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Final Grocery Boo

This document discusses the background of grocery shopping and online grocery shopping solutions. It covers how the growth of the internet and e-commerce has led more customers to do their grocery shopping online for convenience. Developing an online grocery shopping system can provide benefits to customers by allowing them to shop from anywhere at any time and get items delivered. However, online grocery shopping also presents some risks such as payment security and access to after-sales service that need to be addressed.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
395 views81 pages

Final Grocery Boo

This document discusses the background of grocery shopping and online grocery shopping solutions. It covers how the growth of the internet and e-commerce has led more customers to do their grocery shopping online for convenience. Developing an online grocery shopping system can provide benefits to customers by allowing them to shop from anywhere at any time and get items delivered. However, online grocery shopping also presents some risks such as payment security and access to after-sales service that need to be addressed.

Uploaded by

NEW HOPE
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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2.1.

6 Online grocery
shopping…………………………………………………………...…..6
2.1.7
Nutrition………………………………………………………………………………..6
2.1.8
Customer……………………………………………………………………………….6
2.1.9
Database………………………………………………………………………………..6
2.1.0 Outside
gathering………………………………………………………………………6

DECLARATION

I, Habarugira origene that this submission is my own work, except where clearly indicated.

Signed.................................. Date............/............/.............
APPROVAL

This is to acknowledge that this research project has been submitted with my approval.

Mr.KUNDAN KUMAR

Signed................................... Date.........../............/..........

DEDICATION
To my Parents

To my relatives; especially

To my friends and classmates

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I thank the Almighty God for guiding me throughout my entire education.

The successful completion of this project was a result of combined efforts of many people
who helped me spiritually, technically, economically, morally.

And it is from the bottom of my heart that I thank my family for their financial support
from the very first moment I started in UTB till now.

Great thanks to my supervisor, Mr.KUNDAN KUMAR whose professional advice made


this work a success.

I thank Murukali ltd staff for having welcomed and assisted me from the period of data
collection up to the final step of completion of this work. I appreciate their efforts,
assistance, and suggestions which helped me very constructive on the matter.

I cannot forget to thank UTB administration and the whole UTB community for their
uncountable support.

Last but not least to my fellow classmates with whom I have been together the whole time.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
DB: Database

HTML: Hypertext Markup Language

CSS: Cascading Style Sheets

SQL: Structured Query Language

CGI: Common Gateway Interface

FK: Foreign Key

PK: Primary Key

HTTP: Hypertext Transfer Protocol

ICT: Information Communication Technology

PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor

CLI: Command-Line Interface

UAT: User Acceptance Testing

5D: 5 Dimension

KN: Kigali Nyarugenge

WWW: World Wide Web

Admin: Administrator

ABSTRACT

The main objective of this work is to develop and implement online grocery shopping
solution for nutrition (located in Kigali, Nyarugenge). This system also has a database
that holds information on grocery shopping, customer registration. In this system the
Admin will be able to view customers request, schedule item of nutrition and generate
report by outside gathering. The tools used to develop this system are the following: PHP
combined with HTML and MySQL as database storage backend, windows 7,8and latest as
operating system. Questionnaires have been used in research methodology. Problems of the
existing had been analyzed and from that, requirement analysis has been made. To develop
the new system, designs had been made that covers the system architecture, applicant's
interfaces and database designs. The solution for those problems was to create a system
which will help customer shopping the foods and drinks for nutrition online and getting
that by outside gathering without wasting time and gives customers the benefit of buying in
the comfort area at Homes, Offices or etc. they mainly target customers who can access on
internet and those who usually use smart phones for being able to buy online. The research
concludes that the system is hoped to help grocery shopping for nutrition. The challenges
of the project are suggested to whom wishes to improve this work by, for instance, adding
interfaces that will take advantages of today's electronic payment systems, where payment
by cards could be accepted and authenticated.

CHAPITER ONE: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The first chapter will cover the following; the background of the study, problem statement,
objectives of the study, research questions, significance of the study, scope of the study,
limitation, tools And the platform used in this research.

The topic is grocery shopping solution for nutrition, as introduction my topic ,is retail store
business where customers typically sells the nutrition merchandise(food and drink
product),and grocery shopping will became solution for nutrition when it will facilitate the
customers access the internet to use online shopping for the nutrition products, every where
they are, and getting that by outside gathering without wasting time and give customers
the benefit of buying in the comfort area at home ,office or etc.
The grocery shop is retail storing that primary sells food. A grocery is a bulk seller of food.
Grocery stores often non-perishable food that is packaged in cans, bottles and boxes, with
some also having flesh produce, delis, and bakeries

1.1 Background of the study

2 The internet is being developed rapidly since last two decades, and with relevant digital
economy that is driven by information technology also being developed worldwide. After
a long term development of internet, which rapidly increased web users and highly speed
internet connection, and some new technology also have been developed and used for
web developing, those lead to firms can promote and enhance images of product and
services through web site. Therefore, detailed product information and improved service
attracts more and more people changed their consumer behaviour from the traditional mode
to more rely on the internet shopping. On the other hand, more companies have realized
that the consumer behaviour transformation is unavoidable trend, and thus change their
marketing strategy. As the recent researches have indicated that, the internet shopping
particularly in business to consumer (B2C) has risen and online shopping become more
popular to many people. According to the report, The Emerging Digital Economy II,
published by the US Department of Commerce, in some companies, the weight of e-
commerce in total sales is quite high. For instance, the Dell computer company have
reached 18 million dollars sales through the internet during the first quarter of 1999. As a
result, about 30% of its 5.5 billion dollars total sales were achieved through the internet
(Moon, 2004). Therefore, to understand internet shopping and its impact on consumer
behaviour could help companies making use of it as a form of doing e-business.
3
4 There are many reasons for such a rapid developing of internet shopping, which mainly
due to the benefits that internet provides. First of all, the internet offers different kind of
convenience to consumers. Obviously, consumers do not need go out looking for
product information as the internet can help them to search from online sites, and it also
helps evaluate between each sites to get the cheapest price for purchase. Furthermore, the
internet can enhance consumer use product more efficiently and effectively than other
channels to satisfy their needs. Through the different search engines, consumers save time
to access to the consumption related information, and which information with mixture of
images, sound, and very detailed text description to help consumer learning and choosing
the most suitable product (Moon, 2004). However, internet shopping has potential risks for
the customers, such as payment safety, and after service. Due to the internet technology
developed, internet payment recently becomes prevalent way for purchasing goods from
the internet. Internet payment increase consumptive efficiency, at the same time, as its
virtual property reduced
Internet security after service is another way to stop customer shopping online. It is not like
traditional retail, customer has risk that some after service should face to face serve, and
especially in some complicated goods.

A grocery store or grocer's shop is a retail shop that primarily sells food, either fresh or
preserved. Large grocery stores stock significant amounts of non-food products, such as clothing
and household items, blurring the line between grocery stores and supermarkets.

In Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States, supermarkets and convenience shops are


sometimes described as grocery businesses, groceries or simply grocers Small grocery stores that
mainly sell fruits and vegetables are known as greengrocers (Britain) or produce markets (U.S.),
and small grocery stores that predominantly sell prepared food, such as candy and snacks, are
known as convenience shops or delicatessens.
Some groceries specialize in the foods of a certain nationality or culture, such
as Chinese, Italian, Middle-Eastern, or Polish. These stores are known as ethnic markets and may
also serve as gathering places for immigrants.
Larger grocer complexes that include other facilities, such as petrol stations, is especially
common in the United Kingdom, where major chains such as Sainsbury's and Tesco have many
locations operating under this format. Traditional shops throughout Europe have been preserved
because of their history and their classic appearance. They are sometimes still found in rural
areas, although they are rapidly disappearing.

Grocery stores in South America have been growing fast since the early 1980s. A large
percentage of food sales and other articles take place in grocery stores today. Some examples are
the Chilean chains Cencosud (Jumbo and Santa Isabel
covering Chile, Argentina, Brazil and Peru), Walmart (Lider and Ekono) as well
as Falabella (Tottus in Chile and Peru and Supermercados San Francisco in Chile).In some
countries such as the United States, grocery stores descended from trading posts, which sold not
only food but clothing, furniture, household items, tools, and other miscellaneous merchandiseIn
1979, It all began when Michael Aldrich ‘invented’ online shopping.  Using videotex, a two way
message service, it revolutionised businesses. We now know this as e-commerce.In 1981, Saw
the first business to business transaction by UK based Thomson holidays.In 1982, Mintel, a
videotex online service accessible by telephone lines, could be used to make online purchases,
train reservations, check stock prices, chat and search a telephone directory.

