e and Work Formulas

Published on Friday, December 15, 2017 By - Unknown

Work
Amount of job assigned or the amount of job actually done.

Relations between work, time and person: -

o Work & Person: Directly proportional i.e. more work, more person
required. 
o Time & Person: Inversely proportional i.e. more people, less time
required. 
o Work & time: Directly proportional i.e. more work, more time required. 

Note: Work done is always considered to be equal to 1.

Rules: -
o If a person can do a piece of work in ‘n’ days/ hours then that person’s
one day’s/ hour’s work = 1/n
o If a person’s one day’s/ hour’s work = 1/n , then he will complete then he
will complete the work in ‘n’ days/ hours. 
o If first person is ‘n’ times efficient than second person then work done by
first person : second person = n : 1 
o If the ratio of number of men required to complete a work is m : n then
the ratio of time taken by them will be n : m. 
Time and Work - Shortcuts and Tricks

Formulas Including Short Tricks:

# 1.
 If persons can do W1 work in D1 days working T1 hours in a day and
M2 Persons can do W2 work in D2 days working T2 hours in a day then the
relationship between them is

Example: - 12 persons can make 20 toys in 10 days working 12 hours a day.
Then in how many days can 24 persons make 32 toys working 16 hours a
day?

# 2.
If A can do a piece of work in days and B can do the same work in days then
(A + B)’s one day work-

Time taken by (A + B) to complete the work –

If ‘n’ persons (more than two) are there then their one day’s work =

Where x1,x2, x3 …………… represents the number of days taken by them to

complete the work.

Example: -  If A can do a piece of work in days and B can do the same work
in days. If both are working together, how many days will they take to
complete the work?
(A + B)’s one day work =

(A + B) will complete the whole work =

Time and Work : 15 Questions Repeated
in the Exams
Published on Monday, April 25, 2016 By - Unknown

Ques 1.

A twice as good a workman as B and they together took 7 days to do a piece

of work .B alone can dot it in
(a) 12 days
(b) 18 days
(c) 21 days
(d) None of these

Ans 1.  21 days

Ques 2.

A is thrice as good a workman as B. He is able to finish a piece of work in 60

days less than B. Find the time in which they can do it working together.
(a) 25 days
(b) 22 1/2 days
(c) 30 days
(d) 28 days

Ans 2.

Ques 3.

Twenty men can finish a piece of work in 30 days .after how many days
should 5 men leave, so that the work may be finished in 35 days?
(a) 18 days
(b) 11 days
(c) 12 days
(d) 15 days
Ans 3.

Ques 4.

Two men and three women working 7 hours a day finish a piece of work in 5
days.Four men and four women working 3 hours a day complete the same
work in 7 days . The number of days in which only 7 men working 4 hours a
day will finish the work is
(a) 5 days
(b) 6 days
(c) 7 days
(d) 10 days
Ans 4.

Ques 5.

Father is two times faster than his son. If father and son can complete a job in
12 days how long will it take for the son alone to complete the same job ?
(a) 24 days
(b) 36 days
(c) 27 days
(d) 30 days
Ans 5.  36 days

Ques 6.

3 men can do a piece of work in 6 days. After 2 days 3 more men joined them.
How many days will they take to complete the remaining work ?
(a) 5 days
(b) 4 days
(c) 3 days
(d) 2 days

Ans 6.  2 days
Ques 7.

How many days will 12 women take to do a piece of work which 10 men take
15 days to complete, if 3 women do as much work as 2 men?
(a) 18.33 days
(b) 18.55 days
(c) 18.75 days
(d) None of these

Ans 7. 18. 75 days

Ques 8.

If 12 men and 16 boys can do a piece of work in 5 days and 13 men and 24
boys can do it in 4 days, how long will 7 men and 10 boys take do it ?
(a) 10 days
(b) 12 days
(c) 8 1/3 days
(d) 11 1/4 days

Ans 8.  8 1/3 days'

Ques 9.

A and B can do a job in 15 days and 10 days respectively .They begin the
work together but A leaves after some days and B finishes the remaining work
in 5 days . After how many days does A leaves?
(a) 2 days
(b) 3 days
(c) 4 days
(d) 5 days

Ans 9.  3 days

Ques 10.

A can do a piece of work in 15 days .If he is joined by B who is 50% more

efficient, in what time will A and B finish the work?
(a) 4 days
(b) 8 days
(c) 6 days
(d) 10 days
Ans 10.

Ques 11.

X does 1/4th of a job in 6 days. Y completes rest of the job in 12 days. In how
many days could X and Y together have Complete the job ?
(a) 9 3/5 days
(b) 7 1/3 days
(c) 9 days
(d) 8 1/8 days

Ans 11. 9 3/5 days

Ques 12.

If 3 workers collect 48 kg of cotton in 4 days, How many kilograms of cotton

will 9 workers collect in 2 days?
(a) 216
(b) 108
(c) 72
(d) 36

Ans 12.   72

Hint : Use the formula : M1D1W2 = W2D2W1

Ques 13.

A can copy 80 pages in 20 hours. A and B together can copy 135 pages in 27
hours .In What time can B copy 30 pages?
(a) 30 hours
(b) 22.5 hours
(c) 24 hours
(d) 18 hours

Ans 13.  30 hours

# 3.
If A & B can complete a work in days and A alone can finish that work in days
then number of days required by B to complete the work–

Example: - A & B together can do a piece of work in days and A alone can do
it in 18 days. In how many days can B alone do it?

# 4.
If A & B can do a piece of work in days, B & C can the same work in days and
A & C can do it in days, then working together A,B & C can do that work in–

Example: -  A & B can do a piece of work in days, B & C can the same work
in 9 days and A & C can do it in days, then find the time in which A, B & C can
finish the work if they working together?

