MALAYSIAN INSTITUTE OF

MARINE ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

LEB 10703

ASSIGNMENT 1

Student name : MUHAMAD AFHAM BIN ROSDI

ID Number : 56216120138

Lecturer : Dr. NORSHAKILA BINTI HARIS

Due date : 14th December 2020

 TABLE OF CONTENT

CONTENT PAGE

1.0 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………… 3

2.0 OBJECTIVE……………………………………………………………………………. 4

3.0 LOUDSPEAKERS TURN ELECTRICITY INTO SOUND…………………………. 4

3.1 Point 1………………………………………………………………………. 4

3.2 Point 2………………………………………………………………………. 5

4.0 SPEAKERS MAKE SOUNDS OF DIFFERENT VOLUME AND FREQUENCY.. 6

5.0 LABELLED DIAGRAM SHOWING THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE DEVICE… 7

6.0 LOUDSPEAKER BENEFITS TO THE INDIVIDUAL OR SOCIETY……………... 8

7.0 LIMITATION OF THE SYSTEM……………………………………………………... 9

8.0 CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………… 10

CITATION……………………………………………………………………………… 11

REFERENCE…………………………………………………………………………... 12

ELECTROMAGNETISM : LOUDSPEAKERS 2|Page12

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Electromagnetism is the formation of an electrical charging magnetic field. It is

generally concerned with the use of electric current, which is called electrodynamics,
to create electromagnets. Electromagnetic induction, using an electromagnet or
altering the magnetic field to cause an electrical current, is another consequence.

Most of us hear about magnetic fields every day and understand the forces will occur
between them. We realise that magnets contain two poles and that there may be an
attraction toward poles or equivalent repulsion poles based on the direction of two
magnets. We know that there is an area that extends around a magnet. This area is
represented by the magnetic field.

Not only in the area of engineering, but also in various other areas such as medicine,
space, building and transport, electromagnetism has created a revolution.

As example, loudspeakers are energy devices that convert that transfer audio signals
from electric power to sound waves of mechanical wave energy. Many speaker
drivers use electromagnetism to transform the audio signal's AC voltage into
diaphragm motion in a magnetic field for sound generation.

ELECTROMAGNETISM : LOUDSPEAKERS 3|Page12

2.0 OBJECTIVE

 The objective of this assignment is to demonstrate the practical application of

electromagnetism in modern life.

3.0 LOUDSPEAKERS TURN ELECTRICITY INTO SOUND

3.1 POINT 1
There is a leather, rubber, paper or lightweight cone on the front of the
loudspeaker that is not unlike a drumskin, often called a diaphragm. The
exterior section of the cone is fixed to the outside of the oval metal rim of the
loudspeaker. [1]

The inner portion is mounted on the iron bow, which often is called the field
magnet right in front of a permanent magnet. As the speaker is connected to
the stereo, the electric impulses flow through the coil by means of the speaker
cables.

This transforms the spindle into a temporary magnet. The electromagnet

either draws or repels the steady magnet as the energy flows back and forth
in the cables. This drives the belt back and forth, pulls and pushes the cone.
The moveable cone pumps sound like a drum skin that vibrates back and
forth. [2]

Communicate with each other like any two magnets. The positive edge of the
electric field is the opposite pole of the magnetic permanent field and is
repelled by the permanent magnet's negative poles. The repulsion and
attraction direction while the electromagnet activates the polar orientation.

This reverses the magnet power constantly between the speaker and the
permanent magnet. This drives the muscle back and forth as though it were a
piston. By turning electrical energy into mechanical energy, speakers work.
The mechanical force compresses air and transforms action into vibration or
sound pressure.

ELECTROMAGNETISM : LOUDSPEAKERS 4|Page12

 3.2 POINT 2
Electromagnets are magnets that work on electricity. Different from
permanent magnets, the power of electromagnets can be conveniently
adjusted by controlling the sum of electrical currents passing through it [3]. In
comparison, electromagnet poles can also be reversed by alternating the flow
of electricity. Electromagnets operate because of an electrical current that
generates a magnetic field. [4]

Speakers are one of a few devices that contain both a permanent magnet and
an electromagnet. The electromagnet is also known as a "speech coil" in the
shape of a wire coil. When the electrical current flows through the voice coil,
the voice coil becomes an electromagnet whose polarity varies with the
current that passes through it [5]. Moreover the magnetic field of the voice coil
is now communicating with the magnetic field of the permanent magnet. This
generates a movement that drives the coil. The rotation of the coil pushes the
speaker cone attached to the coil. This method transmits the amplified sound
received by the speakers as an electrical signal.

Figure 1 : Loudspeakers

ELECTROMAGNETISM : LOUDSPEAKERS 5|Page12

4.0 SPEAKERS MAKE SOUNDS OF DIFFERENT VOLUME AND FREQUENCY

 Sound-wave frequency
Higher wave frequency essentially implies that the energy of the air fluctuates
quicker. We're hearing this as a higher pitch. When there are less variations in
time, the pitch is smaller.[6]

Clamping the drum surface lets the skin vibrate a larger distance and creates a
louder sound. In the same way, delivering a greater pulse of energy to a loudspeaker
allows the cone to travel further and creates a louder noise. Quieter sounds are
created by smaller bursts of electricity.

A standard frequency response test sends a frequency spectrum from the bass to the
centre and up to the treble range to see if the tone from the speaker is the same in
both of these regions.

The aim of a flat-frequency response is to ensure that people listening to your music
feel the way you meant it. If your track is well mastered and sounds fine on speakers
with a flat answer, you can be confident that it would sound better on any playback
machine.