In 1984, The first ever shopper buys online at a Tesco store.In 1985, Nissan carries out the first
online credit check.In 1987, SWREG was founded. This offered businesses a chance to sell
products online.  As it is today, SWREG offers many payment options, as well as customization
and distribution into international markets. Users can purchase items with their currency of
preference using all major debit and credit cards.In 1989, In the USA the first online grocery
store starts trading.  In1990, Tim Berners-Lee created the first WWW server and browser.  This
started a whole new revolution. Nearly 25 years on, he is today still working hard at guiding the
development and spread of the web, using the mantra ‘If it isn’t on the web then it isn’t
happening’.In 1991, The internet is commercialised and we saw the birth of e-commerce.
In 1994, Netscape launches the first commercial browser, which was once the dominant browser
in terms of ‘visitors.’  It lost out in the first browser war.In 1995, Amazon started selling books
online; currently it sells almost anything. Companies like Dell and Cisco started using the
internet for all their transactions. eBay is founded by Pierre Omidyar, though it was originally
called Auctionweb.In 1997, Began the era of comparison sites.In 1998, Paypal is founded. This
enabled transactions of money without sharing financial information and gave customers the
flexibility to pay using their PayPal account balances, bank accounts, PayPal Credit and other
credit cards.  Today, people can now pay across their favorite apps in a single touch (one touch)
on any platform, eliminating the need for usernames and passwords each time you pay.In 1999,
the first online-only shop began, ‘Zappos’ although it was later bought by Amazon for $1.2 bn.In
2001, Amazon launches mobile services.In 2003, US online shopping hits $50 billion, in the
same year Amazon posted their first yearly profit of $35.3m.In 2005, Social commerce emerges.
Consumers begin to recommend items to friends via Facebook and TwitterIn 2007, A Pew
Internet research study found that 81% of the Americans they surveyed had searched online for a
product they intended to buy, with 15% doing so almost every single day. 66% of online users
said they had actually bought something online.
In 2008, Increase in growth of online shopping by 17% from the last year in the US, with
ecommerce sales figures around $204 billion.  In the same year Groupon is launched as is
Magneto – so anyone could have a go at creating their own online store.In 2013, UK shoppers
spent a whopping £91bn online. In 2014, 198 million U.S. consumers bought something online
in the first quarter alone,(comScore) which is 78% of the U.S. population age 15 and above.In
2015, Today’s shoppers combine online shopping with real life shopping, using access to WiFi
and the showrooming trend. They often make purchases in a retail stores at the same time as
using mobile devices to buy something online.  In fact, this Forbes report tells us that 74 per
cent of people use their mobile phone to help them while shopping, with 79 per cent making a
purchase as a result.

Murukali ltd was founded in 2015 by Uwimpaye Yvette, an Economist from Former National
University of Rwanda. Murukali Ltd sells various kinds of grocery and more. Their physical
office and store are located at KN 76 Street in Nyarugenge sector, Nyarugenge district, Kigali
province, in Rwanda in Kigali City Market B2-88, the contact is [email protected], Phone
+250781460736.Murukali ltd have the vision to build the best online market & to provide quality
service that exceeds the expectations of their esteemed customers and have the mission to
improve the application of information and technology in business and to empower local
producers.Murukali ltd currently offer their services in all Kigali Cities 3hours of delivery with
their own delivery service (Delivery cost is between Frw 500, Frw 1000 and Frw 2000) and in
North, South, West and East of Rwanda, The online grocery shopping for nutrition in KIGALI
will be still new to them.

In developed countries like in the United Kingdom, Canada, German, United States of America,
businesses related to grocery shopping for nutrition are making people millionaires. In our
country people are just still trying to picture the foods and drinks and are still trying to integrate
themselves in grocery shopping. Grocery shopping is something that they are still learning about
in these developing countries.

1.2statement of the problem


The current system has problems among which include, spending a lot of time queuing at
grocery shopping and spending a lot of airtime for request and locate where you are to purchase
the foods and drinks for nutrition in the grocery shopping.
Therefore to solve this problem the new system is needed to help customers to purchase foods
product and drinks product for nutrition request online with no much time wasted or without
spending much airtime
1.3 Objectives of the study
1.3.1 General Objective
The main objective of this project of new system is to develop and implement online grocery
shopping solution for nutrition.

1.3.2 Specific objectives of the study


The following are specific objectives of the study for achieving the main objective
 To analyze the exist system
 to determine the problems
 To develop online grocery shopping
 To make order and to computerize transaction and invoicing
 To generate different reports
1.4 Research questions
Research questions are formulated to provide an effective guide to this study and are as follow:

 How can determine the problems?


 How can develop online grocery shopping?
 How can make order and how transaction can computerize and invoicing?
 How management can generate request and report?
1.5 Significance of the study
1.5.1 To the researcher
This study will be significant to the researcher because he will be able to put in practice what has
been learnt during the academic study to solve practical problems related in service delivered by
use of ICT. This study will also help the researcher to fulfill the academic requirements for
getting award of a bachelor’s degree in Business Information Technology (BIT).
1.5.2 To University of Tourism, Technology and Business studies (UTB)
This research will be significant to UTB because when my project will be certified, a copy of the
documentation will be kept in the library for references by other researchers and UTB will have
the honors if my project will use by company of grocery shopping that are solution for nutrition

1.5.3 to murukali ltd


It will no longer take long time to have reports about movies as the information's are already
recorded in the system automatically and it will increase the quick quality of service and getting
many customers in different sectors, districts of Kigali and others provinces of our country
because of online grocery shopping that are solution for nutrition
1.6Scope of the study
1.6.1 Time Scope
The research started in August, 2019 and it will end in December, 2020.

1.6.2 Geographical scope


The research will be conducted from Kigali City Market B2-88, located at KN 76 Street in
Nyarugenge sector, Nyarugenge district, Kigali province, in Rwanda.

1.6.3 Content Scope


The study will focus on developing a system of online grocery shopping for nutrition and how
the customers will shopping the nutrition (request, pay, report) online and how they will get
products they want as quick as possible and in good conditions by outside gathering feedback.
1.6.4Modules
 Authentication module: This module handles the security of software. It checks for
unauthorized logins or accesses, and defines the access permissions to users.
 Online catalogue: online catalogue is a list of product nutrition for sale, often with
pictures displayed on a computer screen and from it the customer might have details of a
product those details are product picture and price.
 Grocery shopping module: The registered customer can purchase the nutrition products
 Report module: This module handles the process of different types of reports
generation. By this module the admin can print registered customers, purchasing the
nutrition products and this module will generate flexible report to Murukali ltd about
product purchased, product sold and what is in the store
 Online order processing: An order processing a form where customer fill data, about
what they want to buy, what kind of payment they are going to use, and what kind of
shipping the wish for delivering their nutrition products
 Online payment: the on-line payment will allow money transfers to be made only
through the mobile money payment.
 Stock module: this module will store all items for Murukali ltd where they will be able
to know what product they have in their store
 Sales module: this module will allow the grocery shop to know what they have selling:
item sale with their price

1.7 Limitation of the study


The study limited by financial constraints, insufficient funding for travel, typing of several drafts
and printing, cost the final copy and contingency costs associated with research work. To
overcome the limitation the researcher had to secure enough money from parents and friends for
the research work in order to avoid financial delays.

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATUREREVIEW

1.0 Introduction
This chapter will discuss several literatures that are related to this project area. It will provide the
definition of key terms within used technology to be used during the implementation of the new
system and other related literatures of online grocery shopping solution for nutrition.
2.1 Definition of key concepts
2.1.1 Online
Oxford Dictionary defines “online” (sometimes also referred as “on the line”) as controlled by
or connected to a computer and as an activity or service which is “available on or performed
using the internet or other computer network.
A computer can also be online via a connection to a computer network. When a computer or
other device is not online, it is said to be offline (William, 1885)
2.1.2 Grocery
A grocery store is a retail store that primarily sells food. A grocer is a bulk seller of food.
Grocery stores often offer non-perishable food that is packaged in cans, bottles and boxes, with
some also having fresh produce, butchers, delis, and bakeries.

2.1.3 Online grocery


Online grocer refers to a grocery store that allows private individuals and businesses to purchase
groceries and grocery products online. There is usually a delivery charge for this service. Online
grocery delivery services are available throughout Europe, Asia and North America, mostly in
urban centers. The online ordering is done through e-commerce websites or mobile apps.

2.1.4 Grocer’s shop


A grocer's shop, this word is not in the English dictionaries except in the sense of grocer's ware,
such as tea, sugar, spice, etc.; in which sense we also use it in the plural. [Bartlett, "Dictionary of
Americanisms," 1859
2.1.5 System

A system is a set of components, elements and devices that are together to perform a common
purpose. This refers to all hardware, software, network, cables, peripheral equipment,
information, data, personnel, and procedures (basically used in system, for input, processing and
output).
2.1.6 Online grocery shopping
Online grocery shopping ordering potentially reduces the inconvenience of grocery selection by
eliminating trips to physical stores. It theoretically enables consumers to shop much more
quickly by occasion or for targeted fill-in trips, precisely when a trip to the grocery store is most
difficult.

2.1.7 Nutrition 
The process of nourishing or being nourished, especially the process by which a living organism 
assimilates foodand uses it for growth and for replacement of tissues. The science or study that d
eals with food and nourishment, especially in humans.

  The science that interprets the interaction ofnutrients and other substances in food in relation to
maintenance, growth, reproduction, health and disease of anorganism. It includes food intake, ab
sorption, assimilation, biosynthesis, catabolism and excretion.
The diet of an organism is what it eats, which is largelydetermined by the availability, the proces
sing and palatability offoods. A healthy
diet includes preparation of food and storagemethods that preserve nutrients from oxidation, heat 
or leaching and that reduce risk of foodborne illness.
A poor diet can cause deficiency diseases such as blindness, anemia, scurvy, preterm birth, stillbi
rth and cretinism; health-threatening conditions like obesity and metabolic
syndrome; and such common chronic systemic diseases as cardio vascular
disease, diabetes, and osteoporosis. A poor diet can cause the wasting of kwashiorkor inacute cas
es, and the stunting of marasmus in chronic cases of malnutrition.

