4-4 Graphing Sine and Cosine Functions

Describe how the graphs of f (x) and g(x) are related. Then find the amplitude of g(x), and sketch two
periods of both functions on the same coordinate axes.
1. f (x) =  sin x; g(x) =  sin x

ANSWER:  

The graph of g(x) is the graph of f (x) compressed vertically. The amplitude of g(x) is .

2. 

ANSWER:  
The graph of g(x) is the graph of f (x) compressed vertically and then reflected in the x-axis. The amplitude of g(x)
is   .

3. f (x) = cos x; g(x) = 6 cos x

ANSWER:  
The graph of g(x) is the graph of f (x) expanded vertically. The amplitude of g(x) is 6.

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4-4 Graphing Sine and Cosine Functions

3. f (x) = cos x; g(x) = 6 cos x

ANSWER:  
The graph of g(x) is the graph of f (x) expanded vertically. The amplitude of g(x) is 6.

4. f (x) = sin x; g(x) = −8 sin x

ANSWER:  
The graph of g(x) is the graph of f (x) expanded vertically and then reflected in the x-axis. The amplitude of g(x) is
8.

Describe how the graphs of f (x) and g(x) are related. Then find the period of g(x), and sketch at least one
period of both functions on the same coordinate axes.
5. f (x) = sin x; g(x) = sin 4x
ANSWER:  
The graph of g(x) is the graph of f (x) compressed horizontally. The period of g(x) is .

6. f (x) = cos x; g(x) = cos 2x

ANSWER:  
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The graph of g(x) is the graph of f (x) compressed horizontally. The period of g(x) is .
4-4 Graphing Sine and Cosine Functions

6. f (x) = cos x; g(x) = cos 2x

ANSWER:  
The graph of g(x) is the graph of f (x) compressed horizontally. The period of g(x) is .

7. f (x) = cos x;

ANSWER:  
The graph of g(x) is the graph of f (x) expanded horizontally. The period of g(x) is 10 .

8. f (x) = sin x;

ANSWER:  
The graph of g(x) is the graph of f (x) expanded horizontally. The period of g(x) is 8 .

9. VOICES  The contralto vocal type includes the deepest female singing voice. Some contraltos can sing as low as 
the E below middle C (E3), which has a frequency of 165 hertz. Write an equation for a sine function that models
the initial behavior of the sound wave associated with E3 having an amplitude of 0.15.
ANSWER:  
Sample answer: y = 0.15 sin 330 t
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Write a sine function that can be used to model the initial behavior of a sound wave with the frequency
and amplitude given.
4-4 Graphing Sine and Cosine Functions

9. VOICES  The contralto vocal type includes the deepest female singing voice. Some contraltos can sing as low as 
the E below middle C (E3), which has a frequency of 165 hertz. Write an equation for a sine function that models
the initial behavior of the sound wave associated with E3 having an amplitude of 0.15.
ANSWER:  
Sample answer: y = 0.15 sin 330 t

Write a sine function that can be used to model the initial behavior of a sound wave with the frequency
and amplitude given.
10. f = 440, a = 0.3
ANSWER:  
Sample answer: y = 0.3 sin 880 t

11. f = 932, a = 0.25

ANSWER:  
Sample answer: y = 0.25 sin 1864 t

12. f = 1245, a = 0.12

ANSWER:  
Sample answer: y = 0.12 sin 2490 t

13. f = 623, a = 0.2

ANSWER:  
Sample answer: y = 0.2 sin 1246 t

State the amplitude, period, frequency, phase shift, and vertical shift of each function. Then graph two
periods of the function.
14. 

ANSWER:  
amplitude = 3; period = 2π; frequency = ; phase shift = ; vertical shift = 0

15. 
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ANSWER:  
4-4 Graphing Sine and Cosine Functions

15. 

ANSWER:  

 
 

16. y = 0.25 cos x + 3

ANSWER:  

amplitude = ; period = 2π; frequency = ; phase shift = 0; vertical shift = 3

17. y = sin 3x – 2
ANSWER:  
amplitude = 1; period = ; frequency = ; phase shift = 0; vertical shift = −2

18. 

ANSWER:  
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amplitude = 1; period = 2π; frequency = ; phase shift =   ; vertical shift = −1

4-4 Graphing Sine and Cosine Functions

18. 