# 5.
If A can do a work in days and B can do faster than A, then B will complete
the work in -
Example: - Komal can do a work in days and Pooja is more efficient than
Komal to complete the same work, then find the total time taken to complete
the work by Pooja?

# 6.
If A takes days more to complete a work than the time taken by (A + B) to do
the same work and B takes y days more than the time taken by (A + B) to do
the same work then (A + B) do the work in √xy days –
Example: -  If A alone does a piece of work, he takes days more than the time
taken by (A + B) to do complete the work, while B alone takes 9 days more
than the time taken by (A + B) to finish the work. What time A & B together will
take to finish the work?

# 7.
If A & B each alone can do a piece of work in days respectively. Both begin
together but –
I. A leaves the work ’n’ days before its completion, then total time taken for
completion of work :

II. B leaves the work ’n’ days before its completion, then total time taken for
completion of work :

Example: - A can do a piece of work in days while B can do it in days. They
begin together but 5 days before the completion of the work, B leaves off. Find
the total number of days for the work to be completed?

# 8.
If A & B do a piece of work in days respectively. Both begin together but after
some days, A leaves off & the remaining work is completed by B in ‘n’ days.
Then the time after which A left, is given by 
Example: - A & B do a piece of work in days respectively. Both begin together
but after a certain time, A leaves off. In this case, B finishes the remaining
work in 20 days. After how many days did A leave?

Time, Speed and Distance Made Easy

Published on Friday, January 08, 2016 By - Unknown

Today I am sharing techniques and concepts for Time ,speed and Distance
chapter. I hope it will be beneficial to all the readers.

Conversion of  km/hr into meter/sec

Following formula is used in this case

Conversion of meter/sec into km/h 

The formula is:

Some tricky questions are given below:

1. Question
A Van travels 800 km in 12 hours and another 400 km in 18 hours. Find the
average speed of the car.

Solution

Formula of Average speed will be apply here i.e.

Average Speed = Total Distance/Total Time

Average Speed = (800 + 400) / (12 + 18) 

Average Speed = 1200/30 = 40 

2. Question
A horse covers a distance of 750m in 2 min 30 sec. What is the speed in
km/hr of the cyclist?

Solution 

Speed = 750/150 = 5m/sec

(2 min 30 seconds = 150 seconds)

Now we have to find the speed in km/hr.

5m/sec = 5 × (18/5)km/hr = 18km/hr

3. Question
Find the time taken to cover a distance of 360 km by a train moving at 20
meters/second.

Solution

Time = Distance / Speed 

We need to convert the distance into meter per second

so, 360  × 5/18 = 100

Now by applying the formula of Time, we get

Time = 100 / 20 = 5 hours

4. Question
How many minutes does Bajira take to cover a distance of 400 m, if he runs at
a speed of 20km/hr?

Solution

Bajira's speed = 20 km/hr = (20 × 5/18) m/sec = 50/9 (m/sec)

Time taken to cover 400 m = 400 × (9/50)sec = 72 sec = 1 (12/60)min

= 1(1/6)min

5. Question
Tata Safari covers a distance of 550 meters in 1 minute whereas a Renault
Duster covers a distance of 33 km in 45 minutes. The ratio of their speeds is:

Solution

Ratio of their speeds

Speed of Tata Safari = 550/60 × 18/5 = 33 km/hr

Speed of Renault Duster = 33 / 45 × 60 = 44 km/hr 

Ratio of speeds = 33 : 44

Ratio of Speeds = 3 : 4

Calculation of Distance in case of Speed Difference  

Suppose a man covers a certain distance at x km/hr and an equal distance at
y km/hr. Then, to find the  average speed during the whole journey, following
formula is applied.

6. Question
A man traveled from the village to the post - office at the rate of 25 km/h and
walked back at the rate of 4 km/h. If the whole journey took 5 hours 48
minutes. Find the distance of the post - office from the village.
Solution 
First of all, we have to calculate average speed by applying the formula i.e.
(2xy/x+y)
Average speed = (2 ×  25 × 4) / (25 + 4)km/h = 200/29 km/h
As we know Distance = Speed × Time
Distance traveled in 5 hours 48 minutes =

Distance of Post Office from the village = 40 / 2 = 20 km

Time, Speed and Distance Made Easy

Published on Friday, January 08, 2016 By - Unknown
Today I am sharing techniques and concepts for Time ,speed and Distance
chapter. I hope it will be beneficial to all the readers.

Conversion of  km/hr into meter/sec

Following formula is used in this case

Conversion of meter/sec into km/h 

The formula is:
Some tricky questions are given below:

1. Question
A Van travels 800 km in 12 hours and another 400 km in 18 hours. Find the
average speed of the car.

Solution

Formula of Average speed will be apply here i.e.

Average Speed = Total Distance/Total Time

Average Speed = (800 + 400) / (12 + 18) 

Average Speed = 1200/30 = 40 

2. Question
A horse covers a distance of 750m in 2 min 30 sec. What is the speed in
km/hr of the cyclist?

Solution 

Speed = 750/150 = 5m/sec

(2 min 30 seconds = 150 seconds)

Now we have to find the speed in km/hr.