2.1.8 Customer

A customer (sometimes known as a client, buyer, or purchaser) is the recipient of a good,


service, product, or idea, obtained from a seller, vendor, or supplier for a monetary or other
valuable consideration.
2.1.9 Database
A database is an organized collection of data. The data are typically organized to model relevant
aspects of reality in a way that supports processes requiring this information. For example,
modeling the availability of rooms in hotels in a way that supports finding a hotel with vacancies
2.1.10 outside gathering

Gather from the outside through the things that surround; people, places, events, the wonderful
nature.... then, process them inside.in minds, in hearts. Inside, explore every corner of
imagination. Inside, searching for the perfect gathering items? Shop at easy to find unique and
handmade outside related items directly from sellers.
2.2 Related literature

2.2.1Traditional grocery shopping systems for nutrition

ONLINE SHOPPING: online shopping is the act of purchasing products or services over the
internet By Jeff Bezos. Online shopping has grown in popularity over the years, mainly because
people find it convenient and easy to bargain shop from the comfort of their home or office. One
of the most enticing factor about online shopping, particularly during a holiday season, is it
alleviates the need to wait in long lines or search from store for a particular item The grocery
shops provides infrastructure and facilities for a shopping to take place, while allowing customer
to purchase the nutrition products. A grocery shopping system is used to ensure patrons can
purchase the items of nutrition for a given well in advance, and avoid being turned the traffic jam
away at the entrance. Grocery shopping management also prefer the nutrition products to be sold
as early as possible, both for financial reasons

The company also produces consumer electronics notably the amazon kindle e-book reader and
the kindle fire tablet computer and is a major provider of cloud computing service. Jeff Bezos
incorporated the company in July 1994 and the site went online as amazon.com in 1995. The
company was renamed after the Amazon River, one of the largest river in the world, which in
turn was named after the Amazon River, the legendary nation of female warriors in mythology.
The company began as an online bookstore, an idea spurred off with discussion with John
Ingram of Ingram book (now called Ingram Content Group). Along with Keyur Patel who still
holds a stake in Amazon. In the first two months of business, Amazon sold to all 50 states and
over 45 countries. Within two months, Amazon’s sales were up to $20,000/week. While the
largest brick and mortar bookstores and mail order catalogs might offer 200,000 titles, an online
bookstores could carry several time more, since they had an almost unlimited virtual (not actual)
warehouse: those of the actual product makers/suppliers.

While the grocery shopping for nutrition developed and advanced in technology of shopping
online in developed countries like USA, CANADA from north America, and EUROPIANS
countries in 1990, in Africa, caliber and Pacifica many countries shopping for nutrition are not
developed because many people shopped in traditional region market for example in our capital
Kigali in >2005 the citizens shopped at the common market I around them like Nyabugogo
market, Kimironko market, Zinia market, etc. in 2005 my grocery shopping are founded. The
traditional grocery shopping for Murukali ltd are not favorite for nutrition solution, When
grocery shopping for nutrition was developed in Kigali in 2015 Murukali ltd founded by
Uwimpaye Yvette, an Economist from Former National University of Rwanda. Murukali Ltd
sells various kind of grocery and more. their physical office and store are located at KN 76 Street
in Nyarugenge sector, Nyarugenge district, Kigali province, in Rwanda in Kigali City Market
B2-88, and started to worked traditional, when the customers wanted to purchase or to shop the
nutrition’s products, went where to the central office at NYARUGENGE, and the customer had
the difficult because are not easy to see on catalogue of different nutrition items they had, it
depended to go at Murukali ltd grocery shop to the store, also to purchase different nutrition
product the customers they want they depended to go Murukali ltd office at nyarugenge, and for
the company of grocery shop like murukali ltd, their business growth slowly because it is
difficult to generate different reports, and they hadn’t computerize the different transactions and
invoices, that’s why their business run slowly because they hadn’t used technology like online
shopping , so that cause the traffic jam at the get and with much time wasted or with spending
much airtime for What Sapp, Call, SMS, awaiting on a long queue at the grocery shopping, that
hadn’t favorited for customers and business .

2.2.2 Online grocery shopping for nutrition

The new system have the main objective of to develop and implement online grocery shopping
solution for nutrition, this new system will help customers to view catalogue of the foods and
drinks for nutrition online and will help them to purchase different products for nutrition online
and getting that by outside gathering without wasting time and gives customers the benefit of
buying in the comfort area at Homes, Offices or etc. We mainly target customers who can access
on internet and those who usually use smart phones for being able to buy online, and also this
new system will help Murukari ltd to sell their merchandise online that are very important for
business because they will get many customers from different area of Kigali and other province,
and they will help to computerize the different transactions and invoice invoices and to generate
report that are very necessary in business.

2.2.3. Summary

Because our government were invested in information technology infrastructure, preferred and
motivated the business companies to change from to work tradition to use technology in their
business, and in my carrier study for the business information technology, that’s why I take the
time for develop and implement the system for the grocery shops and customers, to help them for
selling and to buying the nutrition products online, this new system help the customers to view
on catalogue of different nutrition items they had ,and shopping online without going at grocery
shops like Murukali ltd, and also help the grocery shops companies to sell online their nutrition
products, and to computerize the different transactions and invoices, and generate reports that are
necessary for business, that’s why this new system will help to grow business and to become
solution for nutrition because will eliminate the traffic jam at the get and much time wasted or
spending much airtime for What Sapp, Call, SMS, awaiting on a long queue at the grocery
shopping, that hadn’t favorited for customers and business .

CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY


3.0Introduction
This chapter deals with the methods, techniques and tools used to collect data from
the field. It covers research design, population and selection of the sample, tools
and data collection/instrumentation, information gathering techniques, collection
of data, analysis of data, validity and reliability, ethical considerations.

3.1 Research design


Research design seeks to develop relevant true statements, ones that can serve to explain the
situation that is of concern or that describes the causal relationships of interest. In quantitative
studies, researchers advance the relationship among variables and pose this in terms of questions
or hypotheses. (Creswell, J. W, 2009)
3.2 Population and selection of the sample
According to Kothari, 1999, formula saying that in the population less than one million
(1,000,000), the following formula of Kothari was applied:
z2 × p ×q × N
n= 2 2
d ( N−1 ) + Z × p × q
Where: n= sample size for a finite population
N= size of population (number of employees) of the
Z= coefficient normal distribution
q= probability of failure,
e= margin error,
p= probability of success.

For Kothari, the margin error varies between 5 % and 10 %. The researcher used a margin error
of 10 %, confidence level of 95 %. The probability of success is p=0.5, failure probability of
q=0.5, and Z α /2: normal reduced variable at 0.05 level of significance z is 1.96

(1.96)2 × 0.5× 0.5 ×100


n= ¿¿

480.2
n=
5.9504
n=80.7004 ≃81 respondents
After the calculation, the sample size is supposed to be 81respondents

The study have the respondents directly from the employees of grocery shopping of
MURUKALI LTD and the customers. In order to conduct this research, the researcher defined
the population first, listed down all the members of the population, and then selected members to
make the sample. For this purpose, a self-administered survey questionnaire was given to the
respondents to answer. The population was 81 peoples, 67 customers from Kicukiro district,
Niboyi sector, Karaganda cell and 14 employees of grocery shopping for nutrition (MURUKALI
LTD).
Customer’s respondents
percentag
customers frequency e
Female 48 71.7
Male 19 28.3
Total 67 100

Employee’s respondents
percentag
customers frequency e
Female 9 64.2
Male 5 35.8
Total 14 100

3.3 Tools for data collection / Instrumentation


In order to gather the necessary information needed for the progress of the research, the
following data collection methods will be used.

3.3.1 Interviews
Interview is a conversation between two or more people (the interviewer and the interviewees)
where questions are asked by the interviewer to obtain information from the interviewee.
Through this method, the researcher interviewed the Deputy Operation Manager and customers
with reference to the designed questionnaire.
The researcher therefore will administer interviews with each of the selected respondents. The
interviews are administered so as to obtain information that cannot be obtained by the use of
questionnaires. Based on direct conversation and an open discussion researcher had with the
owner of Murukali ltd, collected information shows that they don’t have online system for
selling and advertised their products via internet. In the context to the current system, their
customers have to come to shop looking for items, place an order and arrange all possible
payment immediately
3.3.2 Questionnaires
A set of questions method that the researcher used for obtaining statistically and was obtained
certain from individual. The researcher used this method to gather first-hand information from
the respondents.
The respond of questionnaire asked employees to give the researcher a clear understanding of the
current system. Questionnaires were frequently used to collect a wide range of information from
a large number of individuals, which referred as respondents in this study.

3.3.3 Observation
This involved looking at what is already in place and what others have done in order to come up
with the solutions. The other reason for using observation is that some staff may not be able to
describe some work experience in exact terms and may distort some facts about the system.
Data gathered through this method is highly reliable thus the method can be used to verify facts
collected through other methods. Also inaccurate described tasks can easily be identified and
evaluated the results gathered from viewed.

