MANUEL V GALLEGO

FOUNDATION
COLLEGES, INC.
COMPARATIVE POLICE INSTITUTE OF LEAD 415
SYSTEM CRIMINAL JUSTICE
EDUCATION
COMPARATIVE POLICE SYTEM

Vision:
MVGFCI is the only professional institution in the region committed to uphold the vision of its
founder to achieve a better life by providing full opportunities where every graduate and
member of the MVGFCI community are transformed into competent and morally upright
professionals dedicated towards the development of a better society.

Mission:
:
In pursuit of its vision, MVGFCI shall provide full opportunities and support to ensure and
sustain quality instruction, research, community extension, student affairs and support
services.

Desired Students’ Learning Outcomes

The Graduates Manifest the Attributes of A “Gallegan” Which Are as Follows:

1. Professionally Competent
2. Effective Communicator
3. Critical Thinker
4. Strong Interpersonal and Collaborative Skills
5. Responsible and Accountable
6. Ethical
7. Lifelong Learner Course

COURSE OUTLINE

Title: COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM

Course Code: LEAD 415
Pre-requisite: None
Credit: 3 Units
Instructor: Col. Epitacio D. Domingo
Contact Info: 09954150536/ [email protected]

Course Description:
This course covers the comparison of selected police models and their relations with Interpol
and UN bodies in the campaign against transnational crimes and in the promotion of world
peace.

Also, this course is to develop and build the student’s 21st century skills using the desired
learning outcomes of MVGFCI and BS criminology program, activities to hone the student’s
technical and professional skills and life values will be integrated in all the lessons.

As a recap of the course, students must prepare a case study using the situation assigned to
them for review during the entire course following the principles and theories learned from the
subject.

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 MANUEL V GALLEGO
FOUNDATION
COLLEGES, INC.
COMPARATIVE POLICE INSTITUTE OF LEAD 415
SYSTEM CRIMINAL JUSTICE
Learning Outcomes: EDUCATION
At the end of the course, the students are expected to:
1. Discuss the important concepts and its impact in the practice of professional law
enforcement.
2. Evaluate the different police models and how it relates to the Interpol and UN bodies.
3. Compare and contrast the different policing system in the world and its equivalent to the
Philippine police system.

Course Content:
No. of Module Title Sub-Topics
Meeting
s
Six (6) Module 1
Virtual Part 1 Orientation  Getting to know
Meetings  Leveling of expectations
via Zoom  Brief journey to the:
 VMG of MVGFCI
 VMG of the ICJE Program
 Understanding the Policies,
Guidelines and Requirements
of the Course (to include the
Grading Systems and House
rules during the on-line
meetings)

 Important terms in
Part 2 Introduction to
Comparative Police System
Comparative Police
 Comparative Research
System
Methods in relation to police
 Theories of Comparative
Criminology
Globalization and Law
Enforcement
Module 2 Transnational Crime  Human trafficking
 Money Laundering
PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION
Two (2) Module 3 Police Models  The Different Police
Virtual International Associations in
Meetings the world:
via Zoom  ASEAN Chiefs of Police
 EUROPOL
 IACP
 UN Police
 INTERPOL
MIDTERM EXAMINATION
Eight (8) Module 4 Different police system  Philippine Police System
Virtual  Japan Police System
Meetings  Singapore Police System

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 MANUEL V GALLEGO
FOUNDATION
COLLEGES, INC.
COMPARATIVE POLICE INSTITUTE OF LEAD 415
SYSTEM CRIMINAL JUSTICE
via Zoom EDUCATION  United States Police
System
 Taiwan Police System
 Brunei Police System
 Indonesian Police System
 Malaysia Police System
FINAL EXAMINATION

ASSESSMENT:
• Guide questions and assignments in each module to test the student’s preparedness
for and understanding of the lessons covered in this course.
• Interactive discussion and self-directed learning through synchronous and
asynchronous learning approach.
• Graded recitation
• Long exam (Prelim, Midterm, Exam)
• Field report to be submitted as a final paper.
ACTIVITIES:
• Lecture
• Video clips review and analysis

Expectations from Students

Students are held responsible for meeting the standards of performance established for the
course by the faculty. Their performance and compliance with the course requirements are the
bases for passing or failing in each course, subject to the rules of the MVGFCI. The students
are expected to take all examinations on the date scheduled, read the assigned topics prior to
class, submit and comply with all the requirements of the subject as scheduled, attend each
class on time and participate actively in the discussions.

Furthermore, assignments such as reports, reaction papers and the like shall be submitted on
the set deadline as scheduled by the faculty via email. Extension of submission is approved
for students with valid reasons like death in the family, hospitalization, and other unforeseen
events. Hence, certificates are needed for official documentation. Likewise, special major
examination is given to students with the same reasons above. Attendance shall be checked
every Class meeting will be done face to face and on-line to be advised by the faculty in
charge.

In the case of face to face meeting, students are expected to strictly follow the health
protocols issued by the IATF/Department of Health. For the online meeting using the facilities
of MVGFCI, strict observance of the safety and security protocols of MVGFCI IS HIGHLY
EXPECTED. Students shall be expected to be punctual in their virtual and face to face
classes. Observance of classroom decorum is required as prescribed by latest MVGFCI
Student Handbook.