5m/sec = 5 × (18/5)km/hr = 18km/hr

3. Question
Find the time taken to cover a distance of 360 km by a train moving at 20
meters/second.

Solution

Time = Distance / Speed 

We need to convert the distance into meter per second

so, 360  × 5/18 = 100

Now by applying the formula of Time, we get

Time = 100 / 20 = 5 hours

4. Question
How many minutes does Bajira take to cover a distance of 400 m, if he runs at
a speed of 20km/hr?

Solution

Bajira's speed = 20 km/hr = (20 × 5/18) m/sec = 50/9 (m/sec)

Time taken to cover 400 m = 400 × (9/50)sec = 72 sec = 1 (12/60)min

= 1(1/6)min

5. Question
Tata Safari covers a distance of 550 meters in 1 minute whereas a Renault
Duster covers a distance of 33 km in 45 minutes. The ratio of their speeds is:

Solution

Ratio of their speeds

Speed of Tata Safari = 550/60 × 18/5 = 33 km/hr

Speed of Renault Duster = 33 / 45 × 60 = 44 km/hr 

Ratio of speeds = 33 : 44

Ratio of Speeds = 3 : 4

Calculation of Distance in case of Speed Difference  

Suppose a man covers a certain distance at x km/hr and an equal distance at
y km/hr. Then, to find the  average speed during the whole journey, following
formula is applied.

6. Question
A man traveled from the village to the post - office at the rate of 25 km/h and
walked back at the rate of 4 km/h. If the whole journey took 5 hours 48
minutes. Find the distance of the post - office from the village.
Solution 
First of all, we have to calculate average speed by applying the formula i.e.
(2xy/x+y)
Average speed = (2 ×  25 × 4) / (25 + 4)km/h = 200/29 km/h
As we know Distance = Speed × Time
Distance traveled in 5 hours 48 minutes =

Distance of Post Office from the village = 40 / 2 = 20 km

Time, Speed and Distance: Concepts

and Problems
Published on Sunday, October 13, 2013 By - Dr. Jasleen Kaur

Today I am going to discuss a very important topic Time, Speed and Distance.
This concept is used extensively for questions related to different areas
of CAT, GMAT and Bank exams. For example boats and streams, trains,
clocks etc.

Also read my previous posts on 

o Time and Work
o Alligation
o Age problems
o Probability
o Profit and Loss

Concepts
1) There is a relationship between speed, distance and time:

Speed = Distance / Time OR

Distance = Speed* Time

2) Average Speed = 2xy / x+y

where x km/hr is a speed for certain distance and y km/hr is a speed at for
same distance covered.

**** Remember that average speed is not just an average of two speeds i.e.
x+y/2. It is equal to 2xy / x+y

3) Always remember that during solving questions units must be same. Units
can be km/hr, m/sec etc.

**** Conversion of km/ hr to m/ sec and m/ sec to km/ hr

x km/ hr = (x* 5/18) m/sec i.e. u just need to multiply 5/18

Similarly, x m/sec = (x*18/5) km/sec

4) As we know, Speed = Distance/ Time. Now, if in questions Distance is
constant then speed will be inversely proportional to time i.e. if speed
increases ,time taken will decrease and vice versa.

Time and Distance Problems

Problem 1: A man covers a distance of 600m in 2min 30sec. What will be the
speed in km/hr?

Solution: Speed =Distance / Time

⇒ Distance covered = 600m, Time taken = 2min 30sec = 150sec
Therefore, Speed= 600 / 150 = 4 m/sec
⇒ 4m/sec = (4*18/5) km/hr = 14.4 km/ hr.

Problem 2: A boy travelling from his home to school at 25 km/hr and came
back at 4 km/hr. If whole journey took 5 hours 48 min. Find the distance of
home and school.

Solution: In this question, distance for both speed is constant.

⇒ Average speed = (2xy/ x+y) km/hr, where x and y are speeds
⇒ Average speed = (2*25*4)/ 25+4 =200/29 km/hr
Time = 5hours 48min= 29/5 hours
Now, Distance travelled = Average speed * Time
⇒ Distance Travelled = (200/29)*(29/5) = 40 km
Therefore distance of school from home = 40/2 = 20km.

Problem 3: Two men start from opposite ends A and B of a linear track
respectively and meet at point 60m from A. If AB= 100m. What will be the ratio
of speed of both men?

Solution: According to this question, time is constant. Therefore, speed is

directly proportional to distance.
Speed∝Distance
⇒ Ratio of distance covered by both men = 60:40 = 3:2
⇒ Therefore, Ratio of speeds of both men = 3:2

Problem 4: A car travels along four sides of a square at speeds of 200, 400,
600 and 800 km/hr. Find average speed.

Solution: Let x km be the side of square and y km/hr be average speed

Using basic formula, Time = Total Distance / Average Speed

x/200 + x/400 + x/600 + x/800 = 4x/y ⇒ 25x/ 2400 = 4x/ y⇒ y= 384

⇒ Average speed = 384 km/hr

Take a Time and Distance problems quiz

Probability Concepts with Examples

Published on Sunday, December 24, 2017 By - Insiya

The word PROBABILITY is used to indicate an unclear possibility that

something might happen. It is also used simultaneously with chance.

Definition of Probability
If an event ‘E’ can happen in ‘m’ ways & fail in ‘k’ ways out of a total of
‘n’ ways, & each of them is equally likely, then the probability of the
happening of ‘E’ is .
P(E) = m/(m+k) = m/n,     where n = (m+k)

In other words, if a random, experiment is conducted ‘n’ times & ‘m’ of them
are favorable to event ‘E’, then

P(E) = m/n
Probability line
Probability always lies between 0 to 1. If your answer exceeds 1 then your
answer is incorrect. 

Experiment: In probability theory, an experiment or

trial (see below) is any procedure that can be infinitely
repeated and has a well-defined set of possible outcomes

Outcome: In probability theory, an outcome is a possible

result of an experiment. Each possible outcome of a
particular experiment is unique

Sample Space: The well-defined set of possible

outcomes is known as the sample space.
Random Experiment
A random experiment is an experiment or a process for which the outcome
cannot be predicted with certainty.