3.3.4Documentation
This technique permitted the researcher to consult books, reviews, memoirs, class notes, and web
pages, related to the subject of this work.
3.5 Analysis of data
Analysis of data is a process of inspecting, cleaning, transforming, and modeling data with the
goal of discovering useful information, suggesting conclusions, and supporting decision-making.
The research targeted some of the customers and the management of grocery shopping of
MURUKALI LTD.

3.6 Validity and Reliability


3.6.1Validity
Validity is often defined as the extent to which an instrument measures what it purports to
measure. Validity requires that an instrument is reliable, but an instrument can be reliable
without being valid. For example, a scale that is incorrectly calibrated may yield exactly the
same, albeit inaccurate, weight values. While we speak of the validity of a test or instrument,
validity is not a property of the test itself. Instead, validity is the extent to which the
interpretations of the results of a test are warranted, which depends on the test’s intended use
(i.e., measurement of the underlying construct). Validity evidence is built over time, with
validations occurring in a variety of populations. Comprehensive literature reviews on
measurement approaches are therefore critical in guiding the selection of measures and
measurement instruments.
Construct validity: This type of validity is a judgment based on the accumulation of evidence
from numerous studies using a specific measuring instrument. Evaluation of construct validity
requires examining the relationship of the measure being evaluated with variables known to be
related or theoretically related to the construct measured by the instrument.
Content validity: This type of validity addresses how well the items developed to operationalize
A construct provide an adequate and representative sample of all the items that might measure
the construct of interest. Because there is no statistical test to determine whether a measure
adequately covers a content area or adequately represents a construct, content validity usually
depends on the judgment of experts in the field. (Winter, 2000, p.1).

3.6.2Reliability
According to (Joppe,2000) Reliability is defined as “The extent to which results are consistent
over time and an accurate representation of the total population under study is referred to as
reliability and if the results of a study can be reproduced under a similar methodology, then the
research instrument is considered to be reliable. There are different means of estimating the
reliability of any measure. According to Crocker and Algona (1986), the test developer has a
responsibility to “identify the sources of measurement error that would be most detrimental to
useful score interpretation and design a reliability study that permits such errors to occur so that
their effects can be assessed. Reliability coefficients range from 0.00 to 1.00, with higher
coefficients indicating higher levels of reliability.
3.7 Ethical Considerations
The purpose of this module is to introduce and discuss ethical issues that should be considered
when designing and conducting a research project. During research, Grocery shopping
MURUKALI ltd staff guidelines say that every researcher is respected to submit to whom from
University or any other institution to be authorized for that at the company. Firstly, before
submitting the report, the researcher will explain and submit reports to the accountant before
conclusion and recommendation. Secondary, each participant had to accept or not to participate
in the research. Thirdly, the names of the respondents were not be mentioned in the research, for
confidentiality. Finally, the researcher will explained all answers they would have to provide
which will be used only for research purposes.

CHAPTER FOUR: SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN


4.0 Introduction
This section discusses data analysis and presentation, interpretation of findings,
description of existing system, and description of the new system, illustration of
new system, data flow diagram, use case, normalization, data dictionary, entity
relationship diagram, architecture design of the new system. As stated by many
scientists, no research can be done without some specific methods and related
techniques on which the researcher can make reference. System analysis is a
problem solving technique that decomposes a system into its components pieces
for the purpose of the studying how well those components parts work and interact
to accomplish their purpose, it is also analysis of the role of proposed system and
the identification of the requirements that it should meet.

4.1Data analysis and presentation


4.1.1 Data Presentation and Analysis
This chapter involves the data gathered from the field, analysis, its interpretation and system
design. The data gathered was mainly in the line with the research objectives and the overall
purpose of the research which was to find out if there is an impact of changing manual system by
electronic system at Grocery shopping MURUKALI LTD. 81 questionnaires were distributed in
different respondents. Tables will be used to analyze data and interpret such data to end up with
suitable findings. Questionnaire is attached as appendix.
4.1.1.1 Distribution of respondents
Age of respondents
Age Frequency Percentage (%)
18-35years 31 38.27
31-55 years 50 61.7
Total 81 100.0

Table 1: Age of respondents


Source: Researcher
The table above shows the age of respondents by group of ranges. The range within group of 18-
35 years is lowest percentages of 61.7%, the second range within group range of 36-75 years, has
the percentage of 38,3%,is the highest.
Gender of respondents
Age Frequency Percentage (%)
Female 59 72.8
Male 22 27.7
Total 81 100.0

Table 2: Gender of respondents


Source: Researcher
The table above shows the age of respondents by group of ranges. The range within group of
Female is highest percentages of 72.8%, the second range within group range of, Male has the
percentage of 27.2 %, is the lowest.

Level of education of respondents


Age Frequency Percentage
(%)
Primary level 5 6.3
Secondary level 36 44.4
University degree 32 39.5
Master’s degree 7 8.6
PhDs 1 1.2
Total 81 100.0

Table 3: Level of education of respondents


Source: Researcher
As it is indicated in this table above it is clear that the level of respondents take 6.3 have primary
level, 44.4 have secondary level, 39.5 have bachelor degree, 8.6 have master’s degree and 1.2
have PhD’s

Natinonality of respondents
Nationality Frequency Percentage
(%)
Rwandan 54 66.7
Foreigner 27 33.3
University degree 81 100

Table 5: Nationality of respondents


Source researcher
As it is indicated in this table above,it is clear that the nationality of respondents take 66.7%
Rwandan and 33.3% is the foreigners.

Position of respondents in Murukali ltd


Position Frequency Percentage
(%)
accountants 4 4.9
Transporters 10 12.3
customers 67 82.8
Total 81 100

Table 6: Position of respondents in Murukali ltd


Source researcher
As shown in this table above 4.9% is accountants, 12.3% is the transporters, 82.8% is for
customers.

Satisfaction of the existing system


Response Frequency Percentage
(%)
Yes 4 4.9
No 77 95.1
Total 81 100
Table 7: Satisfaction of the existing system
Source researcher
As shown in this table above, 4.9% of respondents are satisfied and 95.1% of respondents are not
satisfied with the existing system
If a new system should be introduced
Response Frequency Percentage
(%)
Yes 77 95.1
No 4 4.9
Total 81 100

Table 7: Satisfaction of the existing system


Source researcher
As shown in this table above, 95.1% of respondents are satisfied and 4.9% of respondents are not
satisfied with the new system

4.2 Interpretation of finding/ results


The results above show that the current system or current method used to purchase in grocery
shop (Murukali ltd) is poor, as the researcher was analyzing the findings, the researcher has
noticed that the new system is highly needed as proposed to Murukali ltd is system which will
make easy to purchase the nutrition products like grocery shop. Tables above show high portion
of creating new system of online grocery shopping that are solution for nutrition, it means the
project will achieve the objectives because of that.
4.3 summary
The data analysis that can be done depends on the data gathering that was done during research
process. Qualitative and qualitative data may be gathered from any of three main data gathering
approaches. Percentage and averages are commonly used in inter action design means, median
and mode are different kinds of ‘average’ and can have very different answers for the same set
of data .presentation of the finding should not overstate the evidence.
4.5 Description of existing system
Process of acquiring the nutrition products at MURUKALI ltd involves one lining up outside the
grocery shopping such that he can acquire one himself. In case one or group wants to purchase in
advance it will require one to contact the management through calling such that he/she secures
the nutrition products.
4.6 Description of the new system
To overcome the problems associated with the above system the new system which is
computerized which will ease the process of online shopping the nutrition products has to be
created.
The system would have the minimum of the following items:
 User Inter face through which user would be able to interact with the database by
making sure that the insertion, deletion and update and search activities are possible.
 Database system capable to hold a large amount of data for future use.
 Middle tier which would be able to put into action or translate business rules from words
into action.

4.7 Illustration of new system:


4.7.1 Data Flow Diagrams
Data flow:

Data store:

1.8 System configuration and technology

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS AND SPECIFICATION

Software and technology technology and specifications


Operating system type 32 and 64 bits operating system
Operating system Window 7,8,10
Browser Google chrome, Mozilla, torch,
baidu
Brackets Text editor
HTML,CSS,PHP Front end language
MYSQL(XAMPP) Back end language/ server
Sniping tool To take picture
Flowchart software Click chart diagrams

Illustration of New system


4.7.1 SOFTWARE/SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT MODEL
In the system development process, the researcher focuses on the activities directly
related to production of system for example water fall model and prototyping. The
two models were used during the development of the application.

Prototyping model is a system development method (SDM) in which a prototype


(an early approximation of a final system or product) is built, tested, and then
reworked as necessary until an acceptable prototype is finally achieved from which
the complete system or product can now be developed. This model works best in
scenarios where not all of the project requirements are known in detail ahead of
time. It is an iterative, trial-and-error process that takes place between the
developers and the users.

4.7.1.1 WATERFALL MODEL


The waterfall model is a sequential development approach, in which development
is seen as flowing steadily downwards (like a waterfall) through the phases of
requirements analysis, design, implementation, testing (validation), integration,
and maintenance. To follow the waterfall model, one proceeds from one phase to
the next in a purely sequential manner. (Benington, 1983).

