Posture and Body

Alignment for Health

By Tamara Mitchell

Many people think that their problems will be solved if they buy the right equipment and
have it adjusted to the correct height and location. Unfortunately, even with the best
workplace setup and equipment, bad posture often occurs. And, after all, posture matters
25/7, not just at work. Think about how you sit on your couch or in your car. Bad
posture is often a result of bad habits, lack of awareness of the balance of the body,
inappropriate “ergonomic” products, and muscles that have adjusted to hold your body in
awkward, slouched, or twisted positions.

Illustration courtesy of flickr.com. Joe Loong

Good Posture = Health

There is one thing that every health professional agrees on: good posture is critical to
longevity and good health. Alexander Technique practitioners, Qi Gong and Yoga
masters, neurologists, chiropractors, fitness experts and ergonomists all understand that
keeping the body in alignment is of utmost importance. 1,2,3,4,5 Good posture is important
all the time, not just at work, but while you’re driving, walking, participating in your
favorite sport, and even while you’re sleeping.

Don’t forget that posture is very important during ALL activities of daily living such as
walking, lifting, holding the telephone, and driving.2 Avoid restricting movements,
clenching muscles, and adopting an unnaturally stiff posture.2

Posture involves not just the alignment of the spine and torso, but the position of all the
body parts: the head, neck, shoulders, arms, legs, and feet.

Back pain is the most common cause of “work-related” disability in the United States. It
is largely attributable to poor sitting postures throughout the entire day. 6 Individuals who
sit too long both at work and at home are at high risk of back pain. Neck pain is very
often due to forward head and neck posture causing undue stress on the vertebrae of the
lower neck, increased tension in the upper back and shoulders and possible development
of degenerative disc disease.7

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There is a degree of tolerance in the body with regard to posture. Deviations from perfect
posture can still allow the body to perform its necessary functions with ease, but
extremely bent or twisted postures as well as unnecessarily rigid or straight postures
interfere with the energy flow throughout the body and internal organs and if these
postures are held static for a prolonged time, they lead to muscle tension, permanent
misalignments, and buildup of scarred fascial tissue surrounding the muscles.3,8 It is
important to become aware of what correct posture feels like and to make small
corrections throughout the day to bring yourself back to that position.9

Awkward postures increase gravitational forces that pull on your neck and spine. Not
only are you stressing the fragile bone structures of your spine and associated ligaments,
but also the muscles must act like guywires to hold your body in these positions.
Resulting muscle tension and fatigue is the cause of a great deal of pain for many people.
Over the years, awkward posture increases the strength of the muscles which pull you out
of alignment and weaken the muscles which hold you upright, so that a slumped posture
with rounded shoulders, hollow chest, and drooping head feels more and more natural to
you. Not only that, but internal organs are often compressed, interfering with their
necessary functioning.

Healthy Posture While Standing

To maintain equilibrium in the standing position
using the smallest amount of effort and energy,
the vertebra from the neck to the tailbone must
be aligned with the lower limbs with respect
to the center of gravity.5 A plumb line passes
through most of the cervical (neck) vertebrae and
the vertebrae in the lumbar (lower back).5 The
position of the hips, pelvis, trunk, and lower
limbs are critical to upright human posture.5

The human spine has curves, which gives it

shock absorbing capacity and flexibility. The
curvature of the vertebral column increases its
resistance to compression forces. The curved
spine has 10 times the stability of a straight
spine.5
The spine functions as the main vertical support for all the internal organs and as a
pathway for the nervous system, enervating not only the organs, but relaying sensory and
motor information to the brain.3 The position of the spine directly affects the relationship
and functioning of the internal organs.3,10

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 Illustration courtesy of Reference 9

Eastern Wisdom
The spine provides the flow of Qi (energy) into the internal organs from the rear of the
body.3 Qi tends to stagnate at areas of the body that contain muscular tension. Stagnant
Qi has a causative and symptomatic relationship with muscular tension.3 Stagnant blood
contains toxins from cellular metabolism that change the acid-alkaline balance of the
blood, making it less able to absorb oxygen and Qi from the lungs. Flexed or rotated
positions also affect the function of the lungs by reducing the volume of the lungs and the
ability to expand and take in air.3 Therefore, it is wise to avoid these awkward postures
and minimize muscle tension to keep the blood and energy flowing throughout your
body.