General Rule:
The following are the general rules for this course:
1. Assignment and reports will be given throughout the semester. Such requirement will be
announced a week before the scheduled virtual meeting.
2. Academic honesty should always be practiced. Any evidence of copying or plagiarism in
any course work will result in a failing grade for all parties involved

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 MANUEL V GALLEGO
FOUNDATION
COLLEGES, INC.
COMPARATIVE POLICE INSTITUTE OF LEAD 415
SYSTEM CRIMINAL JUSTICE
EDUCATION
3. Reporter should be ready to orally present their assignments’ on scheduled date of
presentation. No show or no report means a grade of 5.0 in that area.
4. Withdrawal and dropping of subject should be done in accordance with existing MVGFCI
policies and guidelines.
5. As student, everyone is expected to be resourceful enough in looking for additional
reading materials and references to be able to come up with scholarly assignments’ and
papers.
6. Students are expected to attend 90% of the virtual class meeting and should be able to
complete the whole session the following house rules for virtual class meeting.

Observance of Academic Honesty and Professionalism

It is the mission of MVGFCI to train its students in the highest levels of professionalism and
moral value. In support of this, academic integrity is highly valued, and violations are
considered serious offenses. Examples of violations of academic integrity include, but are not
limited to the following:

1. Plagiarism – using ideas, data, or language of another without specific or proper

acknowledgment. Example: Copying text from the Web site without quoting or properly citing
the page URL, using crib sheet during examination. For a clear description of what constitutes
plagiarism as well as strategies for avoiding it, students may refer to the Writing Tutorial
Services web site at Indiana University using the following link:
http://www.indiana.edu/~wts/pamhlets.shtml. For citation styles, students may refer to
http://www.uwsp.edu/psych/apa4b.htm.

2. Cheating – using or attempting to use unauthorized assistance, materials, or study aids

during examination or other academic work. Examples: using a cheat sheet in a quiz or exam,
altering a grade exam, and resubmitting it for a better grade.

3. Fabrication – submitting contrived or improperly altered information in any academic

requirements. Examples: making up data for a research project, changing data to bias its
interpretation, citing non-existent articles, contriving sources. (Reference: Code of Academic
Integrity and Charter of the Student Disciplinary System of the University of Pennsylvania at
http://www.vpul.upenn.edu/osl/acadint.html).

Policy on Absences
1. A student who incurs two (2) unexcused absences in any scheduled meetings shall be
given a mark of “FA” or “failure due to absences” as his/her final rating for the semester,
regardless of his performance in the class. Students are expected to be present during the
entire duration of the virtual class or present at least 75% of the virtual class time, otherwise
he/she will be marked absent for that class meeting.

2. Attendance is counted from the first official day of regular classes regardless of the date of
enrolment. Students who miss a test or assignment for reasons entirely beyond their control
(e.g. illness) may submit a request for special consideration. Provided that notification and
documentation are provided in a timely manner, and that the request is subsequently
approved, no academic penalty will be applied.

3. In such cases, students who miss a test or assignment for reasons entirely beyond their
control (e.g. illness) may submit a request for special consideration. Provided that notification

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 MANUEL V GALLEGO
FOUNDATION
COLLEGES, INC.
COMPARATIVE POLICE INSTITUTE OF LEAD 415
SYSTEM CRIMINAL JUSTICE
and documentation are provided in aEDUCATION
timely manner, and that the request is subsequently
approved, no academic penalty will be applied in such cases.

Required Readings
The main readings are the guide questions and suggested references indicated in the different
modules. Lecture notes, short cases, and power point presentations may be provided by the
faculty in charge However, as college students, they are expected to be resourceful enough to
look for additional related materials to guide them in their assignments and research works.
Journals and most recent reading materials are suggested. News clippings and video clips
may also be considered. Getting references from internet may also be done PROVIDED
students get their references from RELIABLE sources only and article and photos/ clipart’s
copied MUST be properly cited including the date when the material was accessed.

Evaluation and Grades

Performance of students will be assessed based on how well he or she has good
understanding and application of the course materials.

1. Class participation/ recitation (no separate grade for attendance as active class
participation already means your attendance)
20%
2. Average short quizzes 20%
3. Individual research paper 20%
4. Average Long Exams (prelim, midterm, and finals 40%
100%

HOUSE RULES DURING THE ONLINE CLASS MEETINGS

1. Be prepared
Check your internet connection, your audio and video 30 minutes before the start of the
class.
Run the zoom test: https://zoom.us/test to check that your system is set up adequately for
participating in the event.
Have your course design and module and other related materials for the class within your
reach.
Check your area in a room almost similar to a class- room, with enough ventilation and light,
free from any form of disturbance during the entire class session.
Wear decent tops (like when you go to school. If you used to go to school in uniform- then
wear your uniform with your ID. Remember this is a class meeting
Have proper lighting so that your face is recognizable and can be seen clearly.
Microphones must be turned on during the entire class.
There should be no profanity or anything of the sort displayed in the background.

2. Be punctual.
The class will start on time. Log in at least 20 minutes before the time. The faculty in charge
will start admitting students 15 minutes before the time.

3. Be an active participant in class activities.

Provide inputs and reactions and express your views during the discussion.

4. Be respectful.

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 MANUEL V GALLEGO
FOUNDATION
COLLEGES, INC.
COMPARATIVE POLICE INSTITUTE OF LEAD 415
SYSTEM CRIMINAL JUSTICE
EDUCATION
Respect by listening to the discussion. If you want to share your thoughts or ask question or
engage in the discussion, use the chatbox or raise your hands by putting on the video. Wait
for the teacher in charge to acknowledge you.