Waterfall model
System Requirement

Soft ware Requirement

Analysis

Program design

Coding & Testing

Operations

Figure 1 waterfall model

4.7.1.1.1 PHASES OF WATER FALL MODEL


System requirements
Identify, select and document functional, scheduling and financial requirements.
Defines the purpose of the information system.
The deliverable at the end of this stage is the feasibility study.

4.7.2 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS


Identify, select and document the software features necessary to satisfy the system
requirements.
A deliverable at the end of this stage is the software requirements document.
Another deliverable is the preliminary design specification.

4.7.2.1 ANALYSIS
Methodically work through the details of each requirement.
Document inputs, outputs, processing and algorithms.
Resolve problems, handle dependencies and develop plans to mitigate risks.
4.7.2.2 PROGRAM DESIGN
Use programming techniques to design software and hardware within the
constraints and objectives set in the earlier stages.
A deliverable at the end of this stage is the design specification
Another deliverable is the test plan.
4.7.2.2.1 CODING
Implement the program as designed in the earlier stages.
The deliverable at the end of this stage is the software program.

4.7.2.2.2 TESTING
Test the software and record the results.
A deliverable at the end of this stage is the updated test plan.
Another deliverable is the updated design specification.

4.7.2.2.3 OPERATIONS
The deliverable at the start of this stage is the operating manual.
Deliver, install and configure the completed software.
Provide maintenance and support of the software

4.7.3 ADVANTAGES OF WATERFALL MODEL


It is easy to understand and implement.
It reinforces good habits: define before design, design before code.
Widely used and known
Easy to manage due to the rigidity of the model each phase has specific
deliverables and a review process.
Works well for smaller projects where requirements understood.

4.8 DATA FLOW DIAGRAM


4.8.1 CONTEXT DIAGRAM
Is a representation of a user's interaction with the system and depicting the
specifications of all external users with the system? A context diagram can portray
the different types of external of a system and the various ways that they interact
with the system. This type of diagram is typically used in conjunction with the
textual external users and will often be accompanied by other types of diagrams as
well.

4.8.2 CONCEPTS
Actor: The actor of this system is someone who does an action
Flow: This is way of showing the system should work from
4.8.3 DATA FLOW DIAGRAMS SYMBOLS
There are four basic symbols used in data flow diagram: External entity, process,
data flow, and data store.
Entity
The external entity represents the actors outside the system that interacts with the
system. It is represented by the rectangle.

Process
Processes are work or actions performed on incoming data flows to produce
outgoing data flows. These show data transformation or change. Data coming into
a process must be "worked on" or transformed in some way.

Process

Data Flow
Data flow represents the input (or output) of data to (or from) a process ("data in motion").
A DF is represented by a line, with arrowheads showing the direction of flow.

Data Stores
Data Stores are repository for data that are temporarily or permanently recorded
within the system. It is an "inventory" of data. Data store are represented by
Narrow opened rectangle as follows.

Data store

Data flow diagram (DFD)


Level 0 or Context diagram: This is leveled as 0 because it represents the system as a
single box. It has only the external entities sending and receiving data to and from the
system.
Context diagram or level 0
Figure 2 contexte diagram

DFD level 1 for the administrator


Figure 3 system admin
DFD level 1 for the Customer

Figure 4 CUSTOMER DFD


4.8.5 USE CASE DIAGRAM
A use case is a methodology used in system analysis to identify, clarify, and
organize system requirements. The use case is made up of a set of possible
sequences of interactions between systems and users in a particular environment
and related to a particular goal

Use case diagram

Online Grocery shopping

Figure 6 use case diagram

4.9 NORMALIZATION
Normalization is the process of organizing the columns (attributes) and tables (relation) of a
relational database to minimize data redundancy. Edgar Frank “Tedd” Codd (the
relational model for database management, cellular automata),
There are two goals of the normalization process: eliminating redundant data (for instance,
storing the same data in more than one table) and ensuring data dependencies make sense
(only storing related data in a table). Both of these are worthy goals as they reduce the
amount of space a database consumes and ensure that data is logically stored.
Before we precede with the normalization as per Edgar F. Codd the inventor of relational
model, researcher would like to quickly look at the logical model of data.
Logical model of data (LMD)
LMD is representation of an organization’s data, organized in term of entities and
relationships and is independent of any particular data management technology.
Logically data are organized and related via primary keys and their foreign keys;

Primary key: is a key of a relational table uniquely identifies each record in the table, it can
either be a normal attribute that is guaranteed to be unique (such as social security number in
a table with no more than one record per person)
Foreign Key: is a field that point to the primary key of another table, the purpose of the
foreign key is to ensure referential integrity of the data. In other words is a relationship or
link between two tables which ensures that the data stored in a database is consistent.
LMD Representation
Admin (id, name, password, creation date, updation date)
Users(id, name, email, contact number, password, shippingadress, shippingState,
shippingPincode, billingadress, billingstate, billingCity, regdate, updationdate)
Products (id, category, subcategory, productName, productcompany, productprice,
productpricebeforediscount, productdescription, productimage1, shippingcharge,
productavailability, postingdate,updationdate)
Productreviews (id, productid, quality, price, value, name, summary, review, reviewdate)
Category (id, categoryname, categorydescription, creationdate, updationdate)
Wishlist (id, userid, productid, postingdate)
Subcategory (id, categoryid, subcategory, creationdate, updationdata)
Orders (id, userid, productid, quantity, orderdate, paymentmethod, orderstatus)
Ordertrackhistory (id, ordered, status, remark, postingdate)
Userlog (id, useremail, userip, longtime, logout, status)
4.9.1 NORMALIZATION OF THE SYSTEM
According to Edgar Frank “Tedd” Cood (the relational model for database management, cellular
automata), There a few rules for database for database normalization. Each rule is called a
“normal form”. If the first rule is observed the data base is said to be in “first normal form”. If in
the first three rules are observed the database is considered to be in “third normal form”.
Although other levels of normalization is possible third normal formal form is considered the
highest level necessary for most application.

4.9.1.1 FIRST NORMAL FORM


A relation is defined to be in 1NF (first normal) form when none of its domain have any sets as
elements. Conference paper by Edgar Codd (1971)

4.9.1.2 SECOND NORMAL FORM


A table is in 2NF (second normal form) if it is in first normal form and every non-prime attribute
(attribute that is not part of any candidate key) of the table is dependent on the whole of every
candidate key

4.9.1.3 THIRD NORMAL FORM


3NF (Third normal) form is designed to reduce the duplication of data to ensure that referential
integrity but ensuring that the entity is in second form.

Eliminate fields that do not depend on the key values in the record that are not part of that
record’s key do not belong in the table in general anytime the content of a group of field may
apply to more than a single record in the table consider placing those field in a separate table.
4.9.2 ABNORMAL FORM
Admin Product productreview wishlist users userlog orders categor subcat ordertr
y egory ackhist
Id(pk) Id (pk) Id(pk) Id(pk) Id(pk) Id(pk) Id(pk) Id(pk) Id(pk) Id(pk)
name category Productid (fk) Userid(fk) Name useremai Userid(fk) catname Catid(fk) Ordered(fk)
password subcategory quality Productid(fk) email userip productid catdescrip subcat status
productname price postinddate contact logintime quantity createdate createda remark
te
productcompany value password logout orderdate updatedate update post date

productprice name shipaddress status paymethod

prouctpricebe summary Shipcity orderstatus

productDescri review shipstate


productImage1 reviewdate billaddres
Productimage2 billstate
Productimage3 billpinco
shippingcharge regdate
productavailability updation
Posting date
4.10 DATABASE SCHEMA

Figure 7 the database schema

4.11 DATA DICTIONARY


A data dictionary is defined as centralized repository of information about data such as
meaning, relationships to other data, origin, usage, and format. Database users and
application developers can benefit from an authoritative data dictionary document that
catalogues the organization, contents, and conventions of one or more databases. The
following tables below show the fields of their respective entities. The tables presented the
relationship of the data that are being gathered during the observation and interview. The
following are the data which are used by the researchers in the development of the system.
The next tables are representing murukari online grocery shopping data dictionary.
Admin

Category

ORDERS

ORDER TRACK HISTORY


PRODUCT REVIEWS

PRODUCTS
SUBCATEGORY

USERLOG

USERS
WISHLIST

4.12 ENTITY RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAM (ERD)


4.12.1 DEFINITION
An entity relation (ER) diagram is specialized graphic that illustrates the interrelationships
between entities in a database. ER diagrams often use symbols to represent three different types
of information. Boxes are commonly used to represent entities. Diamonds are normally used to
represent relationships and ovals are used to represent attributes.
4.12.2 CONCEPTS
Entity: An entity is a “thing” that exists can uniquely be identified, meaning that it has
its own independent existence.

ENTITY

Field

A field or article or attribute is a propriety which characterizes an object.

ENTITY
Field 1

Field 2

Relation

A relation defines how some attributes in one table relate to another attributes in another
table. Relationship illustrates how two or more entities share information in the database
structure. Relationships are very important in ensuring that there is data integrity in a
database after an update, insert or deletion is being performed.

Cardinalities

Cardinality specifies how many instances of an entity relate to one instance of another
entity; cardinality specifies the occurrences of a relationship.

There are two types of cardinality:


The minimum cardinality which is the minimum number of times that are an
occurrence participates in a relationship.