By consciously altering posture, it is possible to affect underlying problems. The Qi can

be made to flow more or less to specific areas. Healthy, neutral posture improves the
function of internal organs and helps harmonize the nervous system by reducing
chronic muscle tension, lowering overall stress, and decreasing tension throughout
the body.3,10 The reduction of pain and sensory motor activity improves the function of
the nervous system.3 Correct posture prevents or delays many musculoskeletal
degenerative disorders resulting from chronic overuse and inappropriate
biomechanical relationships of the joints.3 This adds years of positive health to a
person’s life.3 At first, correct posture may not feel right and may even be tiring, but will
become natural quickly, especially if exercises are done to increase strength of the
muscles between the shoulder blades.11

Posture is just one of the principles of healthy energy and flow of Qi in the body. The
other principles are movement, proper breathing, relaxation, and concentration.3

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Healthy Posture while Seated. A small study of 22 healthy volunteers with no history of
back pain or surgery determined, through the use of MRIs, that a 135º angle between the
body and thighs may be the best position, which differs from the 90º posture that is most
often illustrated in “proper posture” examples.6 Other experts and research support a
greater than 90º angle to release stress on the lower back, but dispute the 135º angle as
being too great and especially question that reclining the seat back, which is the method
used in the original research, is the best way to achieve a wider seat angle since that adds
strain to the neck (cervical spine) by requiring the head to be held upright unsupported
and the arms must be supported and reaching up and out to function.12

Slouching/forward leaning 90º hip angle 135º hip angle

Illustrations courtesy of Reference 12

The slouch position (less than 70º) revealed a reduction in spinal disk height, indicating a
lot of wear and tear. Disk misalignment was found to be a result of the upright posture.
The 135º posture showed the least disk movement. 6 The 135º angle may or may not
prove to be the exact proper angle to reduce spinal stress, but the
stresses placed on the neck resulting from a reclining posture may
be significant! A better way to achieve a wider hip angle is by
lowering the legs rather than reclining the back, leaving the torso
upright in a better position to function.

Did you know that your head weighs 10-18 pounds? As much as a
bowling ball! A neutral posture where the head is aligned with the
hips, while sitting, standing, or walking, means that this bowling
ball (your head) is perfectly balanced on top of your neck. Each
inch that you tilt your head away from this perfect balance adds
approximately 10 pounds to the load of your head, due to gravity.
In addition, extending your arms adds to the load. So if you are in
a slumped position with your arms extended, the load on your body can add up to 150
pounds! If you think you are more relaxed when you are slumping, think again. Your
body is working overtime. No wonder you end up with tight shoulder, neck, and back
muscles!

One study looked at three different postures to investigate the impact on muscle activity
in the neck. The three postures were slumped with a rounded back and upright head, an
upright posture with forward tilted pelvis and upright head to create natural curvature in
the lower spine, and a third posture with shoulders and head moved back slightly,
somewhat less forward tilt to the pelvis, but still a natural curve to the lower spine and
upright head.13 The muscle activity in the neck muscles was significantly less for the
third condition where the neck and shoulders were less rounded.13 This study did not
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investigate the effect of opening the hip angle on the neck, but it does show that the
placement of the head and neck are very important in considering a good seated posture
and that a posture which vertically aligns the head upright above the shoulders is critical
to reducing muscle fatigue in the neck.

Ergonomists have generally encouraged sitting with a hip angle between 90º and 120º,
asking clients to sit high enough so the hips are slightly higher than the knees.12,15 In
addition, sitting completely stationary is not healthy. A dynamic spine and changing
posture is very important .12, 15

In fact, the task you are engaged in has a lot to do with what your sitting posture needs to
be. The 90º -120º angle is appropriate for working at a computer, but reading or writing
requires a forward tilt of the torso, so the chair should tilt forward 5º to 15º.15 Children
often naturally tilt a chair forward onto the front legs to relieve back pressure as shown
below.14 Playing a musical instrument requires a different posture depending upon the
instrument.15

Illustration courtesy of Reference 14

Exercise for conditioning

Regular exercise such as swimming, walking, or bicycling helps the body stay aerobically
conditioned. Specific strengthening exercises help the muscles surrounding the back to
stay strong. Trunk strength is important to help support the upper body and maintain
good posture.2 It is best if back muscles are 30% stronger than the abdominal muscles.2
Exercise and a bit of strengthening promotes good posture that conditions muscles and
prevent injury.2

Movement
In order to maintain a relaxed yet supported posture, change positions frequently.2
Getting up every half-hour to take a break from sitting will minimize the development of
muscle tension. The element of movement is easy to incorporate by taking frequent
stretch breaks and by using the rocking feature available on most appropriate chairs. Just
flip that rocking lever up and rock slightly while you work! And don’t forget to drink
plenty of water. Not only is hydration important for overall health, frequent bathroom
breaks will mean that you walk!