Figure 2 : Loudspeakers Side View

ELECTROMAGNETISM : LOUDSPEAKERS 6|Page12

5.0 LABELLED DIAGRAM SHOWING THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE DEVICE

Figure 3 : Parts of Speaker [7]

Moves in and out to push air and make sound. This

1 Diaphragm transmits the movements of the travelling coil to the air,
providing a wide surface area.
This portion of the moving coil speaker protects the speech
2 Dust cap
coil from dust and debris.
A piece of elastic rubber, foam, or textile that flexibly fastens
3 Surround
the diaphragm to the basket (outer frame).
The sturdy metal framework around which the speaker is
4 Basket
built.
A flexible, corrugated support that holds the voice coil in
5 Spider
place, while allowing it to move freely.
The magnet supplies the fixed magnetic field to which the
6 Magnet coil field works. The magnet is usually made of ferrite or
powerful neodymium.
7 Bottom plate Made of soft iron.
8 Pole piece Concentrates the magnetic field produced by the voice coil.
9 Voice coil The coil that moves the diaphragm back and forth.
A cylinder of cardboard or other material into which the coil
10 Former
is wound.
11 Top plate Also made of soft iron.

ELECTROMAGNETISM : LOUDSPEAKERS 7|Page12

 12 Cables Connect stereo amplifier unit to voice coil

Voice coil and former

The moving coil is the main feature of the speaker. It takes the current from the audio
amplifier, and the current flow creates a magnetic field that reacts with the permanent
magnet, generating a force that pushes the coil and thus the diaphragm to which the
sound waves are physically bound.

6.0 LOUDSPEAKER BENEFITS TO THE INDIVIDUAL OR SOCIETY

 Dependent on installation locations and applications, they are available in distinct

sizes.
 It's a personal and unusual mixture that makes us feel comfortable and
secure at home. But may your home be tidy and quiet, displaying your
personality and your arrangement equipment and where your put the
something with your creativity.
 Without any experience, it is very easy to mount, use and manage.
 High-amplitude sound waves are used by large crowds in wide environments.
 It is very convenient to isolate the microphone from the main device.

ELECTROMAGNETISM : LOUDSPEAKERS 8|Page12

7.0 LIMITATION OF THE SYSTEM
 They need large space.
 The space between the object and the measuring width is a spectrum
and width. In graphic arts, interior design and architecture design, the
idea of games room is very significant. so the biggest size of
loudspeaker make you place look no competable with your home
space or any event place.
 They are apt to interact with nearby antennas or other radio microphones.
 In the selection of the type of antenna and its location, errors to
prevent when using the first wireless mic are wrong. In the case that
you have made an error whether you have selected the type of
antenna or not the signal received by the receiver is clearly unreliable
and will cause problems.
 Wireless speakers have drawbacks in terms of range.
 For the explaination at this point the microphone have the limit range
to the areas for connect with speaker.
 They produce high sound levels of amplitude that are distressing to people
nearby.

ELECTROMAGNETISM : LOUDSPEAKERS 9|Page12

8.0 CONCLUSION
The goals of the thesis were fulfilled by this review and the research questions were
answered. The results suggest that the coil is used in the movement of the magnetic
field. In comparison, for any use that uses a magnetic field flow, students may also
illustrate a more comprehensive analysis with this study. Finally, students will be able
to create handmade speakers at the conclusion of the research later as a final year
project in the future.

ELECTROMAGNETISM : LOUDSPEAKERS 10 | P a g e 1 2
Citation
1. “How loudspeakers turn electricity into sound ”By Chris Woodford.
Last Updated: 09th January 2020.
Publish at website https://www.explainthatstuff.com/loudspeakers.html
2. “How loudspeakers turn electricity into sound ”By Chris Woodford.
Last Updated: 09th January 2020.
Publish at website https://www.explainthatstuff.com/loudspeakers.html
3. “How loudspeakers turn electricity into sound ”By Chris Woodford.
Last Updated: 09th January 2020.
Publish at website https://www.explainthatstuff.com/loudspeakers.html
4. “Electromagnetic Devices” Slide 31 till 33 in Chapter 3 : Magnetism and
Electromagnetism By Dr. Norshakila Haris. Last Updated: 18th November 2020
Publish at Vle Unikl under subject LEB10703 : Principle of Electrical and Electronic
5. “How loudspeakers turn electricity into sound ”By Chris Woodford.
Last Updated: 09th January 2020.
Publish at website https://www.explainthatstuff.com/loudspeakers.html
6. “Speakers make sounds of different volume and frequency” By Chris Woodford.
Last Updated: 09th January 2020.
Publish at website https://www.explainthatstuff.com/loudspeakers.html
7. “Parts of speaker” By Chris Woodford.
Last Updated: 09th January 2020.
Publish at website https://www.explainthatstuff.com/loudspeakers.html

ELECTROMAGNETISM : LOUDSPEAKERS 11 | P a g e 1 2
Reference

Internet
1. https://www.explainthatstuff.com/loudspeakers.html
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatic_loudspeaker
3. https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/audio-video/loudspeaker/moving-coil-
speaker.php
4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=048tBZMt3eY&list=PL9aJDKWZvc1DP-
E68U9qlIJJ_wF6zsKv5&index=2&t=155s
5. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lTkzxfIX4EY&list=PL9aJDKWZvc1DP-
E68U9qlIJJ_wF6zsKv5&index=5
6. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y585z2XRFFs&list=PL9aJDKWZvc1DP-
E68U9qlIJJ_wF6zsKv5&index=6

ELECTROMAGNETISM : LOUDSPEAKERS 12 | P a g e 1 2