Example: - Drawing 2 cards from a well shuffled pack is a random experiment

while getting an Ace & a King are events.

Mutually Exclusive Events

In probability theory, two events) are mutually exclusive if they cannot both be
true or occur at the same time. 

Example: The events of getting a head or a tail when a coin is tossed are
mutually exclusive.
Equally Likely Events
Equally likely events are events that have the same theoretical probability (or
likelihood) of occurring.

Example: - When a die is thrown, any number from 1 to 6 may turn up. In this
trial, the six events are equally likely.

Independent Events
Two events E1 and E2 are said to be independent, if the occurrence of the
event E 2 is not affected by the occurrence or the non-occurrence of the event
E1.

To find the probability of two independent events that occur in sequence, find
the probability of each event occurring separately, and then multiply the
probabilities. This multiplication rule is defined symbolically below. Note that
multiplication is represented by AND.

Multiplication Rule 1: When two events, A and B, are

independent, the probability of both occurring is: 
P(A and B) = P(A) · P(B)

Compound Events
When two or more events are in relation with each other, they are known as
compound events.
Example: - When a die is thrown and a coin is flipped the occurring events are
called compound events.

Exercise with Explanation

Example 1

Find the probability of getting a head in a throw of a coin.

Solution:-
When a coin is tossed we either get head or tail upwards.
So, total number of cases= 2 = n,
number of favorable cases to get H = 1 = m
P (H) = No. of favorable cases/ Total no. of outcomes = (m/n)
=1/2
Example 2

An unbiased die is rolled. Find the probability of a) Getting a multiple of 3 b)

getting a prime number

Solution:-
When a die is rolled we can get any one of the numbers from 1 to 6.
Total number of cases = n = 6
a) Let event A= getting a multiple of 3
Then A= {3.6}.
Therefore m=2
P (A) = m/n = 2/6 = 1/3
b) Let event B = getting a prime number
Then B= {2, 3, 5}.
so, m = 3
P (A) =m/n=3/6=1/2

Example 3

A card is drawn from a well-shuffled pack of 52 cards. Find the probability that
a) Card drawn is red
b) Card drawn is Queen
c) Card drawn is black & king
d) Card drawn is red & number card
e) Card drawn is either king or queen

Solution :
Before solving this problem, let us recall the game of cards. One deck of cards
contains totally 52 cards. Among them we have 13 spades & 13 clubs which
are black in color, 13 diamonds & 13 hearts all of which are red. In the 13
spades, 9 are numbered cards, numbered from 2 to 10, one ace card & 3 face
cards namely J, Q & K. Similarly for the clubs, diamonds & hearts also.
Totally there are 52 cards & any one can be drawn
So, total number of cases = n = 52

a) There are 13 diamonds & 13 hearts which are red

Number of red cards = m = 26
P (getting red) =26/52=1/2

b) There are 4 queens = 4

P (getting queen) = m/n=4/52
=1/13

c) The king of spade & clubs are black

No. of cards which is king & black=m=2
P (king & black) =m/n =2/56
=1/26

d) The 9 number cards of hearts & 9 number cards of diamonds are red.
No. of cards which are red & number cards = m = 18
P (red & number)=m/n=18/52
=9/26

e) There are 4 queens & kings

No. of favorable case = m = 8
P (queen or king) = m/n = 8/52
= 2/13

Example 4

A bag contains 6 white beads & 4 red beads. A bead is drawn at random.
What is the probability that the bead drawn is white?

Solution: Total no. of beads in the bag = 6+4 =10. n= 10

Any one of the 6 white beads can be selected, m=6
Therefore, P (getting white bead) = m/n=6/10
=3/5
Example 5

A box contains 8 red marbles, 6 green marbles & 10 pink marbles. One
marble is drawn at random from box. What is the probability that the marble
drawn is either red or green?

Solution:-
Total number of marbles= 8+6+10 =24, n=24
There are 6 green & 8 red marbles
Therefore, number of favorable cases=6+8=14
P (red or green) = 14/24=7/12

Example 6

Two fair coins are tossed simultaneously. Find the probability of

a) Getting two heads
b) at least one head c) exactly one head

Solution:-
Sample space S= {TT, TH, HT, HH}
No. of total cases=n=4
a) Getting two heads is only one case i.e. HH
No. of favorable case=m=1
P (getting 2 heads)=m/n= 1/4

b) At least one head means one or more heads. In this case it is one or 2
heads, in 3 cases i.e. TH,HT,HH
Therefore, P (atleast one head) =3/4

c) Exactly one head is two cases TH, HT

P (exactly one head) =2/4=1/2

 Lesson in Probability - Solve Accurately

Published on Tuesday, November 18, 2014 By - Ramandeep Singh
Probability comes for like 1 mark or 2 … the good is it is easy … the bad is it
comes only for a mark or two!

On requests, I have decided to take the plunge and do a piece on probability –

all dice, coins and cards come out and play!

So,
1. What is probability?
Probability is the chance of the happening or non-happening of event;
denoted by ‘P’.

2. What are events and sample space?

Sample space is the total number of occurrences that can happen.

Event is the occurrence of ‘something’ which we are concerned with.

For example: Jai and Veeru did that coin toss to gamble away their lives –
awesome – but it has got an important lesson of probability too.

One coin – what are the possible out comes? – Two, as there can be a Head
or a Tail.

Therefore, our sample space (S) = 2 = total number of possible

outcomes (either head or tail).

Say, Veeru wanted Heads – how many heads is possible in one coin? –
One. Thus 1 is our Event (E)!