For people who already have some back pain, it is a natural reaction to try to limit
movement to avoid pain. However, the structures of the back were designed for
movement. Unless there is a fracture or other serious problem, motion is important.
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Restricting movement results in a downward cycle of limited range of motion, more
muscle tension, and more pain.2
Appropriate footwear
Avoid wearing high-heeled shoes that affect the body’s center of gravity and change the
alignment of the entire body, back support and posture.2 When standing or walking for
long periods of time on or off the job, wear supportive footwear. Use anti-fatigue mats or
insoles2 such as those recommended on the Lab Supplies Products page of this website:
http://www.working-well.org/Website/plabsup.html.

Getting Back to Neutral Posture

The big hurdle to achieving good posture is that people are not skilled observers of their
own joint and muscle functioning.1 Without special training, people do not know what
healthy postures are and, therefore, are not able to correct their harmful posture.

Techniques that teach "neutral" postures to enable people to live without the stress caused
by muscle tension have been developed over the past 100 years. People learn to move,
walk, and sit in a new way so that gravitational forces on their body are minimized. The
effort to simply "exist" is greatly reduced so that you feel lighter and more energetic, and
the sources of pain from misalignment are reduced or eliminated. Here are few of the
many possible ways to “unlearn” those bad habits and get back in touch with your body.

Alexander Technique proposes that injury, illness, and mental, physical, or emotional
bad habits disrupt the appropriate flow of information between your mind and muscles.
It is possible to restore an optimal connection between body and mind through gentle
non-manipulative touch and verbal instruction.16,17 Alexander Technique teaches people
how to avoid every day habits that create excessive amounts of static work and
unnecessary muscular force. By learning to observe themselves in a new way and being
more aware of routine activities, people experience physical changes that improve
comfort while performing everyday tasks.1,16,17 No exercises are required, just a shift in
awareness which results in a big reduction in the muscular effort needed to support the
skeleton, to move, and to perform activities of all types.16, 17
Alexander Technique presents movement and posture from a teacher/student approach
rather than a patient/therapist approach.18 Alexander Technique utilizes controlled
movement, while Feldenkrais, described next, utilizes spontaneous movement.18

Feldenkrais uses gentle movement and directed attention to develop a broader awareness
and self-image through movement sequences so that the individual pays attention to parts
of the self that have been out of their focus.19 The individual uses trial and error to
determine the most comfortable and functional postures and movements.Livestrong
Feldenkrais is taught either via “Awareness Through Movement” or “Functional
Integration”, the latter involves touch to facilitate movement and awareness.18 Students in
the classes become aware of neuromuscular patterns, rigidities, and expand new methods
of movement, enabling life to be fuller, more efficient, and comfortable.19 Feldenkrais, as
the Alexander Technique, uses a student/teacher approach to posture and movement
correction.18

Balance starts with an affectionate attitude toward the body and merges this with
anatomical information about body movements centered from the pelvis, and it embraces
a flowing connection between body, mind, and soul.20 Through movement, the individual
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becomes aware of the body’s alignment, avoiding injury and unnecessary tensions or
stresses.21 Balance is not a series of poses or exercises.

QiGong and Tai Chi are series of exercises or physical postures, breathing techniques,
and mental focus that can increase energy (qi) or affect the flow of energy, to cleanse or
heal the body, reduce stress, build stamina, increase vitality, and enhance the immune
system.3,22,23 Qigong and Tai Chi go beyond most other therapies by invoking the power
of the mind and connecting with the spirit to encourage a positive outlook on life,
eliminate harmful attitudes and behaviors, and bring more harmony, stability, and
enjoyment to life.22 Most importantly, it reestablishes the mind/body/soul connection and
it has proven scientific use in improving cardiovascular, respiratory, circulatory,
lymphatic, and digestive funtions.22 It is believed that the body knows what correct
posture is and by following certain exercises and movements, we can release tense habits
and return to a natural posture through regular, long-term practice and attention.8

Trager Work is based on the premise that discomfort, pain, and reduced functionality are
physical symptoms of accumulated tension resulting from accidents, weak posture, fear,
emotional blockages, and daily stress. There are two aspects of Trager Work: table work
where a practitioner gently rocks and lengthens the client's body to release tension, and
Mentastics which involve movement lessons for continued self-care.24

Posture Therapy is an individualized, integrated approach to correcting posture

problems. Following an initial postural assessment, it may incorporate isolated stretching
exercises, myofascial release, therapeutic exercise, and movement re-education.25,26

To find practitioners of these techniques, refer to the websites in the Resources section at
the end of this article.

