α1
r
a+l
z=a+1 tanθ = ∴ θ = α2
r

B. I. Neelgar, ECE, GMRIT.

E M Waves and Transmission Lines Unit 2

Lecture Notes 27

α2 Ir 2 sex 2θ dθ
∴H = ∫α
1
4π ( r 2 + r 2 tan 2 θ )
3/2 aφ

I α 2 r 2 sec 2 θ d
4π ∫α1 r 3 sec3 θ dθ
= aφ
I α
= sinθ ]α 2
4π r 1

∴
I
H= [sinα2 - siniα1] aφ
4π r

In the above problem α1 & α2 is the angle made by the lines joining the bottom
point and top point at conductor him the ⊥r to conductor at a point P. it should be noted
that α1 & α2 are measured from the ⊥r & are taken positive it their direction is that of the
current in the conductor.
For example 4 different cases where the measurement of α1 & α2 are either
position or negative are shown below.

Also from fig α2 = θA – 9U = - (9U-θA)

α1 = θB – 9B = - ( 9U-θB)
I
∴ H= [ cos θ B – cos θ A] aφ
4π r

B. I. Neelgar, ECE, GMRIT.

E M Waves and Transmission Lines Unit 2

Lecture Notes 27

(7) Find the magnetic field at a point P(1.5, 2, 3) caused by a current of 24A in az
direction on z – axis extending from

(i) z = 0 to z=6
(ii) z = 6 to z=∞
(iii) z = - ∞ to z=∞
Solution:
z

Q (0, 0, 6)

I
(0,0,3) R α2
α1 P(1.5, 2, 3)

O (0, 0, 0) y

(i) Z = 0 to Z=6
I
H = [sin α 2 − sin α1 ]
4π r
r = 1.52 + 22 = 2.5
uur
aφ = a I dl × a ⊥r from conductor to point P
 1.5ax + 2ay 
= az ×  
2 2
 1.5 + 2 
1.5ay − 2ax
=
2.5
uuur uuur
PO.PR
cosα1 =
| PO || RP |

=
( −1.5ax − 2ay − 3az ) − ( −1.5ax − 2ay )
1.52 + 4 + 9 − 1.52 + 4
1.5 × 1.5 + 2 × 2
=
3.9 × 2.5
= 0.6410
∴ α1 = cos-1 (0.6410) = 50.13 0
B. I. Neelgar, ECE, GMRIT.
E M Waves and Transmission Lines Unit 2

Lecture Notes 27

= - 50.130 [opp . direction]

uuur uuur
PQ.PR
cosα2 = =
| PQ || RP |

=
( −1.5ax − 2ay + 3az ) . ( −1.5ax − 2ay )
1.52 + 22 + 32 . 1.52 + 22
1.5 × 1.5 + 2 × 2
=
3.9 × 2.5
= - 6410
∴ α2 = + 50.130

24  1.5ay − 2ax 
∴ H = [sin(50.13) – sin (-50.13)] ×  
4π × 2.5  2.5 
0.763
= [ 0.767 + 0.767][1.5ay − 2ax ]
2.5
= 0.702 ay – 0.936ax A/m ∞

(ii) z = 6 to Z = ∞ (0.0.6)
I
H = (sinα2 - sinα1) az (0,6,3) α1 α2
4π r
1.5ay + 2ay
aφ = ρ P(1.5, 2,3)
2.5
r = 2.5
cosα1 =
( −1.5ax − 2ay + 3az ) . ( −1.5ax − 2ay )
1.52 + 22 + 32 1.52 + 22
3
Also tanα1 =
α1 = 50.130 ρ
From the figure α2 = 900 [infinite]
∴H =
24
[sin900 – sin (50.13)]
[1.5ay − 2ax ] ρ= 1.52 + 22 + 02 = 2.5
4π × 2.5 2.5
= 0.305 (1 – 0.767) (1.5ay – 2ax) 3
H = 0.106 ay – 0.1423 ax A/m

(a) α2 = 900 & α1 = -900

H = 0.305 [2] × [1.5ay – 2ax]
= 1.222 ax – 0.917 ay A/m

11. computer the total magnetic flux φ crossing the z = 0 plane in cylindrical co-
ordinate for r ≤ 5 × 10-12 m is

B. I. Neelgar, ECE, GMRIT.

E M Waves and Transmission Lines Unit 2

Lecture Notes 27

0.2
B = (sin2φ) az (7)
r
Solution: φ = ∫ B.ds
S

0.2
=
S
∫ r
sin2φ az – r d rdφ az

5×10−12 2π 0.2
= ∫ ∫O r sin φ r drdφ
2
O

2π
= 0.2 × 5 × 10-2 ∫O
sin 2 φ dφ
2π (1 − cos 2φ )dφ
= 10-12 ∫O 2
−2
10
= × 2π
2
= 3.14 × 10-2 wb

B. I. Neelgar, ECE, GMRIT.