The maximum cardinality which is the maximum number of times that an occurrence
participates in a relationship.

In Online grocery shopping system researcher developed ten entities relatively to


the need of the system:
First table is ‘ADMIN’ a table that will contain all information about the admin in
the system.

Second, is ‘users’ a table in which all information of users is recorded.

Third, is ‘category’, which has all information of the product category that are involved in online
grocery shopping.

Fourth, one is ‘subcategory that helps the category to allocate its subcategory in the system.

The Fifth is the ‘products’ which store all the new products and allocate them according to their
category and subcategory in the system in order to help the customers.

Sixth is “Orders” this will help the customers to make orders and pay for their products.
Seventh is “productreviews” which will help the customers to review their products in cart.
Eighth is “ordertrackhistory” that will help the customers to track their products.
Nineth is “wishlist” which is used to cart the product.
The last one is “userlog” which helps the user to logout of the system.

4.13 ARCHITECTURE DESIGN OF THE NEW SYSTEM


A system architecture design is a conceptual model that defines the structure, behavior and more
views of a system. Architecture description is a formal description and representation of a
system, organized in a way that supports reasoning about the structure and behavior of the
system. (HannuJaakkolaBGV and Bernard “Architecture-driven modeling methodology”
2011)

Architect schema

Figure
The above diagram shows how the system is manipulated while processing the
data and how it is accessed users. Each part has got a way of accessing the data
through software application that is designed to solve the problem of the current
system .A form is designed in a way that you fill all data in the interface connected
to the database where it is stored. Each form has got its own specification
depending on what the part deals with and what is supposed to be done.
CHAPTER FIVE: IMPLEMENTATION, CODING AND TESTING

5.1 IMPLEMENTATION AND CODING


5.1.1 INTRODUCTION
System implementation is a stage in system life cycle whereby a new system is
developed, installed and made ready for use. It is at this stage that all details and
key point in the requirement specification are implemented. System
implementation therefore, is a very essential stage in which its success determines
largely the success of the new system. At this instance, after all is said and done
the system is duly ready to be implemented (budget development and analysis
system).

The system is implemented using the current system (manual system).The work is
then progressively transferred from the old system to the new system over a period
of time. This ensures that any problems in the new system can be resolved.

The structure phase does two things: builds and tests a functional system that
fulfils design requirements, and implements the interface between the new system
and the existing system. The researcher constructed the database, application
programs, user and system interfaces, and networks.

5.1.2 DESCRIPTION OF IMPLEMENTATION TOOLS AND TECHNOLOGY


CSS: CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets and Styles define how to display
HTML elements. Styles were added to HTML to solve a problem. CSS is used to
control the style and layout of multiple Web pages all at once.

HTML: HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language; a markup language is a
set of markup tags. The tags describe document content. HTML documents contain
HTML tags and plain text and documents are also called web pages. (Ben Joan,
2011)

JavaScript: JavaScript is the programming language of the Web that is easy to


learn. All modern HTML pages are using JavaScript. It is the language for HTML,
for the Web, for computers, servers, laptops, tablets, smart phones, and more.
PHP: Hypertext Pre-processor is a widely used, general-purpose scripting
language that was originally designed for web development to produce dynamic
web pages.

For this purpose, PHP code is embedded into the HTML source document and
interpreted by a web server with a PHP processor module, which generates the
web page document, (Mike Chapple , 2012).

MySQL: is an open source relational database management system (RDBMS)


based on Structured Query Language (SQL).

MySQL is a relational database management system that runs as a server providing


multi-user access to a number of databases. The MySQL development project has
made its source code available under the terms of the GNU General Public
License, as well as under a variety of proprietary agreements. MySQL is owned
and sponsored by a single for-profit firm, the Swedish company MySQL AB, now
owned by Sun Microsystems, a subsidiary of Oracle Corporation. Several high-
traffic web sites (Flick, Face book, Wikipedia, Google (Though not for searches),
Nokia and YouTube) use MySQL for data storage and logging of user data, all the
enterprises must obtain a commercial license from Oracle, Margaret Rouse (2013).

Brackets. is a popular open source text editor used to create and edit codes easily. Adobe found
this for web development purposes and is currently distributed under MIT licence as an open
source code editor. You can edit HTML, CSS and JavaScript codes without making mistakes and
preview the results instantly on Google Chrome browser. This is completely a free tool
developed with HTML, CSS and JavaScript. You will love to find this tool especially if you are
editing codes frequently with Notepad or TextEdit.

XAMPP  is a free and open source cross-platform web server solution stack package developed


by Apache Friends, consisting mainly of the Apache HTTP Server, MariaDB database,
and interpreters for scripts written in the PHP and Perl programming languages. XAMPP stands
for Cross-Platform (X), Apache (A), MariaDB (M), PHP (P) and Perl (P). It is a simple,
lightweight Apache distribution that makes it extremely easy for developers to create a local web
server for testing and deployment purposes. Everything needed to set up a web server – server
application (Apache), database (MariaDB), and scripting language (PHP) – is included in an
extractable file. XAMPP is also cross-platform, which means it works equally well on Linux,
Mac and Windows. Since most actual web server deployments use the same components as
XAMPP, it makes transitioning from a local test server to a live server extremely easy as well.

Browser: is a software application for retrieving, presenting and traversing


information resources on the World Wide Web. An information resource is
identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI/URL) and may be a web page,
image, video or other piece of content,(Spirit Works , 2009).

5.1.3 SCREEN SHOTS AND SOURCE CODES

Home interface that will help the customer to buy things


Source taken by using sniping tool
5.2 Testing
5.2.1 Introduction
Software testing is a method of assessing the functionality of a software program. There are
many different types of software testing but the two main categories are dynamic testing and
static testing.
Dynamic testing is an assessment that is conducted while the program is executed; static testing,
on the other hand, is an examination of the program's code and associated documentation.
Dynamic and static methods are often used together.

5.2.2 Objective of Testing


The testing phase of the development is a continual process during the application
stage. It is important that testing is accepted during the development of a system
because it recognizes any mistakes and bugs within the system; either introduced
during establishment (such as wrongly written code) or design faults. It is also
authoritative that these errors and bugs are located during the testing phase prior to
the system going live, because there is the potential that users may exploit these
bugs or users will get frustrated with a system that is “broken “because it was not
tested effectively. In addition to this testing ensures that the implantation meets the
requirements

5.2.3 Unit testing outputs


Unit testing is a testing done at the discrete level of program or module.
Sometimes, it refers to module testing. The purpose of unit testing is to identify
and reduce execution errors that cause the program to terminate unusually, and
logic errors that could have been missed during desk checking.

5.2.4 Validation testing outputs


Validation control if the system gathers with the requirements and executes
purpose for which it is proposed and meet the user need and the organization’s
goals.
Here on this page the customer finish to order his/her product and wait to see the
approval from the adminstrator and see the tracking number of the ordered
product. Then the next part is for the administrator side.
THIS IS THE Admin pages

<?php
session_start();
if(isset($_SESSION['id'])){
include('admin_home.php');
}else{
include("admin_index.php");
}

if(!isset($_SESSION['id']) || (trim($_SESSION['id']) == ''))


{
header("location:admin_index.php");
exit();
}
?>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Grocery shopping</title>
<link rel="icon" href="img/logo.jpg" />
<link rel = "stylesheet" type = "text/css" href="../css/style.css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../css/bootstrap.css">
<script src="js/bootstrap.js"></script>
<script src="js/jquery-1.7.2.min.js"></script>
<script src="js/carousel.js"></script>
<script src="js/button.js"></script>
<script src="js/dropdown.js"></script>
<script src="js/tab.js"></script>
<script src="js/tooltip.js"></script>
<script src="js/popover.js"></script>
<script src="js/collapse.js"></script>
<script src="js/modal.js"></script>
<script src="js/scrollspy.js"></script>
<script src="js/alert.js"></script>
<script src="js/transition.js"></script>
<script src="js/bootstrap.min.js"></script>
</head>
<body>
<div id="header">
<img src="../img/logo.png">
<label>Grocery shopping</label>
</div>

<?php include('../function/admin_login.php');?>
<div id="admin">
<form method="post" class="well">
<center>
<legend>Adminstrator</legend>
<table>
<tr>
<input type="text" name="username"
placeholder="Username">
</tr>
<tr>
<input type="password" name="password"
placeholder="Password">
</tr>
<br>
<br>
<input type="submit" name="enter"
value="Enter" class="btn btn-primary" style="width:200px;">
</table>
</center>
</form>
</div>

</div>

</body>
</html>
<?php
include("../function/session.php");
include("../db/dbconn.php");
?>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Ecomerce</title>
<link rel = "stylesheet" type = "text/css" href="../css/style.css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../css/bootstrap.css">
<script src="../js/bootstrap.js"></script>
<script src="../js/jquery-1.7.2.min.js"></script>
<script src="../js/carousel.js"></script>
<script src="../js/button.js"></script>
<script src="../js/dropdown.js"></script>
<script src="../js/tab.js"></script>
<script src="../js/tooltip.js"></script>
<script src="../js/popover.js"></script>
<script src="../js/collapse.js"></script>
<script src="../js/modal.js"></script>
<script src="../js/scrollspy.js"></script>
<script src="../js/alert.js"></script>
<script src="../js/transition.js"></script>
<script src="../js/bootstrap.min.js"></script>
<script src="../javascripts/filter.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script>