Conclusions:
• Use seating that encourages active postures that change frequently. Movement is
healthy for your spine and muscles, yet many people have a tendency to limit
movement and sit stiffly, unnecessarily increasing the amount of tension in the
body, especially the back and neck.1,10,27
• Postures which distort the natural S-curve of the spine for extended periods are
quite damaging and should be avoided.
• If you find yourself slouching, determine the reason. Is it a habit? Are you
having trouble seeing clearly at the distance you are viewing your work? Perhaps
you need glasses. Are work surfaces, monitor, and chair adjusted to the right
heights for you? Or is your body fatigued from sitting at a 90º angle for too many
hours?
• If you use a traditional office chair, raise the chair and tilt the seat forward with
the backrest remaining vertical or slightly reclined to open your hip angle. You
should not tilt the chair so far forward that you find yourself sliding and you
should make sure that your feet are flat on the floor. This may require an
adjustment to the seat height and associated heights of other accessories to enable
a relaxed posture and the ability to look forward with the head without hunching
down or tilting the head back.

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 • Consider alternative seating that encourages a more open hip angle such as a
kneeling chair, or fitness ball. Gradually increase the time alternative seating is
used, using a traditional chair when back muscles become fatigued.

Varier Thatsit Balans Fitness ball

Kneeling chair Illustration courtesy of http://www.gearfire.net/10-reasons-to-
use-an-exercise-ball-as-your-chair/
http://www.varierfurniture.us/Products/Prevent/Thatsit-balans-R
• Consider using a sit/stand table to reduce the number of hours of sitting
required…and then remember to use it!
• Don’t forget to pay attention to your posture while you’re driving. Please refer to
our article on driving ergonomics to make necessary adjustments to your
automobile.28
• Seek guidance from one of the many types of posture techniques available. Find
one or more that appeals to you and make it a part of your life.
• The musculature of the body should be strong and balanced equally on both sides
of the body to provide support to the skeleton. Imbalances in strength can cause
the whole skeleton to be asymmetrical. Weakening of the muscles is often a
result of age, excess weight, or simply a habit of slumping.
• Where muscular force has to be exerted, it should be done by the largest
appropriate muscle groups available.
• Work activities should be performed with the joints at about mid-point of their
range of motion. This applies particularly to the head, trunk, and upper limbs.

RESOURCES:
Alexander Technique, information, find a teacher:
• http://www.alexandertechnique.com/at.htm
• http://www.amsatonline.org/
Feldenkrais
• The Feldenkrais Method of Somatic Education, http://www.feldenkrais.com/
Qigong
• National Qigong Association, http://nqa.org/
• Qi Energy Exercises, http://www.qienergyexercises.com/
• American Tai Chi and Qigong Association, http://www.americantaichi.org/
• TaiChi Basics, http://taichibasics.com/choosing-a-tai-chi-class/
Trager
• United States Trager Association, http://tragerus.org/
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Posture Therapy
• http://www.posturetherapy.us/Posture-Therapy.html
Balance
• The Balance Center, http://www.balancecenter.com/index.htm
• Kentro Body Balance, http://www.kentrobodybalance.com/index.shtml

***********************************************
This article and all of our articles are intended for your information and
education. We are not experts in the diagnosis and treatment of specific
medical or mental problems. When dealing with a severe problem,
please consult your healthcare or mental health professional and research
the alternatives available for your particular diagnosis prior to embarking
on a treatment plan. You are ultimately responsible for your health and
treatment!