Get Quantitative Aptitude Shortcuts

3. How to find Probability
Probability is the chance of the occurrence of an event; [P = E/S]

Thus, with E = 1, and S = 2,

Probability of Veeru going to die = E/S = ½ = 0.5!    [But it was different in the
film - I know, I know!]

4. Hold on now! If the chances of Veeru’s death is 0.5; what could be the
chance of Jai being the one dying?

Again, ½ =0.5!                            [Think the film makers calculated only this

probability!]

5.  The ‘Non – event’.

Every event has its corresponding ‘non-event’; which can be denoted as E'.
If the ‘event’ is happening, then non-event will not happen and vice versa.

If Veeru is going to die (E), then Jai won’t (E'); if Jai’s (E) going to die then
Veeru (E') won’t!

Thus, P(E) + P(E') = 1

In words, probability of event and probability of a non-event add up to 1.

Therefore, 1- P(E) = P(E'),

                  1- P(E') = P(E).

6. AND ‘n’ OR:

First off – AND is multiplying.
OR is for addition.

If a question is worded like this – ‘if the probability of A hitting the target is 1/3
and B hitting the target is ½, what is the probability of A and B, both, hitting
the target if a shot is taken by both.’

which means, P(A) AND P(B) = P(A and B hitting the target); P(A) x P(B)

P(A) x P(B) = 1/6.

Now, if the question was worded - ‘if the probability of A hitting the target is
1/3 and B hitting the target is ½, what is the probability of A or B hitting the
target?’

which means, P(A) OR P(B) = P(A or B hitting the target); P(A) + P(B)

P(A) + P(B) = 5/6.

7. Some common sample space(s)!

For Coins One Coin Two Coins Three Coins

Sample 2 2x2=4 2x2x2=8

Space (S) =
and so on…

For Dice One Dice Two Die Three Die

(S) = 6 6 x 6 = 36 6 x 6 x 6 = 216
and so on…

For Cards Cards in one suit One Pack of Cards/ Face Cards (King, Queen, Jack and
(Either Spade, Clubs, Deck = Total number Ace) of all the fours suits together
Hearts or Diamonds) of cards

(S) 13 13 x 4 = 52 4 x 4 = 16
8. Concept of Odds:
Sometimes probability is viewed in terms of ‘odds for’ or ‘odds against’ an
event.

Odds in favour of an event = P(E)/P(E')

Odds against an event,

 or,
Odds in favour of the non-event = P(E')/P(E)               

… fairly simple, right? All you got to do is calculate the P(E) and the P(E');
then use the above formulae, if and only if the word ‘odds’ is in the
question! Otherwise we calculate the normal probabilities as asked in the
question.

That is all for today folks!

Hope this helps!

Good day!

Permutation and Combination - Concept

and Problems
Published on Wednesday, October 23, 2013 By - Dr. Jasleen Kaur

Today I'm going to discuss a very important topic for ibps or other bank exams
i.e. permutation and combination. This is primarily because various questions
from this section tests candidate's analytical skill. This topic just involves basic
calculations.

Permutation implies arrangement where order of things is important and

includes word formation, number formation, circular permutation
etc. Combination means selection where order is not important and it
involves selection of team, forming geometrical figures, distribution of things
etc.

Factorial = Factorial are defined for natural numbers, not for negative
numbers.

n! = n.(n-1).(n-2).........3.2.1

For example: 1) 4! = 4.3.2.1 = 24

                      2) 6!/ 4! = (6.5.4!)/ 4! = 6.5 = 30

                      3) 0! = 1

PERMUTATION COMBINATION

Implies Arrangement  Implies Selection

Order of things is important  Order of things is NOT important 

Permutation of three things a, b and Combination of three things a,b and c

c taking two at a time are ab, ba, ac, taking two at a time are ab, ca and cb
ca,bc and cb (Order is important).  (Order is not important). 

nPr = n!/ (n-r)!  nCr = n!/ (n-r)! r! 

nPn = n!  nCn = 1 

nP0 = 1  nC0 = 1 

Example of Word Formation:

Example: How many new words can be formed with the word "PATNA"?
Solution: In word "PATNA", P,T,N occurs once and A occurs twice.
****Always remember in word formation, if word repeats, number of repetition
will be on denominator.
So, total number of words that can be formed = 5!/ 2! = 60
Therefore, except PATNA there are 59 new words (60-1).

Example: How many words can be formed from the letters of the word
"EXAMINATION"?
Solution: E, X, M, T, O : Occurs ONCE
A, I, N : Twice
So, total number of words = 11! / 2! 2! 2!
(Total number of letters=11 and 3 letters are occurring twice)

Problems for practice

Problem 1: Choose permutation or combination

1) Selection of captain and bowler for a play.

Permutation

2) Selection of four students for a lecture.

Combination

3) Assigning people to their seats during conference.

Permutation

Problem 2: Evaluate 7P2 . 4P3

Solution: (7!/ 5!). (4!/ 1!)
⇒(7.6). (4.3.2)
⇒1008

Problem 3: Evaluate 5C2. 3C2

Solution: (5!/3!2!). (3!/2!1!)
⇒(5.4/2). (3)

⇒30

Problem 4: How many ways are there in selecting 5 members from 6 males
and 5 females, consisting 3 males and 2 females?
Solution: This is a case of combination i.e.selecting 3 males from 6 males
and 2 females from 5 females.

⇒Required number of ways = (6C3 *5C2)

⇒(6.5.4/3.2)*(5.4/2)

⇒200.

Problem 5: How many words can be formed by using letters of the word
"DAUGHTER" so that the vowels come together?