ANSWER:  
amplitude = 1; period = 2π; frequency = ; phase shift =   ; vertical shift = −1

19. 

ANSWER:  

20. VACATIONS   The average number of reservations R that a vacation resort has at the beginning of each month is
shown.

a. Write an equation of a sinusoidal function that models the average number of reservations using x = 1 to represent
January.
b. According to your model, approximately how many reservations can the resort anticipate in November?
ANSWER:  

a. Sample answer:

b. about 115 reservations

21. TIDES
eSolutions    The table shown below provides data for the first high and low tides of the day for a certain bay during one
Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 6
day in June.
 ANSWER:  

a. Sample answer:
4-4 Graphing Sine and Cosine Functions
b. about 115 reservations

21. TIDES   The table shown below provides data for the first high and low tides of the day for a certain bay during one
day in June.

a. Determine the amplitude, period, phase shift, and vertical shift of a sinusoidal function that models the height of
the tide. Let x represent the number of hours that the high or low tide occurred after midnight.
b. Write a sinusoidal function that models the data.
c. According to your model, what was the height of the tide at 8:45 P.M. that night?

ANSWER:  
a. amplitude = 5.465; period = 13; phase shift = 4.417; vertical shift = 7.485
b. Sample answer:

c. about 7.28 ft

22. METEOROLOGY  The average monthly temperatures for Boston, Massachusetts are shown.

a. Determine the amplitude, period, phase shift, and vertical shift of a sinusoidal function that models the monthly
temperatures using t = 1 to represent January.
b. Write an equation of a sinusoidal function that models the monthly temperatures.
c. According to your model, what is Boston’s average temperature in August?
ANSWER:  
a. amplitude = 22.5; period = 12; phase shift = 7; vertical shift = 51.5

b. Sample answer:

c. about 71ºF

GRAPHING CALCULATOR   Find the values of x in the interval – <x<  that make each equation 

or inequality true. (Hint: Use the intersection function.)
23. –sin x = cos x
ANSWER:  

24. sin x − cos x = 1
ANSWER:  
x=
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25. sin x + cos x = 0
ANSWER:  
 ANSWER:  

4-4 Graphing Sine and Cosine Functions

24. sin x − cos x = 1
ANSWER:  
x=

25. sin x + cos x = 0
ANSWER:  

26. cos x ≤ sin x
ANSWER:  

27. sin x cos x > 1

ANSWER:  
none

28. sin x cos x ≤ 0

ANSWER:  

29. CAROUSELS  A wooden horse on a carousel moves up and down as the carousel spins. When the ride ends, the 
horse usually stops in a vertical position different from where it started. The position y of the horse after t seconds
can be modeled by y = 1.5 sin (2t + c), where the phase shift c must be continuously adjusted to compensate for the
different starting positions. If during one ride the horse reached a maximum height after  seconds, find the 
equation that models the horse’s position.
ANSWER:  

30. AMUSEMENT PARKS   The position y in feet of a passenger cart relative to the center of a Ferris wheel over t
seconds is shown below.

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 equation that models the horse’s position.
ANSWER:  

4-4 Graphing Sine and Cosine Functions

30. AMUSEMENT PARKS   The position y in feet of a passenger cart relative to the center of a Ferris wheel over t
seconds is shown below.

a. Find the time t that it takes for the cart to return to y = 0 during its initial spin.
b. Find the period of the Ferris wheel.
c. Sketch the graph representing the position of the passenger cart over one period.
d. Write a sinusoidal function that models the position of the passenger cart as a function of time t.
ANSWER:  
a. 7.5 seconds
b. 15 seconds
c.

d. Sample answer: y = 19 sin t

Write an equation that corresponds to each graph.

31. 
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ANSWER:  
Sample answer: y = 3 sin 2x
4-4 d.
Graphing Siney =and
Sample answer: Cosine
19 sin t Functions

Write an equation that corresponds to each graph.