REFERENCES:
1. “Applying Ergonomic Principles in the Workplace: How the Alexander Technique
can Help”, by Holly A. Sweeney, M.A.
http://www.alexandertechnique.com/ergonomics.htm
2. Ten tips for improving posture and ergonomics. By Kelly Andrews, D.C. June 7,
2004 ©1999-2007 Spine-health.com http://www.spine-
health.com/topics/conserv/posterg/posture01.html
3. Active Principles of Qi Gong. Taoist Sanctuary of San Diego. 4229 Park Blvd., San
Diego, CA 92103. http://taoistsanctuary.org/qi-gong-taoist-meditation/principles-of-
qi-gong/
4. Slouching a real back-breaker. ©2004-2007 Health24.com
http://www.health24.com/Man/Medical/748-766,33230.asp
5. Equilibrium of the Human Body and the Gravity Line: The Basics. LeHuec, J.C.,
Saddiki, R., Franke, J., Rigal, J., and Aunoble, S. European Spine Journal. Sept.
2011, 20(Suppl. 5): 558-563.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3175916/
6. “Aching Back? Sitting Up Straight Could Be the Culprit.” Radiological Society of
North America. Press Release. November 27, 2006. Torio, T., M.D., Pope, M.
Ph.D., Takahashi, K., M.D., Smith, F.W., M.D.
http://www2.rsna.org/pr/target.cfm?ID=294
7. How Poor Posture Causes Neck Pain. Morrison, G. 3/7/2011. ©1999-2014 Spine-
health.com. http://www.spine-health.com/conditions/neck-pain/how-poor-posture-
causes-neck-pain
8. Qi Posture Exercises. Stenudd, S., http://www.qienergyexercises.com/qi-
posture.htm
9. Tired of Lower Back Pain? Foreman, L., Active Balance: Fitness & Rehabilitation.
March 31, 2011. http://www.lyndaforeman.com/tired-of-lower-back-pain.html
10. The Basics of Good Posture Adams, C., ©2014 About.com
http://ergonomics.about.com/od/Posture/a/Basics_of_Good_Posture.htm
11. Office Chair, Posture, and Driving Ergonomics. Triano, J.J., and Selby, N.C.
9/26/2006. ©1999-2014 Spine-health.com. http://www.spine-
health.com/wellness/ergonomics/office-chair-posture-and-driving-ergonomics

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12. Relieving Spinal Stress: Discovering the Optimal Seated Posture for the Stress-Free
Spine. Working Ergonomics, March 1, 2011. Berube, J.,
https://workingergonomics.wordpress.com/2011/03/01/relieving-stress/
13. The influence of different sitting postures on head/neck posture and muscle activity.
Caniero, J.P., O’Sullivan, P., Burnett, A., Barach, A., O’Neil, D., Tveit, O., and
Olafsdottir, K. Manual Therapy, Feb. 2010, Vol. 15 (1), 54-60.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1356689X09001052
14. Best Way to Sit: Tile the Seat Forward (Sitting Postures). Mandal, A.C.
http://www.bodyzone.com/site/body-lifehabits/best-way-to-sit-tilt-the-seat-forward-
sitting-postures.html
15. The Elements of A Good Sitting Posture. Adams, C. ©2014, About.com.
http://ergonomics.about.com/od/Posture/a/Sitting-Posture.htm
16. Frequently Asked Questions. ©2014 American Society for the Alexander Technique.
http://www.amsatonline.org/faq
17. What is the Alexander Technique? What are the Benefits of Classes? The Complete
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18. Alexander Technique and Feldenkrais Method: A Critical Overview. Jain, S.,
Janssen, K., DeCelle, S. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North
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http://www.med.nyu.edu/pmr/residency/resources/PMR%20clinics%20NA/PMR%20
clinics%20NA_sports%20med/alexander%20and%20feldenkrais_PMR%20clinics.pd
f
19. Frequently Asked Questions: The Feldenkrais Method of Somatic Education. The
Feldenkrais Educational Foundation of North America and The Feldenkrais Guild of
North America. http://www.feldenkrais.com/method/frequently_asked_questions/
20. KENTRO Body Balance: Frequently Asked Questions. Thusius, A. ©2011 Angelika
Thusius. http://www.kentrobodybalance.com/method/faq.shtml
21. Balance Center: Balance Practice. ©2001-2014 Balance Center.
http://www.balancecenter.com/yoga.htm
22. What is Qigong? The National Qigong Association. http://nqa.org/resources/what-
is-qigong/
23. Tai Chi for Posture and Back Pain. Humphreys, R. 2/19/2004. ©1999-2014 Spine-
health.com. http://www.spine-health.com/wellness/yoga-pilates-tai-chi/tai-chi-
posture-and-back-pain
24. The Trager Appoach. United States Trager Association. http://tragerus.org/
25. Posture Therapy. Pain Relief Treatment Center, LLC.
http://www.posturetherapy.us/Posture-Therapy.html
26. Posture Therapy. Mercer, L. Jan. 28, 2014. ©2014 Demand Media, Inc.
http://www.livestrong.com/article/183967-posture-therapy/
27. Ten Tips for Improving Posture and Ergonomics. Andrews, K., Dec. 4, 2013.
©1999-2014 Spine-health.com. http://www.spine-
health.com/wellness/ergonomics/ten-tips-improving-posture-and-ergonomics
28. AutoErgonomics – Driving & Ergonomics. Mitchell, T. ©2014 Working-Well.org,
http://www.working-well.org/articles/pdf/Auto%20Ergonomics_2013.pdf

Revised 5/16/2014

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