Solution: This is a case of permutation. In a word "DAUGHTER", there are 8

letters including 3 vowels (AUE)

According to the question, vowels should always come together. Therefore, in

this case we will treat all the vowels as one entity or one alphabet. This
implies, in total there are 6 words (one word which is a group of vowels)

These 6 words can be arranged in 6P6 ways

⇒6P6 = 6!/1! = 6! = 720 WAYS
Also, three vowels in a group may be arranged in 3! ways
⇒3! = 6 ways

Therefore, required number of words = (720*6) = 4320.

robability - Shortcut Trick for Dice
Problems
Published on Wednesday, July 08, 2015 By - Unknown

Today I am going to share basic concepts for Dice problems from Probability.

Types
o Cards
o Balls 
o Coins
o Dice
If two dices are thrown: Sum of dices
If 1 appears on the first dice and 1 on the second dice, the sum = 2 (Minimum
sum)
(1, 1) = 1+1=2
If 1 appears on the first dice and 2 on the second dice, the sum = 3
(1, 2) = 1+2=3
If 1 appears on the first dice and 3 on the second dice, the sum = 4
(1, 3) = 1+3=4
If 1 appears on the first dice and 4 on the second dice, the sum = 5
(1, 4) = 1+4=5
If 1 appears on the first dice and 5 on the second dice, the sum = 6
(1, 5) = 1+5=6
If 1 appears on the first dice and 6 on the second dice, the sum = 7
(1, 6) = 1+6=7
After that dice will repeat like:
(2, 1) = 2+1=3
(2, 2) = 2+2=4
(2, 3) = 2+3=5
(2, 4) = 2+4=6
(2, 5) = 2+5=7
(2, 6) = 2+6=8
Then gain
(3, 1) = 3+1=4
………….
………….
………….
(3, 6) = 3+6=9
Similarly if
(6, 1) = 6+1=7
……….
………..
And so on
(6, 6) = 6+6=12 (Maximum)
Now if two dices are rolled together
Minimum sum =2
Maximum sum = 12
Now if the question says

What is the probability of getting a sum of 4 if two dices are

rolled together?
We can see that the sum of 4 can be obtained by:

Solution: Total out comes = 6*6=36 (because two dices are thrown so the total
outcome will be 36)
The required probability = Favorable outcomes /Total outcomes = 3/36=1/12

What is the probability of getting a sum of 6 if two dices are

thrown?
Solution:
The sum of 6 can be obtained by:

So the probability = 5/36

Now to find out the probability of a sum when two dices are thrown,
there is a shortcut which is based on the diagram below.
Note: Memorize this picture to solve probability sums
 Let us solve some problems

What is the probability of getting a sum of 5 if two dices are

thrown together?
Solution: Observe the picture very carefully we can see if the sum is 5, the
probability is 4.
So the required probability = 4/36= 1/9.

What is the probability of getting a sum of 10 if two dices are

thrown together?
From the picture if the sum is 10, the probability is 3.
So the required probability is 3/36 that is 1/12.

What is the probability of getting a sum of 6 or 11 if two dices

are rolled together?
Solution: From the picture
Sum 6: probability 5
Sum 11: probability 2
The required probability = 5/36+2/36= 7/36

What is the probability of getting a sum of 4 or 12 if two dices

are rolled together?
Solution: From the picture
Sum 4: Probability 3
Sum 12: Probability 1
So the required probability = 3/36+1/36 =4/36=1/9.

Read more about Probability here

Permutation and Combination - Concept

and Problems
Published on Wednesday, October 23, 2013 By - Dr. Jasleen Kaur
Today I'm going to discuss a very important topic for ibps or other bank exams
i.e. permutation and combination. This is primarily because various questions
from this section tests candidate's analytical skill. This topic just involves basic
calculations.

Permutation implies arrangement where order of things is important and

includes word formation, number formation, circular permutation
etc. Combination means selection where order is not important and it
involves selection of team, forming geometrical figures, distribution of things
etc.

Factorial = Factorial are defined for natural numbers, not for negative
numbers.

n! = n.(n-1).(n-2).........3.2.1

For example: 1) 4! = 4.3.2.1 = 24

                      2) 6!/ 4! = (6.5.4!)/ 4! = 6.5 = 30

                      3) 0! = 1

PERMUTATION COMBINATION

Implies Arrangement  Implies Selection

Order of things is important  Order of things is NOT important 

Permutation of three things a, b and Combination of three things a,b and c

c taking two at a time are ab, ba, ac, taking two at a time are ab, ca and cb
ca,bc and cb (Order is important).  (Order is not important). 

nPr = n!/ (n-r)!  nCr = n!/ (n-r)! r! 

nPn = n!  nCn = 1 

nP0 = 1  nC0 = 1 
Example of Word Formation:

Example: How many new words can be formed with the word "PATNA"?
Solution: In word "PATNA", P,T,N occurs once and A occurs twice.
****Always remember in word formation, if word repeats, number of repetition
will be on denominator.
So, total number of words that can be formed = 5!/ 2! = 60
Therefore, except PATNA there are 59 new words (60-1).

Example: How many words can be formed from the letters of the word
"EXAMINATION"?
Solution: E, X, M, T, O : Occurs ONCE
A, I, N : Twice
So, total number of words = 11! / 2! 2! 2!
(Total number of letters=11 and 3 letters are occurring twice)

Problems for practice

Problem 1: Choose permutation or combination

1) Selection of captain and bowler for a play.

Permutation

2) Selection of four students for a lecture.

Combination

3) Assigning people to their seats during conference.

Permutation

Problem 2: Evaluate 7P2 . 4P3

Solution: (7!/ 5!). (4!/ 1!)
⇒(7.6). (4.3.2)
⇒1008

Problem 3: Evaluate 5C2. 3C2

Solution: (5!/3!2!). (3!/2!1!)
⇒(5.4/2). (3)

⇒30

Problem 4: How many ways are there in selecting 5 members from 6 males
and 5 females, consisting 3 males and 2 females?
Solution: This is a case of combination i.e.selecting 3 males from 6 males
and 2 females from 5 females.