5. Be interested in the class.

Your punctual and complete attendance is one good indication of your interest in the class.
Don’t leave the meeting room unless with permission from the faculty in charge or unless
he/she advised you to leave as classes has already ended.
Class photo will be taken as indication of your attendance. Take interest by participating in
this.

Rubrics for Grading the Written Works (Assignments and Written Papers)
Scoring Guide:
4 = Excellent 3 = Very Good2 = Good 1 = Needs Improvement
Criteria Score Weight Equivalent Grade
QUALITY OF WRITING
- Brief but clear, logical, and
coherent presentation of
ideas/opinions, well-organized and
written answer and reflects college
level quality of written work.
QUALITY OF DISCUSSION
- Contents is comprehensive
showing full understanding of the
issues and lessons learned the
subject; scholarly written; application
and integration of principles, concepts
learned from the course with
references from authoritative sources
and properly cited.
COMPLETENESS OF ANSWERS
- All parts of the questions/issues
needed to be answered or resolved
are thoroughly answered/addressed.
More focused and direct to the point
answer/discussion.
Total Maximum Score
Highest Equivalent Rate

Transmutation Table
Score from the Grade Equivalent Score from the Grade Equivalent
written paper from the score written paper from the score
1 53 11 78
2 55 12 80
3 58 13 83
4 60 14 85
5 63 15 88
6 65 16 90
7 68 17 93

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 MANUEL V GALLEGO
FOUNDATION
COLLEGES, INC.
COMPARATIVE POLICE INSTITUTE OF LEAD 415
SYSTEM CRIMINAL JUSTICE
8 70 EDUCATION18 95
9 73 19 98
10 75 20 100

MODULE 1: ORIENTATION AND INTRODUCTION TO COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM

“Comparison is the thief of joy.”

- Theodore Roosevelt

PART I. ORIENTATION
This part discuss the vision, mission and desired students learning outcome of MVGFCI.

A. Vision
MVGFCI is the only professional institution in the region committed to uphold the vision of its
founder to achieve a better life by providing full opportunities where every graduate and
member of the MVGFCI community are transformed into competent and morally upright
professionals dedicated towards the development of a better society.

B. Mission
In pursuit of its vision, MVGFCI shall provide full opportunities and support to ensure and
sustain quality instruction, research, community extension, student affairs and support
services.

C. Desired Students’ Learning Outcomes

The Graduates Manifest the Attributes of A “Gallegan” Which Are as Follows:
1. Professionally Competent
2. Effective Communicator
3. Critical Thinker
4. Strong Interpersonal and Collaborative Skills
5. Responsible and Accountable
6. Ethical
7. Lifelong Learner Course

PART II: INTRODUCTION TO COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM

INTRODUCTION:
Module 1 is about the important terms in comparative police system, comparative research
methods, theories of comparative criminology, globalization and its effect to law enforcement.

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES:

At the end of this topic, you should be able to:
 Explain the important concept and its application to the law enforcement.
 Manifest understanding of globalization and its impact to the law enforcement.

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 MANUEL V GALLEGO
FOUNDATION
COLLEGES, INC.
COMPARATIVE POLICE INSTITUTE OF LEAD 415
SYSTEM CRIMINAL JUSTICE
EDUCATION
CONTENT:

A. Terms to ponder
The following are the important terms in comparative police system.
1. Comparative Police System - it is the science and art of investigating and comparing
the police system of nations. It covers the study of police organizations, trainings and
methods of policing of various nations.

2. Comparative Criminal Justice - it is as subfield of the study of criminal justice

systems worldwide. It studies the similarities and differences in structure, goals,
punishment and emphasis on rights as well as the history and political structure of
different systems.

3. International Criminal Justice - It involves the study and description of one country’s
law, criminal procedure, or justice. Comparative criminal justice system attempts to
build on the knowledge of criminal justice in one country by investigating and
evaluating, in terms of another country,culture, or institution.

4. Transnational Policing – pertains to all forms of policing that transgress national

borders.

5. International Policing – indicate those types of policing that are formally directed by
institutions usually responsible for international affairs.

6. Global policing – indicate those forms of policing that are fully global in scope.

7. Centralized Policing System – simply means there is only one police force that is
recognized and operates entire a certain country.

8. Decentralized Policing System – police administrations and operations are

independent from one state to another. It is more applicable to countries with federal
government.

B. Comparative Research Methods

1. “Safari” Method (a researcher visits another country) or “collaborative” method (the
researcher communicates with a foreign researcher).

2. Published works tend to fall into three categories:

a. Single – culture studies (the crime problem of a single foreign country is discussed)

b. Two-culture studies - comprehensive textbooks (it covers three or more countries).

c. The examination of crime and its control in the comparative context often requires an
historical perspective since the phenomena under study are seen as having developed
under unique social, economic, and political structures.
3. Historical-comprehensive method the most often employed by researchers. It is an
alternative to both quantitative and qualitative research methods that is sometimes
called historiography or holism.