<script type="text/javascript" src="../chart/chart.js"></script>

<script src="../chart/highcharts.js"></script>
<script src="../chart/exporting.js"></script>

<script type="text/javascript">
$(function () {

// Make monochrome colors and set them as default for all pies
Highcharts.getOptions().plotOptions.pie.colors = (function () {
var colors = [],
base = Highcharts.getOptions().colors[0],
i;
for (i = 0; i < 10; i += 1) {
// Start out with a darkened base color (negative brighten), and end
// up with a much brighter color
colors.push(Highcharts.Color(base).brighten((i - 3) / 7).get());
}
return colors;
}());

// Build the chart


$('#container').highcharts({
chart: {
plotBackgroundColor: null,
plotBorderWidth: null,
plotShadow: false
},
title: {
text: 'best selling Product Brands as of year <?php echo $date = date("Y"); ?>'
},
tooltip: {
pointFormat: '{series.name}: <b>{point.percentage:.1f}%</b>'
},
plotOptions: {
pie: {
allowPointSelect: true,
cursor: 'pointer',
dataLabels: {
enabled: true,
format: '<b>{point.name}</b>: {point.percentage:.1f} %',
style: {
color: (Highcharts.theme && Highcharts.theme.contrastTextColor) ||
'black'
}
}
}
},
series: [{
type: 'pie',
name: 'Share',
data: [
<?php
$result = mysqli_query($conn, "SELECT brand FROM product
Group by brand");
while($row = mysqli_fetch_array($result)){

$brnd = $row['brand'];

$result1 = mysqli_query($conn, "SELECT * FROM product


WHERE brand = '$brnd'");
$row1 = mysqli_num_rows($result1);

echo "['".$brnd."', ".$row1."],";

}
?>

]
}]
});
});
</script>

</head>
<body>

<div id="header" style="position:fixed;">


<img src="../img/logo.png">
<label>Grocery</label>

<?php
$id = (int) $_SESSION['id'];

$query = mysqli_query ($conn, "SELECT * FROM admin


WHERE adminid = '$id' ") or die (mysqli_error());
$fetch = mysqli_fetch_array ($query);

?>

<ul>
<li><a href="../function/admin_logout.php"><i class="icon-off
icon-white"></i>logout</a></li>
<h4>Welcome <?php echo $_SESSION['adminName'];?>
<li>Welcome:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a><i class="icon-user icon-
white"></i><?php echo $fetch['username']; ?></a></li>
</ul>
</div>

<br>

<div id="leftnav">
<ul>
<li><a href="admin_home.php"
style="color:#333;">Dashboard</a></li>
<li><a href="admin_home.php">Products</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="admin_feature.php "style="font-size:15px;
margin-left:15px;">Product</a></li>

</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="delivered-orders.php">derivered</a></li>
<li><a href="transaction.php">Transactions</a></li>
<li><a href="customer.php">Customers</a></li>
<li><a href="message.php">Messages</a></li>
<li><a href="order.php">Orders</a></li>
<li><a href="change_password.php">change_Password</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="rightcontent" style="position:absolute; top:10%;">

<div id="container" style="min-width: 310px; height: 600px; max-width: 1000px;


margin: 0 auto; background:none; float:left;"></div>

</div>

</body>
</html>
<?php
ob_start();
include("../function/session.php");
include("../db/dbconn.php");
?>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Grocery shopping</title>
<link rel = "stylesheet" type = "text/css" href="../css/style.css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../css/bootstrap.css">
<script src="../js/bootstrap.js"></script>
<script src="../js/jquery-1.7.2.min.js"></script>
<script src="../js/carousel.js"></script>
<script src="../js/button.js"></script>
<script src="../js/dropdown.js"></script>
<script src="../js/tab.js"></script>
<script src="../js/tooltip.js"></script>
<script src="../js/popover.js"></script>
<script src="../js/collapse.js"></script>
<script src="../js/modal.js"></script>
<script src="../js/scrollspy.js"></script>
<script src="../js/alert.js"></script>
<script src="../js/transition.js"></script>
<script src="../js/bootstrap.min.js"></script>
<script src="../javascripts/filter.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script src="../jscript/jquery-1.9.1.js" type="text/javascript"></script>

<!--Le Facebox-->
<link href="../facefiles/facebox.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"
/>
<script src="../facefiles/jquery-1.9.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
<script src="../facefiles/jquery-1.2.2.pack.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
<script src="../facefiles/facebox.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
jQuery(document).ready(function($) {
$('a[rel*=facebox]').facebox()
})
</script>
</head>
<body>
<div id="header" style="position:fixed;">
<img src="../img/logo.png">
<label>Grocery shopping</label>

<?php
$id = (int) $_SESSION['id'];
$query = mysqli_query ($conn, "SELECT * FROM admin
WHERE adminid = '$id' ") or die (mysqli_error());
$fetch = mysqli_fetch_array ($query);
?>

<ul>
<li><a href="../function/admin_logout.php"><i class="icon-off icon-
white"></i>logout</a></li>
<h4>Welcome <?php echo $_SESSION['adminName'];?>
<li>Welcome:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i class="icon-user icon-
white"></i><?php echo $fetch['username']; ?></a></li>
</ul>
</div>

<br>

<a href="#add" role="button" class="btn btn-info" data-toggle="modal"


style="position:absolute;margin-left:222px; margin-top:140px; z-index:-1000;"><i
class="icon-plus-sign icon-white"></i>Add Product</a>
<div id="add" class="modal hide fade" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-
labelledby="myModalLabel" aria-hidden="true" style="width:400px;">
<div class="modal-header">
<button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-
hidden="true">x</button>
<h3 id="myModalLabel">Add Product...</h3>
</div>
<div class="modal-body">
<form method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
<center>
<table>
<tr>
<td><input type="file"
name="product_image" required></td>
</tr>
<?php include("random_id.php");
echo '<tr>
<td><input type="hidden"
name="product_code" value="'.$code.'" required></td>
<tr/>';
?>
<tr>
<td><input type="text"
name="product_name" placeholder="Product Name" style="width:250px;" required></td>
<tr/>
<tr>
<td><input type="text"
name="product_price" placeholder="Price" style="width:250px;" required></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><input type="text"
name="product_size" placeholder="Size" style="width:250px;" maxLength="2"
required></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><input type="text" name="brand"
placeholder="Brand Name " style="width:250px;" required></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><input type="number" name="qty"
placeholder="No. of Stock" style="width:250px;" required></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><input type="hidden"
name="category" value="feature"></td>
</tr>
</table>
</center>
</div>
<div class="modal-footer">
<input class="btn btn-primary" type="submit" name="add"
value="Add">
<button class="btn btn-danger" data-dismiss="modal" aria-
hidden="true">Close</button>
</form>
</div>
</div>

<?php
if (isset($_POST['add']))
{
$product_code = $_POST['product_code'];
$product_name = $_POST['product_name'];
$product_price = $_POST['product_price'];
$product_size = $_POST['product_size'];
$brand = $_POST['brand'];
$category = $_POST['category'];
$qty = $_POST['qty'];
$code = rand(0,98987787866533499);

$name = $code.
$_FILES["product_image"] ["name"];
$type = $_FILES["product_image"]
["type"];
$size = $_FILES["product_image"]
["size"];
$temp = $_FILES["product_image"]
["tmp_name"];
$error = $_FILES["product_image"]
["error"];

if ($error > 0){


die("Error uploading file! Code
$error.");}
else
{
if($size > 30000000000)
//conditions for the file
{
die("Format is not
allowed or file size is too big!");
}
else
{

move_uploaded_file($temp,"../photo/".$name);

$q1 = mysqli_query($conn, "INSERT INTO product


( product_id,product_name, product_price, product_size, product_image, brand, category)
VALUES
('$product_code','$product_name','$product_price','$product_size','$name', '$brand',
'$category')");
$q2 = mysqli_query($conn, "INSERT INTO stock ( product_id, qty)
VALUES ('$product_code','$qty')");

header ("location:admin_feature.php");
}}
}

?>

<div id="leftnav">
<ul>
<li><a href="admin_home.php" style="color:#333;">Dashboard</a></li>
<li><a href="admin_home.php">Products</a>
<ul>

</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="transaction.php">Transactions</a></li>
<li><a href="customer.php">Customers</a></li>
<li><a href="message.php">Messages</a></li>
<li><a href="order.php">Orders</a></li>
</ul>
</div>

<div id="rightcontent" style="position:absolute; top:10%;">


<div class="alert alert-info"><center><h2>product</h2></center></div>
<br />
<label style="padding:5px; float:right;"><input type="text"
name="filter" placeholder="Search Product here..." id="filter"></label>
<br />
<div class="alert alert-info">
<table class="table table-hover" style="background-color:;">
<thead>
<tr style="font-size:20px;">
<th>Product Image</th>
<th>Product Name</th>
<th>Product Price</th>
<th>Product Sizes</th>
<th>No. of Stock</th>
<th>Action</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<?php