⇒Required number of ways = (6C3 *5C2)

⇒(6.5.4/3.2)*(5.4/2)

⇒200.

Problem 5: How many words can be formed by using letters of the word
"DAUGHTER" so that the vowels come together?

Solution: This is a case of permutation. In a word "DAUGHTER", there are 8

letters including 3 vowels (AUE)

According to the question, vowels should always come together. Therefore, in

this case we will treat all the vowels as one entity or one alphabet. This
implies, in total there are 6 words (one word which is a group of vowels)

These 6 words can be arranged in 6P6 ways

⇒6P6 = 6!/1! = 6! = 720 WAYS
Also, three vowels in a group may be arranged in 3! ways
⇒3! = 6 ways

Therefore, required number of words = (720*6) = 4320.

Permutation and Combination Solved

Problems
Published on Saturday, July 11, 2015 By - Unknown

o Permutation :
 It means arrangement where order of thing is considered.

o Combination : 
It means selection where order of thing is not considered.

# Methods
o Sum Rule
o Product Rule
# Case
o Simple 
o Vowel comes together
o Vowel not comes together 
Examples
 #1
 Arrange the word " MANISH " in following way:
 a) In how many ways the word " MANISH " can be arrange .
 b) Arrange the word " MANISH " if vowels come together.
 c) Arrange the word " MANISH " if vowel not comes together.

a)
Sol: 
MANISH
 Total no. of words = 6
 Find 6! ( Factorial = ! )
6! = 6×5×4×3×2×1
6! = 720 
Check whether there is any repeating words are there in " MANISH"
because there is no repeating words are there that's why no further action is
required.
Hence Answer is 720.

b) 
Sol: 
word = " MANISH "
Step 1. Count total no. of  consonant and add 1 with it.Here, total no. of
consonant = 4,now just add 1 with it .so it became (4+1=5) 5. 
Now let this outcome as factorial ( like 5!) 
Step 2. Count total no of vowels which is here 2.
Now let this outcome as factorial ( like 2!) 
Step 3. Multiply the result from Step 1 & 2. which would be like this 5! × 2! =
120 × 2 = 240.
Step 4. Check for the repeating words. Now there is no repeating words are
there that's why no further action is required.
[Note : But what would you did if there were any repeating digit.To understand
this.We Let word "CONDITION". Now here in this word, the repeating words
are "O,N,I" then we multiply 2! upto three times (because no. of words
repeating =3) and divide it with the outcome of Step 3. ]
240 is the correct answer for the word " MANISH ".

c)
Sol:
Step 1. First of all , you need to find the total no. of  possible ways in which a
word can arrange without considering vowels. or Just like Sol: (a).
Step 2. Now find the total no. of possible ways of arranging a word if vowels
come together .Just like Sol: (b)
Step 3. Subtract the outcome of Step 2 from Step 1.just like ( Sol (a) - Sol (b).

#2 
In how many ways  word " SUCCESS" can be arranged ?
Sol:
Total no of words = 7
Repeating words = C,S
No of times repeating = (C= 2 times & S = 3 times)
Hence 7!/3!×2! = 420

o Arrangement of r out of n different things

o Arrangement with repetition
o Arrangement in a Row
o Circular Arrangement
Arrangement of r out of n different things
Example : How many three-digit numbers can be formed by using the digits in
452145, if repetition is not allowed?
Sol:
Total no. of digit (n) = 6
No. of digit to be taken at a time = 3 ( required for 3 digit number).
Since repetition is not allowed, so, for making each 3- digit number, the digits
chosen will be different.
hence n=6 , r=3
number of 3 -digit number formed = npr = 6p3 
= 6!/(6-3)!
Arrangement with repetition
Example: In a birthday party, Ram has 7 friends to invite.In how many ways
can he send invitation cards to them if he has 4 servants to carry the cards
and to deliver the same.
Sol:

Required no of ways = ( repeating thing )non-repeatable thing

Required no of ways = ( 4)7
Arrangement in a Row
Let two groups .One group has n members or persons & second has m
members or persons such that n ≥ m who are sit in a row in a way that no two
people or person of the same sex sits together.
No. of such sitting arrangement can be found out as :L

Example : In how many ways can 6 boys & 4 girls will sit if no two people of
the same sex are allowed to sit together .
Sol: There are two ways
(1) B G B G....so on (2) G B G B...so on.

Circular Arrangement
a) Considering Clockwise & Anti-Clockwise different
No. of possible arrangement of 'n' different things arranged around a circle is
(n-1)!
b) Considered Not Different
No. of circular permutation of n different things = 1/2 (n-1)!
Example 
No. of possible ways in which 6 peoples can be arranged in a circular table .
Sol:
= (6-1)!
= 5!
Because there is no end point in circular arrangement so no of available
space is reduced by 1.

Combination
Selection of r out of n different things
Example:
In how many ways can a cricket  team of eleven player be selected out of a
batch of 15 players ?
Sol:
Required no. of ways = 15C11 = 15C(15-11) = 15C4
= 15×14×13×12/4×3×2×1
= 1365

Division into groups

Example :
In How many ways, Ram can select one or more of the 5 color balls from a
box?
Sol:
Required no. of selection = 25 - 1 = 31

Read basic concepts of Probability here

Permutation and Combination Tricks

Published on Tuesday, April 09, 2019 By - Unknown

Today, I am going to share techniques to solve  permutation and combination

questions. This chapter talk about selection and arrangement of things which
could be any numbers, persons,letters,alphabets,colors etc.The basic
difference between permutation and combination is of order.