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 MANUEL V GALLEGO
FOUNDATION
COLLEGES, INC.
COMPARATIVE POLICE INSTITUTE OF LEAD 415
SYSTEM CRIMINAL JUSTICE
C. Theories of Comparative CriminologyEDUCATION
1. Alertness to crime theory - is that as a nation develops, people’s alertness to crime
is heightened, so they report more crime to police and also demand the police
become more effective at solving crime problems.
2. Economic or migration theory - is that crime everywhere is the result of unrestrained
migration and over population in urban areas such as ghettos and slums.
3. Opportunity theory - is that along with higher standards of living, victims become
more careless of their belongings, and opportunities for committing crime multiply.
4. Demographic theory - is based on the event of when a greater number of children
are being born, because as these baby booms grow up, delinquent subcultures
develop out of the adolescent identity crisis.
5. Deprivation theory - holds that progress comes along with rising expectations, and
people at the bottom develop unrealistic expectations while people at the top don’t
see themselves rising fast enough.
6. Modernization theory sees the problem as society becoming too complex.
7. Theory of anomie and synomie (the latter being a term referring to social cohesion
on values), suggests that progressive lifestyle and norms result in the disintegration
of older norms that once held people together (anomie).

D. Globalization
- is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and government
of different nations, as process driven by international trade and investment and aided by
information technology. This process has effects on the environment, on culture, on political
systems, on economic development and prosperity, and on human physical wellbeing in
societies around the world.
In economic context, it refers to the reduction and removal of barriers between national
borders in order to facilitate to flow of goods, capital, services and labor.

 Charles Taze Russell – who coined the term corporate giants in 1897 early
description for globalization.
 Thomas L. Friedman – argues that globalized trade, outsourcing, supply chaining,
and political forces hav changed the world permanently, for both better and worse.
 Takis Fotopoulos – argues that globalization is the result of systematic trends
manifesting the market economy’s grow-or-die dynamic, following the rapid expansion
of transnational corporations.

Measuring Globalization
Four main economic flows that characterize globalization:
1. Goods and services, ex. Exports plus imports as a proportion of national income or
per capital of population
2. Labor/ people, ex net migration rates; inward or outward migration flows weighted by
population
3. Capital, ex inward or outward direct investment as a proportion of national income or
per head of population
4. Technology, ex. International research and development flows; proportion of
populations (and rates of change thereof) using particular inventions (especially ‘factor-
neutral’ technological advances such as the telephone, motorcar, broadband).

Effects of globalization on law enforcement

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 MANUEL V GALLEGO
FOUNDATION
COLLEGES, INC.
COMPARATIVE POLICE INSTITUTE OF LEAD 415
SYSTEM CRIMINAL JUSTICE
EDUCATION
Every law enforcement agency in the world is expected to be the protector of the
people’s rights. Globalization has great impact on every human right.

The emergency of an “international regime” for state security and protection of human
rights, growing transnational social movement networks, increasing consciousness
and information politics have the potential to address both traditional and emerging
forms of violation. Open international system should free individuals to pursue their
rights, but large numbers of people seem to be suffering from both long standing state
repression and new denials of rights linked to transnational forces like international
terrorism and other acts against humanity.

The challenge of globalization is that unaccountable flows of migration and open

markets present new threats, which are not amenable to state-based human rights
regimes, while the new opportunities of global information and institutions are
insufficiently accessible and distorted by persistent state intervention.

Threats on Law Enforcement

Some threats brought about by globalization are the following:
1. Increasing volume of human rights violations evident by genocide or mass killing;
2. The underprivileged gain unfair access to global mechanisms on law enforcement and
security;
3. Conflict between nations;
4. Transnational criminal networks for drug trafficking, money laundering, terrorism.

Opportunities for Law Enforcement: While globalization brings the threats and many other
threats to law enforcement, opportunities like the following are carried:
1. Creation of International tribunals to deals with human rights problems
2. Humanitarian interventions that can promote universal norms and link them to the
enforcement power of states
3. Transnational professional network and cooperation against transnational crimes
4. Global groups for conflict monitoring and coalitions across transnational issues.

Assessment:

1. Briefly explain the theories of comparative criminology and give an example of each theories.
2. In not less than 100 words. Explain the effects of globalization in law enforcement.

Additional Instruction: Type or encode your answer using the following format:
- Title
- Name
- Answer

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 MANUEL V GALLEGO
FOUNDATION
COLLEGES, INC.
COMPARATIVE POLICE INSTITUTE OF LEAD 415
SYSTEM CRIMINAL JUSTICE
EDUCATION
Activities: To address the above intended learning outcomes the following activities will be
done by you.
1. Library and research work
2. Interactive discussion
3. Reflection and sharing of thoughts on guide questions.
Guide questions:
1. How is globalization effects in law enforcement?
2. What is the importance of comparative police system in law enforcement?

“He who allows oppression shares the crime”

-Desiderius Erasmus

REFERENCES:
Depayso, Veneranda Poschor, Comparative police systems : Global responses of
law enforcement officers to crimes, 2017

http://nctc.gov/site/groups/index.html

http://www.interpol.com

http://www.unodc.com

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 MANUEL V GALLEGO
FOUNDATION
COLLEGES, INC.
COMPARATIVE POLICE INSTITUTE OF LEAD 415
SYSTEM CRIMINAL JUSTICE
EDUCATION

MODULE 2: TRANSNATIONAL CRIME

INTRODUCTION:
This module talks about the transnational crimes. It will also discuss the crimes considered as
transnational crimes specifically the human trafficking and money laundering. This will also let
the students know the steps in human trafficking and money laundering.

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES:

At the end of this topic, you should be able to:
 Explain the transnational crimes and its effect in law enforcement.
 Apply the steps in human trafficking and money laundering and explain its impact in law
enforcement conduct.