$query = mysqli_query($conn, "SELECT * FROM product


WHERE category='feature' ORDER BY product_id DESC") or die(mysqli_error());
while($fetch = mysqli_fetch_array($query))
{
$id = $fetch['product_id'];
?>
<tr class="del<?php echo $id?>">
<td><img class="img-polaroid" src = "../photo/<?php echo
$fetch['product_image']?>" height = "70px" width = "80px"></td>
<td><?php echo $fetch['product_name']?></td>
<td><?php echo $fetch['product_price']?></td>
<td><?php echo $fetch['product_size']?></td>

<?php
$query1 = mysqli_query($conn, "SELECT * FROM stock
WHERE product_id='$id'") or die(mysqli_error());
$fetch1 = mysqli_fetch_array($query1);

$qty = $fetch1['qty'];
?>

<td><?php echo $fetch1['qty']?></td>


<td>
<?php
echo "<a href='stockin.php?id=".$id."' class='btn btn-success'
rel='facebox'><i class='icon-plus-sign icon-white'></i> Stock In</a> ";
echo "<a href='stockout.php?id=".$id."' class='btn btn-danger'
rel='facebox'><i class='icon-minus-sign icon-white'></i> Stock Out</a>";
?>
</td>
</tr>
<?php
}
?>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>

<?php
/* stock in */
if(isset($_POST['stockin'])){

$pid = $_POST['pid'];
$result = mysqli_query($conn, "SELECT * FROM stock WHERE product_id='$pid'") or
die(mysql_error());
$row = mysqli_fetch_array($result);

$old_stck = $row['qty'];
$new_stck = $_POST['new_stck'];
$total = $old_stck + $new_stck;

$que = mysqli_query($conn, "UPDATE stock SET qty = $total WHERE product_id=$pid")


or die(mysqli_error());

header("Location:admin_feature.php");
}

/* stock out */
if(isset($_POST['stockout'])){

$pid = $_POST['pid'];

$result = mysqli_query($conn, "SELECT * FROM stock WHERE product_id='$pid'") or


die(mysqli_error());
$row = mysqli_fetch_array($result);

$old_stck = $row['qty'];
$new_stck = $_POST['new_stck'];
$total = $old_stck - $new_stck;

$que = mysqli_query($conn, "UPDATE stock SET qty = $total WHERE product_id=$pid")


or die(mysqli_error());

header("Location:admin_feature.php");
}
?>

</body>
</html>
<script type="text/javascript">
$(document).ready( function() {

$('.remove').click( function() {

var id = $(this).attr("id");

if(confirm("Are you sure you want to delete this product?")){

$.ajax({
type: "POST",
url: "../function/remove.php",
data: ({id: id}),
cache: false,
success: function(html){
$(".del"+id).fadeOut(2000, function(){ $(this).remove();});
}
});
}else{
return false;}
});
});

</script>
5.2.5 INTEGRATION TESTING OUTPUTS

System integration testing (SIT) is a high-level software testing process in which testers verify
that all related systems maintain data integrity and can operate in coordination with other
systems in the same environment. The testing process ensures that all subcomponents are
integrated successfully to provide expected results.

5.2.6 FUNCTIONAL AND SYSTEM TESTING RESULTS

Is needed to check if the user interface is easy to use and understand. After using this test, the
researcher has been able to confirm the functional of this system to be easy to use by the end
users. System testing is also a level of the software testing process where a complete, integrated
system/software is tested. The purpose of this test is to evaluate the system’s compliance with the
specified requirements.

System Testing is performed after integration testing and before acceptance testing and it is
normally performed by independent testers who are not developers of the system and all
recommended that the developed system is in full compliance with the requirements.

5.2.7 ACCEPTANCE TESTING REPORTS


Acceptance Testing (AT) is the last phase of the software testing process. During AT, the actual
software users test the software to make sure it can handle required tasks in real world scenarios
according to specifications.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

6.0 INTRODUCTION
The researcher presented the summary of the findings based on the respondent’s
views the summary of the findings is presented in line with the objectives of the
research.
This part also present conclusion gives the recommendations and suggests the
Area(s) for further research.

6.1 CONCLUSION
Regarding to the output of the online grocery shopping now, all the objectives have been
achieved well considering to the way the system designed process operations in a small bit of
time than how they were done manually without forgetting many difficulties seen as discussed in
earlier chapters.

From this system, the printout message to the scientific environment where the researcher is
belonging is very relevant than before where the things like those this system processes were
seen as the magic but now it is remarkable that all the things done with intellectual contributions
and commitment are very advantageous to real time researchers as well as future researchers
while they are taken into considerations and in priorities for a living life of a scientific person
because there are most valuable things in today’s business scene. The researcher is grateful that
the system will be able to serve its future purpose and meet its objectives to the satisfaction of
Murukali ltd staffs and the other entrepreneurs who want to start or already have the business,
but had the same problems like those of Murukali ltd as an institution.

6.2 Recommendations
MANAGEMENT OF MURUKALI LTD

For implementing online grocery shopping in murukali ltd, all the staffs that will be familiar with
the system must be committed to see that the system operates as the intentions that were set
initially by the researcher to improve the working environment of the online shopping. It should
however be noted that there is a need for training to the staffs or customers of the new system
especially those that have to use it on daily basis for example the customers and management of
murukali ltd. This is because the system involves aspect of new technology that may not be
familiar to everybody.

6.3 Future Researchers


The researcher recommends also the future researchers to develop additional functionality to
adopt all kind of users who need the access an online grocery shopping that supports multiple
platform users to access the system on the move.
REFERENCES

1) Ramaswami & Namakumari, Marketing Management-Planning, Implementation and


Control, MacMillan India Ltd, New Delhi
2) Bhatnagar, A, Misra, S., and Rao, H. R., ‘Online risk, convenience, and Internet shopping
behavior,’ Communications of the ACM 2000

3) Alexandru M. Degeratu, Arvind Rangaswamy and Jianan Wu (2000) Consumer Choice


Behaviour in Online and Traditional Supermarkets: The Effects of Brand Name, Price,
and other Search Attributes, International Journal of Research in Marketing, Vol. 17, No.
1, p. 55-78. Available at:
http://www.smeal.psu.edu/ebrc/publications/res_papers/1999_03.pdf

4) Aron M. Levin, Irwin P. Levin, and C. Edward Heath (2003) PRODUCT CATEGORY
DEPENDENT CONSUMER PREFERENCES FOR ONLINE AND OFFLINE
SHOPPING FEATURES AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON MULTI-CHANNEL RETAIL
5) ALLIANCES, Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, VOL. 4, No. 3. Available at:
http://www.csulb.edu/web/journals/jecr/issues/20033/paper1.pdf

6) Ali S S, Models in Consumer Buying Behaviour, Deep & Deep Publications.

7) Kothari C. R., Research Methodology Methods and Techniques, Wishwa Prakashan, New
Delhi.

8) Anamika S. (2011). Top 10 benefits of online shopping. HubPages. Retrieved (February


14, 2012) from http://anamikas.hubpages.com/hub/Online-shopping-sites-benefits

Associated Press. (2011, November 29). Reports say ‘Cyber Monday’ top online
shopping day. New York (AP). Retrieved from
http://www.mail.com/business/economy/876350-reports-cyber-monday-top-online-
shopping-day.html

J Doll. (2011, December 28). Drunk online shopping will save this wretched economy.
Village Voice. Retrieved (February 14, 2012) from
http://blogs.villagevoice.com/runninscared/2011/12/drunk_online_shopping_trend.php

K Ehrlich. (2008, July 21). Online Shopping in Today’s Economy. Milstone Insights.
Retrieved (February 14, 2012) from http://blog.milestoneinternet.com/education/online-
shopping-in-today%E2%80%99s-economy/

Morah, Chizoba. (2011, July 12). Shopping online: Convenience, bargains, and a few
scams. Investopedia. http://www.investopedia.com/articles/pf/08/buy-sell-
online.asp#ixzz1msc658Sz

This result was confirmed by Grabarczyk, Johnson, Kovach, Kramer, Pleniak (survey,
February, 18 2011).

Vespa, M. (2010). Online shopping: Helping or hurting local economy. Central Illinois
News Center. Retrieved from http://www.centralillinoisnewscenter.com/home/Online-
Shopping--111008209.html

Watershed Publishing. (April 10, 2008). Online Sales to Climb Despite Downbeat
Economy, Hit $204B in ’08. Retrieved from http://www.marketingvox.com/online-sales-
to-climb-despite-downbeat-econonmy-reach-204b-in-08-037937

 Belanger, F., Hiller, J. S. and Smith, W. J., (2002). Trustworthiness in electronic commerce: The
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 –
105.Çelik, H., (2011). Influence of social norms, perceived playfulness and online shopping
anxiety on
customers’ adoption of online retail shopping: An em
pirical study in the Turkish context. InternationalJournal ofRetail & Distribution Management,
39 (6), 390
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413.Chang, H. H. and Chen, S. W., (2009). Consumer perception of interface quality, security,
and loyalty inelectronic commerce. Information & Management, 46, 411
 –
417.Cheema, A. and Papatla, P., (2010). Relative importance of online versus offline information
for Internetpurchases: Product category and Internet experience effects. Journal of Business
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985.Chen, Y. Y., Huang, H. L., Hsu, Y. C., Tseng, H. C. and Lee, Y. C., (2010). Confirmation of
Expectations andSatisfaction with the Internet Shopping: The Role of Internet Self-efficacy.
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