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How Do Organisms Reproduce: Reproduction and Its Significance

Reproduction allows organisms to produce new individuals and pass DNA variations to subsequent generations, aiding species survival during environmental changes. It can occur asexually through budding, vegetative propagation, and spore formation, or sexually with male and female reproductive systems and organs that allow fertilization. Sexual reproduction in plants involves flowers with male stamens producing pollen and female carpels containing ovaries, where pollination and fertilization can occur through self or cross pollination between different flowers.

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42 views

How Do Organisms Reproduce: Reproduction and Its Significance

Reproduction allows organisms to produce new individuals and pass DNA variations to subsequent generations, aiding species survival during environmental changes. It can occur asexually through budding, vegetative propagation, and spore formation, or sexually with male and female reproductive systems and organs that allow fertilization. Sexual reproduction in plants involves flowers with male stamens producing pollen and female carpels containing ovaries, where pollination and fertilization can occur through self or cross pollination between different flowers.

Uploaded by

Rounak Basu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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How do Organisms Reproduce

Reproduction and its Significance

Reproduction is the process by which an organism gives birth to a new individual.

DNA variation is useful for the survival of a species, during drastic changes in
their environment.

DNA variations are passed to the subsequent generations when they reproduce.

Reproduction in Unicellular and Multicellular Organisms

Organisms like Hydra reproduce by budding. They use the regenerative cells for
reproduction in the process of budding. A bud develops as an outgrowth due to
repeated cell division at a specific site on the hydra. Each of these buds develops
into a new individual.

Vegetative propagation is a process of reproduction by which new plant species


develops through roots, stems and leaves of the parent plant.
Spore formation can be observed in organisms like the rhizopus. Rhizopus is
composed of thread-like structures called hyphae. The tiny blob-on-a-stick
structure on each hyphae contains spores that are responsible for reproduction.

Plant Tissue Culture is a method used to propagate plants under hygienic


conditions. It is often used to produce clones of a plant.

Asexual reproduction is quick and enables reproduction of plants that have lost the
capacity to produce seeds.

Reproduction in Animals

When the rate of growth of the body slows down, during the adolescent phase, the
reproductive tissues begin to mature. This period is known as puberty.

The male reproductive system consists of organs, which produce germ-cells and
other organs that deliver the mature germ-cells to the site of fertilisation.

The female germ-cells or eggs are made in the ovaries. These ovaries are
responsible for the production of some hormones.

The sperm enters through the vaginal passage during sexual intercourse. They
travel upwards and reach the oviduct where they get to meet the egg. Then,
fertilisation takes place.

Sexually transmitted diseases include bacterial infections such as gonorrhoea and


syphilis, and viral infections such as warts and HIV-AIDS.
Sexual Reproduction in Plants

The two modes of reproduction are asexual and sexual.

The reproductive parts of angiosperms are located in the flower.

The flower may be unisexual when it contains either stamens or carpels or bisexual
when it contains both stamens and carpels.

Stamen is the male reproductive part and it is made up of three parts – filament,
connective and anther. Anther produces pollen grains.

Carpel is the female reproductive part and it is made of three parts – the ovary, the
style and the stigma.

The transfer of pollen from anther to stigma is known as pollination.

Transfer of pollen grains in the same flower is known as self pollination while the
transfer of pollen grains from one flower to another is known as cross pollination.

Fertilisation is the fusion of the male germ cells with the female germ cells present
in the ovule.

Germination is the growth of an embryonic plant contained within a seed. It results


in the formation of the seedling.

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