CONTENT:
What is Transnational Crimes?
- Refers to crime that takes place across national borders.
- The word “transnational” describe crimes that are not only international (that is, crimes that
cross borders between countries), but crimes that by their nature involve border crossings
as an essential part of the criminal activity.
- Transnational crime also include crimes that take place in one country, but their
consequences significantly affect another country. Examples of transnational crimes
include the human trafficking, people smuggling, smuggling/trafficking of goods (such as
arms trafficking and drug trafficking), sex slavery, and (non-domestic) terrorism.

Transnational Organized Crime – refers specifically to transnational crime carried out by

organized crime organizations.

CRIMES CONSIDERED AS TRANSNATIONAL

A. Human Trafficking
 is commonly understood to evolve a variety of crimes and abuses associated with the
recruitment, movement and sale of people including body parts into a range of exploitative
conditions around the world

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 MANUEL V GALLEGO
FOUNDATION
COLLEGES, INC.
COMPARATIVE POLICE INSTITUTE OF LEAD 415
SYSTEM CRIMINAL JUSTICE
EDUCATION
Trafficking – the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of person, of fraud,
of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or
receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over
another person, for the purpose of exploitation.
 Exploitation, which includes exploiting the prostitution of others, sexual exploitation, forced
labor, slavery or similar practices and the removal of organs.

Smuggling - is the procurement, in order to obtain, directly or indirectly, a financial or other

material benefit, of the illegal  entry of a person into a State Party of which the person is
not a national or a permanent resident."

Trafficking in Persons
 Trafficking in persons is a form of modern – day slavery.
 Trafficking organizations prey on individuals who are poor, often woman who are lured
with false promises of good jobs and better lives and, instead, are forced to work under
brutal condition.
 International trafficking in women for the sex industry has been a characteristics of modern
international organized crime.

Human Trafficking is a growing transnational criminal phenomenon – conservative estimates

put the total number of persons trafficked globally at two million per year. It started in the
1700’s when child labor was first started. Children worked long and dangerous hours for
little pay in factories and coal mines.

Philippines
In the area of human trafficking, the Philippines continues to be a source, transshipment
point and destination for trafficked and smuggled persons mostly women and children.
Smuggling or trafficking incidents victimizing Filipinos are increasing due to worsening
push factors (eg. Poverty, unemployment), huge profits derived by human smuggling
syndicates, increasing and attractive opportunities in developed countries, and a rapid
increase in the number of “willing victims” who are desperate in improving their standards
of living.

Various conceptions of Trafficking:

1. Slavery – human trafficking as a contemporary form of slavery is marked out by legal
ownership of one human being by another or long-term enslavement, but by temporary
ownership, debt bondage, forced labor and hyper-exploitative contractual arrangement in
the global economy.

Main Forms of Slavery

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 MANUEL V GALLEGO
FOUNDATION
COLLEGES, INC.
COMPARATIVE POLICE INSTITUTE OF LEAD 415
SYSTEM CRIMINAL JUSTICE
a) Bonded labor system and forced EDUCATION
labor in sweatshops, private households and on forms
not only in poorer regions such as South Asia but also in Western Europe and the United
States.
b) Exploitation of children as laborers in cottage industries or quarries on the Indian,
subcontinent, as camel jockup in Gulf States or as soldiers in Africa.
c). Servile marriage in South Asia and Muslim societies.

2. Prostitution – traffic women for commercial exploitation traced back about the “white
slave” trade of women and young girls into prostitution at the end of the nineteenth
century.
3. Organized Crime – the trafficking as transnational organized crime approach has been
promised on two contrasting views of the relationship beteen the stae and the trafficking
problem.
4. Migration – forced migratory movements in various regions, which in turn have been
spurred on by economic crisis, lack of sustainable livelihoods, political conflict, civil war,
ethnic persecution, social inequalities, gender – based macroeconomic policies and wider
processes of global social transformation.
5. Human rights – trafficking has been seen as a violation of basic human rights of a
person under the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, including the right to be
free from slavery or servitude; right to freedom of movement; right to life, liberty and
security; right to health; and right to free choice of employment.

Six Primary reasons for Increasing International Flow of People

1. Geographic differences in supply and demand for labor which encourage

decisions to move and to make more money in the new host country.
2. Benefits of additional markets and other benefits in the target country.
3. Demands by developed countries for cheap labor.
4. Feedback: penetration of migration by existing networks of immigrant families in
the host countries and by organizations there which promote migration.
5. Environmental degradation, where the physical or agricultural environment in the
home country no longer proves acceptable.
6. Involuntary migration caused by civil war or oppression.

Human Trafficking as a Form of Transnational Crime

The Criminal Actor
Traffickers are enormously diverse. They range from diplomats and employees of
multinational organizations who traffic a young, women for domestic labor to the large
organizations of Asia which specialize in human smuggling and trafficking. Women
assume a larger role of transnational crime as recruiters, madams and even kingpins of
major smuggling operations. This is the only aspect of transnational crime where women
assume a leading role.

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 MANUEL V GALLEGO
FOUNDATION
COLLEGES, INC.
COMPARATIVE POLICE INSTITUTE OF LEAD 415
SYSTEM CRIMINAL JUSTICE
Human smugglers andEDUCATION
traffickers are not always exclusively motivated by
profit. Some consciously engage in this activity for fund a terrorist group, a guerilla
movement or an insurgency. A terrorist in prison inEurope ran a prostitution ring of
trafficked women from Maldova to fund Hezbollah.