Permutation
Permutation is basically called as a arrangement where order does
matters.Here we need to arrange the digits , numbers , alphabets, colors and
letters taking some or all at a time.It is represented as nPr .
 Note :

1. nPr = n! / (n-r)!

2. If from the total set of n numbers p is of one kind and q ,r are others
respectively then nPr = n! / p! × q! × r!.

3. nPn = n!

Combination
Combination is basically called as a selection where order does not
matters.Here we need to arrange the digits , numbers , alphabets, colors and
letters taking some or all at a time. It is represented as nCr.
 Note :

1.  nCr = n!/ r! × (n-r)!  

2.  nC0 = 1
3.  nCn = 1
4.  nCr =  nCn - r 
5.  nCa =  nCb => a = b => a+b = n
6. n
C0 + nC1+ nC2+ nC3+ ...............+ nCn = 2n
Permutation vs Combination
In both the things main difference is of order .In permutation order matters
while in combination it does not.

Basic Difference :

1. order
2. arrange or choose 
3. number of permutation > number of combination
In Arrangements we have,

Total no. of arrangements = total no. of groups or selection × r!

where r is the no. of objects in each group or selection. So nPr = nCr  × r!

Questions :
1. How many triangles can be formed with four points (A,B,C & D) in a
plane ? It is given that no three points are col-linear(not comes in
straight line).From the three points A,B and C have only one triangle
with these points.

Sol:

Here in this question  , Order of digit does not matter so it is a combination.

 nCr = n!/ r! × (n-r)!  

 4C3 = 4!/3! × ( 4- 3)! 

 4C3 = 4!/3! × 1! 

 4C3 = 4!/3! × 1!

 4C3 = 4

Or
2. How many number plates of 3 digit can be formed with four digits
1,2,3 and 4 ?

Sol:

Here, the order of arrangement of digits does matter.

n
Pr = n! / (n-r)!
n
Pr = 4! / (4-3)!
4
P3 = 4! / 1!

 4P3 = 4!

 4P3 = 24
Factorial Notation
To solve problem like this you must have the knowledge of factorial.Factorial
is represented as like " ! ".The Factorial notation is :

Counting Rules
Multiplication
Suppose one starts his journey from place X and has to reach place Z via a
different place Y. For Y, there are three means of transport - bus, train and
aeroplane - from X. From Y, the aeroplane service is not available for Z. Only
either by a bus or by a train can one reach Z from Y. Also, there is no direct
bus or train service fro Z from X. We want to know the maximum possible no.
of ways by which one can reach Z from X.

Sol:

= 3  × 2
=6
If a work A can be done in m ways and another work B can be done in n ways
and C is the final work which is done only when both A and B are done, then
the no. of ways of doing the final work ?
Sol :
C = m  × n
C=3×2=6

Addition rule
Suppose there are 42 men and 16 women in a party. Each man shakes his
hand only with all the men and each woman shakes her hand only with all the
women. We have to find the maximum no. of handsakes that have taken
place at the party.

From each group of two persons we have one handshake.

Case 1 : Total no. of handshakes among the group of 42 men

C2 = 42!/2! (42-2)! = 21 × 41 = 861

42

Case 2 : Total no. of  handshakes among the group of 16 women

16
C2 = 16!/2! (16-2)! = 8 × 15 = 120

so maximum no. of handshakes = 861 + 120 = 981.

Problems and Solutions

Ques 1. How many numbers of five digits can be formed with the digits
1,3,5 7 and 9 no digit being repeated ?Sol :
the no. of digits = 5

Required no. = 5P5 = 5! = 120

Ques 2. How many three-digit numbers can be formed by using the

digits in 735621, if repetition is not allowed ?

Sol:
n
Pr = n! / (n-r)!
6
P3 =  6! / (6-3)!
6
P3 = 6!/3!
6
P3 = 120

Ques 3. Find the number of different words that can be formed from the
word 'SUCCESS'.

Sol : No. of Permutation = n! / p! × q!, where p = of one type , q = ( of another

type ).

No. of Permutation = 7!/ 3! × 2!

No. of Permutation = 420

Ques 4. How many different 5 - digit numbers can be formed by using

the digits of the number 713628459 ?
Sol :
n
Pr = n! / (n-r)!
9
P5 = 9! / (9-5)!
9
P5 = 9! / 4!

P5 = 15,120 
9

Ques 5. How many numbers of five digits can be formed with the digits
0,2,4,6 and 8 ?

Sol:
Ques 6. How many numbers of five digits can be formed with the digits
0,1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 8 ?

Sol :

Here nothing has been said about the repetition of digits. So , it is understood
that repetition of digits is not allowed .

Ques 7. How many even numbers of three digits can be formed with the
digits 0,1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 ?

Sol :
Total of such numbers = 5 × 5 v 3 = 75
req no. = 30+75 = 105

Ques 8. A round table conference is to be held between delegates of 15

companies. In how many ways can they be seated if delegates from two
MNCs may wish to sit together ?
Sol :
Since delegates from two multinational companies will sit together, so
considering these two delegates as one unit, there will be 13 + 1 = 14
delegates who can be arranged in a circular table in 14! ways.
The two delegates from the MNCs can be arranged among themselves in 2!
ways.
Using the product rule, the required no. of ways = 14!×2!

Ques 9. A person has 12 friends out of which 7 are relatives. In how

many ways can he invite 6 friends such that at least 4 of them are
relatives ?
Sol:
Question 10. How many numbers of five digits can be formed with the digits 0,
1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 ?
Sol:
Required no. of numbers = 5 × 5P4= 5 × 5! = 5×120 = 600