Stages of Moving Migrants illegally

1. Recruitment
Initial victimization of the trafficked person is usually by a member of her
ethnic group. There are many reasons that recruitment occurs within one’s own group.
Proximity and access are important. But equally important is trust. Trust is important
because people often contract with traffickers and smugglers to move them to a particular
locale, to pay a certain amount of money or to keep them in bondage for a particular
period. Trust is more easily established with someone from one’s ethnic, language or
cultural group.

2. Transfer
Tourist and students may be used to enable entry, illegal entry may mean
extraordinary uncomfortable and dangerous journeys by road, sea and air; either crossing
borders without anyone’s knowledge or with the help of corrupt officials. Once the journey
is completed, people who have been smuggled will generally be abandoned and left to
look after themselves; those who are being trafficked will be taken to wherever they are to
put to work.

3. Entrance
There are a number of well-established routes including a Baltic route that
states in Asia, passes through Baltic states ending in Scandinavia and an East
Mediterranean route which runs from Turkey to Italy, sometimes stopping in Greece or
Albania in route.

Methods of Smuggling and Trafficking

1. Amateur Traffickers – who are those that specialize in occasional, sometimes one-off
jobs in helping people cross boarders and possibly find work.
2. Small Groups of Organized criminals – who are specialized in leading people from
one country to another using recognized routes.
3. International trafficking networks – who provide a broad range of services including
fake documents, accommodations, employments, etc.

Techniques Used in Human Trafficking

1. The widely used techniques in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union –
advertisements and websites – are absent from the poorer countries of Asia, Africa and
Latin America. All too often, the victim is previously acquainted with his/her trafficker.

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 MANUEL V GALLEGO
FOUNDATION
COLLEGES, INC.
COMPARATIVE POLICE INSTITUTE OF LEAD 415
SYSTEM CRIMINAL JUSTICE
EDUCATION
Trafficking victims are often recruited by people they know, friends, family, acquaintances
and sometimes boyfriends. Some men deliberately befriend vulnerable young women.
2. Women, who have been trafficked into prostitution, often return to their home
communities with tales of their superior earnings. They talk to their friends and
acquaintances in to joining them by lying about the conditions of the work and the amount
they derived from their employment as prostitutes. These women get bonuses for
recruiting on themselves more into the position of brothel keepers enslaving the women
they have recently trafficked.
3. Traffickers travel to rural areas of poor countries to recruit victims. This can be likely in
the north of Thailand, the mountainous communities of Nepal or the villages of Central
Asia. The traffickers will find the poorest families, those with problems of drug or alcohol
abuse or serious medical problems. They will assure the family that they can provide
better future for the child and may offer some nominal payment in return.
4. Families may also be offered money directly for the child. This method had been
used successfully with alcoholics and drug addicts in Russia. Often impoverished families,
with more children than they support sell their children to traffickers to save other children
through this act.
5. Some cases of organ traffickers are motivated by the same sense of familial
obligation. A trafficker will locate a potential provider of a kidney that will be extracted in
an operation outside the sellers home country. The money derived from the organ sale will
be used to support the starving family, to provide medical care for an ill relative or Soviet
successor States, children have been sold out of orphanages for adoption by the
administrators. Organized crime group serve as the intermediaries between the parents
and the adoption agency. Notaries were bribed to certify that the parents have
surrendered their parental rights.

Many employs are used to recruit victims, including advertisements and establishments of
marriage and employment agencies in the countries of origin. Web and newspapers and
advertisements for matchmaking services and marriage bureaus may prove to be a cover
for trafficking network. Newspapers carry advertisements for employment abroad as
nannies, hotel maids or providers for care for elderly.

Factors that Help Account for Migrant smuggling in the Modern World.
1. “Push” or “supply” factors – those factors which create a sizeable population of
people looking to leave their own country and seek better circumstances elsewhere.

The existence of large number of impoverished and vulnerable people; political instability and
civil wars; the existence of weak states; religious and ethnic conflict as extreme as
genocide in some cases; and natural disaters.

2. “Pull” factors – which make foreign destinations attractive to migrants.

Availability of relatively well-paid work; welfare system; relative wealth and stable
economies; and political stability and security.

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 MANUEL V GALLEGO
FOUNDATION
COLLEGES, INC.
COMPARATIVE POLICE INSTITUTE OF LEAD 415
SYSTEM CRIMINAL JUSTICE
EDUCATION
3. “Demand” factors – which underpin illegal trades.

Demand for cheap and vulnerable labor; and demand for embodied labor services –
people at a particular age, ethnic origin, in relation to their suitability for domestic labor; or
more usually, involvement in different aspects of the sex trade.

Division of Labor in Smuggling and Trafficking

1. Arranger/investors who direct and finance operations.

2. Recruiters who arrange customers.
3. Transporters who assist the movement of migrants at departure and destinations.
4. Corrupt officials including police/law enforcement officers who may obtain travel
documents or overlook illegal transit.
5. Informers who provide information on border controls and other factors.
6. Guide or crew members who help move migrants between specific points.
7. Supporting personnel and specialists who provide accommodation and other
assistance.
8. Debt collectors who collect trafficking fees in the destination country.
9. Money movers who launder the proceeds of the transactions.

B. Money Laundering

 Money laundering is the process whereby proceeds, reasonably believed to have been
derived from criminal activity, are transported, transferred, transformed, converted or
intermingled with legitimate funds, for the purpose of concealing or disguising the true
source, disposition, movement or ownership of those proceeds.
 Money Laundering according to US Treasury department is the process by which criminals
or criminal organization seek to disguise the illicit nature of their proceeds by introducing
them into the stream of legitimate commerce and finance.

“Money laundering is called what it is because that perfectly describes what takes place –
illegal, or dirty, money is put through a cycle of transactions, or washed so that it comes
out the other end as legal, or clean, money. In other words, the source of illegally obtained
funds is obscured through a succession of transfers and deal in order that those same
funds can eventually be made to appear as legitimate income”.
The goal of the money laundering is to make funds derived from, or associated with, illicit
activity appear legitimate.

Three (3) Basic Steps to Change Illicit Funds to Legitimate Funds

1. Placement – involves a changing the bulk cash derived from criminal activities into a
more portable and less suspicious form, then getting those proceeds into the mainstream
financial system.

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 MANUEL V GALLEGO
FOUNDATION
COLLEGES, INC.
COMPARATIVE POLICE INSTITUTE OF LEAD 415
SYSTEM CRIMINAL JUSTICE
EDUCATION
This is the most difficult and vulnerable step, simply because most illegal activity
generates profits in the form of cash, and cash is bulky, difficult to conceal, and in large
amounts, very noticeable to the average bank teller, casino employee, etc.

Placement requires a finding a solution to the problem of how to move the masses of cash
generated from illegal activity into a mere manageable form for introduction into the
financial system.

2. Layering – involves the movement of these funds, often mixed with funds of legitimate
origins, through the worlds financial systems in numerous accounts in an attempt to hide
the funds back into the mainstream economy, where they can be invested and spent
freely.

Typically, layering involves the wire transfer or movement of funds placed into financial or
banking system by way of numerous accounts in an attempt to hide the fund’s true origin.
The most common method of layering is to wire-transfer through the off-shore-banking
havens such as the Cayman islands, Panama, The Bahamas, the Netherlands Antilles
and increasingly, Pakistan and Chili. Funds can be routed through shell corporations, or by
using counterbalancing loan schemes. The sheer volume of wire transfer adds to the
problem of tracking the origin.

3. Integration – is the process of reintroducing these layered funds back into the
mainstream economy, where they can be invested and spent freely.

Once funds are sufficiently layered, they are the integrated into the mainstream financial
world by a limitless variety of financial instruments, such as letter of credit, bonds
securities, bank notes, bills of lading and guarantees. Some of the largest seizures of
laundered funds occur where integration fails and the entire account or accounts are
seized.

Money Laundering Techniques and Tools

1. Smuggling – a simple smuggling techniques involves a manipulation of the cash-reporting

regulations at the US border. A launderer smuggles cash from the US to Mexico without
declaring the money on a CMIR report. He then turn around and comes back into US,
declaring funds at the US.

Customs as legitimate revenues, backed up with invoices, receipts and etc. derived from
the phony business dealings in Mexico. Customs then issue proper form, allowing the
smuggling to deposit that cash in the US bank without raising suspicion. Once the cash is
in the account, it could then be wire transferred anywhere, since there where no reporting
requirements for wire transfer.

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 MANUEL V GALLEGO
FOUNDATION
COLLEGES, INC.
COMPARATIVE POLICE INSTITUTE OF LEAD 415
SYSTEM CRIMINAL JUSTICE
EDUCATION
Smuggling of Cash is generally done in three ways:

a. Shipping the bulk cash through the same channels used to bring in drugs, by container
ship, truck or airplane.
b. Hand-carrying cash by courier
c. Changing the cash into negotiable instruments such as money orders of traveler’s
checks, then mailing these to foreign banks and other foreign destination.

2. Structuring – this is the term used to avoid the reporting requirements of the Bank
Secrecy Act (BSA) by dividing large deposits of cash into multiple smaller transactions of
less than $10,000 each. A person structures a transaction if that person, acting alone, or in
connections with or in behalf of, other persons, conduct one or more transaction in
currency, in any amount, at one or more financial institutions, one or more days, in any
manner, for the purpose of evading the reporting requirement.

3. The Use of Front Companies

a. Front Companies in General. These are used by launderers to place and layer
illicit proceeds. Any cash- rich business can be an effective front company – jewelry
stores, check-cashing businesses, travel agencies, import/export companies, insurance
companies, liquor stores, racetracks, and restaurants are common fronts. In addition,
businesses that have inventories of products or materials that are difficult to value, such as
precious metals, jewelry, antiques, etc. are also common.
Front companies are also used to conduct fraudulent international commercial trade
layer and integrate illegal proceeds. For example, drug proceeds can be deposited into an
American bank and then used to fund letters of credit for fictitious importation of consumer
goods into the US from Columbia or elsewhere. Then, the individual presents a false bill of
lading at the appropriate bank in Columbia and collects the proceeds.

Front Companies are effective tools for money laundering for two reasons:

- They do not necessarily require complicity of their financial institution or any non-bank
financial institution in order to operate.

b. Businesses commonly used as Front Companies

1. Jewelry Stores- these are convenient fronts for money laundering. In 1989, a
Justice investigation into Adonian Brothers Mfg. Co. and Ropex Co. revealed that
operators laundered over $ 1 billion in cash, ostensibly from the corporation’s jewelry
stores, by placement of the cash into various Los Angeles banks and then wire-
transferring it to South American banks.

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 MANUEL V GALLEGO
FOUNDATION
COLLEGES, INC.
COMPARATIVE POLICE INSTITUTE OF LEAD 415
SYSTEM CRIMINAL JUSTICE
2. Money-service businesses EDUCATION
(MBSs) – these include money, transmitters, check
cashing businesses, traveler’s check and money-order issues, currency exchangers, and
issue of stored value cards.
3. Travel Agencies – travel agencies that have the capacity of writing funds are also
attractive as front companies. One New York travel agency serving mainly Columbian
Clientele laundered over $1 million per month by wire transfers.
4. Import/Export Companies – these are popular as fronts for money laundering.
Typically, these operations use three schemes to launder money; under-valuation and
over-valuation of goods, double invoicing, and financing exports.
4. The use of shell or nominee corporations
The synonymous terms, “shell corporations” “nominee corporations” or “domiciliary
corporation” refer to a corporate structure that provides for anonymous corporate
ownership through various combinations of nominee directors and ownership of stock by
bearer shares.
Shell corporations are one of the major tools in layering funds.
5. Bank Drafts
Mexican bank drafts are often the instrument of choice used by Mexican money
launderers to repatriate dollars back to the US.

6. Counterbalancing loan schemes

This method involves parking illicit funds in an offshore bank, while using the value of
account as collateral for a bank loan in another country,. Counterbalancing loans were
commonly used by the related companies and banks controlled by the Bank of Commerce
and Credit International in its 18-year money laundering run.

7. Dollar Discounting

In this method, the drug trafficker instructs his accountant, or commissionista, to

arrange for the cartel’s controller to auction or factor the drug proceeds to a broker, or
cambista, at a discount. The broker then assumes the risk of laundering the money.
Essentially, the dealer is simply selling his accounts receivables at a discount. The gets
less cash, but he gets it sooner.

8. Mirror – Image Trading

Mirror – image trading involves buying contracts for one account while selling as
equal number from another; since both accounts are controlled by the same individual,
any profit or loss is effectively netted. The key is to lose these transactions among millions
of dollars worth of legitimate transaction.

9. Reverse Flips

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 MANUEL V GALLEGO
FOUNDATION
COLLEGES, INC.
COMPARATIVE POLICE INSTITUTE OF LEAD 415
SYSTEM CRIMINAL JUSTICE
EDUCATION
A reverse flips is a real estate ploy whereby a launderer will purchase a property at a
documented or reported price well below its market value, paying the balance “ under the
table to willing seller”. The launderer then resells the property for its value, realizing a
paper profit, well documented and legal.

10. Inflated Price

Launderers, working through front companies or willing accomplices, simply create

the false invoices for goods either never actually purchased or purchased at greatly
inflated prices.

MONEY LAUNDERING TECHNIQUES COMMON TO THE BANKING INDUSTRY

The use of Wire Transfer

 Wire transfer is simply the electronic transfer of money from one bank nor entity to
another.
 The uniform Commercial Code defines a wire transfer as a series of transactions, the
beginning with the originator’s order, made for the purpose of making payment to the
beneficiary of the order.

1. How wire transfer

a. A customer wishing to transfer instructs his bank to a certain amount to a specified
beneficiary account at another bank.
b. The originating bank sends an electronic “message” to the transfer system’s central
computer, indicating, an electronic format, the sending or originating bank, the amount, the
receiving or beneficiary bank, and the specific beneficiary.
c. the transfer system’s computer then electronically adjusts the account balances of the
originating and beneficiary banks and produces a printout of a debit ticket at the originating
bank and the credit ticket at the beneficiary bank.
d. once the beneficiary bank receives its credit ticket, it notifies the beneficiary of the wire
transfer.
e. if the two banks are members of the same wire transfer system, then they are the only
two banks in the wire transfer chain. However, if they are not members of the same
system, which is standard for international transfers, it is necessary to route the transfer
through one or more intermediary banks that have “correspondent” relationship with the
other bank in the chain.

2. The Major Wire transfer systems

a. “Clearing House” is an association through which bank exchange checks and drafts
drawn on each other, and settle their balances. Non-member bank clear their commercial
paper through clearing house member banks by agreements with such banks. The

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 MANUEL V GALLEGO
FOUNDATION
COLLEGES, INC.
COMPARATIVE POLICE INSTITUTE OF LEAD 415
SYSTEM CRIMINAL JUSTICE
Clearing House Interbank Payment EDUCATION
System (CHIPS) is the primary site for settlement of all
US banking transactions such as international foreign exchange and Eurodollar
transactions and all international and domestic trade transactions taking place through the
New York based US banking system.
b. The Use of Conduit Account – money launderers establish accounts in various banks
throughout the world, using front companies for the sole purpose of acting as
intermediaries, or conduits, in wire-transferring money form the originator to the ultimate
beneficiary.
c. The Use of Correspondent Accounts/Due from Accounts
Bank with no branches in foreign countries will establish a correspondent account with a
foreign bank or a domestic bank with a branch in that foreign country, in order to wire
money and conduct business for its clients with greater ease.
d. The Use of Payable – Through Accounts
A type of correspondent account, these accounts are maintained at American banks by
foreign banks, and are use by the foreign bank to conduct their depositors US currency
transactions. They are, in effect, a master correspondent account of a foreign bank in a
US bank have signature authority in the master payable – through account and are
referred to as “sub-account holders”.

Assessment:

1. Essay
1.1 In not less than 100 words, explain the impact of transnational crimes in law enforcement.
1.2 How is the steps of human trafficking and money laundering be conducted? And what is the
effects of this in the law enforcement conduct?

Additional Instruction: Type or encode your answer using the following format:
- Title
- Name
- Answer

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