31. 
ANSWER:  
Sample answer: y = 3 sin 2x

32. 
ANSWER:  

Sample answer: y =  cos 

33. 
ANSWER:  
Sample answer: y = 2 cos 4x + 1

34. 
ANSWER:  

Sample answer: y = 4 sin  − 2

Write a sinusoidal function with the given period and amplitude that passes through the given point.
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35. period: ; amplitude: 5; point:
 34. 
ANSWER:  
4-4 Sample
Graphing Sine
answer: y = 4and
sin Cosine
 − 2 Functions

Write a sinusoidal function with the given period and amplitude that passes through the given point.
35. period: ; amplitude: 5; point:

ANSWER:  
Sample answer: y = 5 cos 2x

36. period: 4 ; amplitude: 2; point: ( , 2)

ANSWER:  

Sample answer: y = 2 sin

37. period: ; amplitude: ; point:

ANSWER:  

Sample answer: y =  cos 4x

38. period: 3π; amplitude: ; point:

ANSWER:  

Sample answer: y =  sin  x

39. MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS   In this problem, you will investigate the change in the graph of a sinusoidal 

function of the form y = sin x or y = cos x when multiplied by a polynomial function.
a. GRAPHICAL Use a graphing calculator to sketch the graphs of y = 2x, y = –2x, and y = 2x cos x on the same
coordinate plane, on the interval [–20, 20].
b. VERBAL Describe the behavior of the graph of y = 2x cos x in relation to the graphs of y = 2x and y = –2x.
c. GRAPHICAL Use a graphing calculator to sketch the graphs of y = x2, y = –x2, and y = x2 sin x on the same
coordinate plane, on the interval [–20, 20].
2 2 2
d. VERBAL Describe the behavior of the graph of y = x sin x in relation to the graphs of y = x and y = –x .
e. ANALYTICAL Make a conjecture as to the behavior of the graph of a sinusoidal function of the form y = sin x
or y = cos x when multiplied by polynomial function of the form y = f (x).
 
ANSWER:  
a.

b. The graph of y = 2x cos x oscillates between the graphs of y = 2x and y = –2x.

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 ANSWER:  
4-4 Sample
Graphing Sine
answer: y = and
 sin Cosine
x Functions

39. MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS   In this problem, you will investigate the change in the graph of a sinusoidal 

function of the form y = sin x or y = cos x when multiplied by a polynomial function.
a. GRAPHICAL Use a graphing calculator to sketch the graphs of y = 2x, y = –2x, and y = 2x cos x on the same
coordinate plane, on the interval [–20, 20].
b. VERBAL Describe the behavior of the graph of y = 2x cos x in relation to the graphs of y = 2x and y = –2x.
c. GRAPHICAL Use a graphing calculator to sketch the graphs of y = x2, y = –x2, and y = x2 sin x on the same
coordinate plane, on the interval [–20, 20].
2 2 2
d. VERBAL Describe the behavior of the graph of y = x sin x in relation to the graphs of y = x and y = –x .
e. ANALYTICAL Make a conjecture as to the behavior of the graph of a sinusoidal function of the form y = sin x
or y = cos x when multiplied by polynomial function of the form y = f (x).
 
ANSWER:  
a.

b. The graph of y = 2x cos x oscillates between the graphs of y = 2x and y = –2x.

c.

d. The graph of y = x2 sin x oscillates between the graphs of y = x2 and y = –x2.

e . The graph of y = f (x) sin x or y = f (x) cos x will oscillate between the graphs of y = f (x) and y = –f (x).
 

40. CHALLENGE  Without graphing, find the exact coordinates of the first maximum point to the right of the y-axis
for

ANSWER:  

REASONING  Determine whether each statement is true or false . Explain your reasoning.

41. Every sine function of the form y = a sin (bx + c) + d can be written as a cosine function of the form y = a cos (bx
+ c) + d.
ANSWER:  
True; sample answer: The graph of y = cos x is a horizontal translation of the graph of y = sin x. Therefore, a cosine
function can be written from any sine function using the same amplitude and period by applying the necessary phase
shift.
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42. The period of f (x) = cos 8x is equal to four times the period of g(x) = cos 2x.
 ANSWER:  

4-4 Graphing Sine and Cosine Functions

REASONING  Determine whether each statement is true or false . Explain your reasoning.

41. Every sine function of the form y = a sin (bx + c) + d can be written as a cosine function of the form y = a cos (bx
+ c) + d.
ANSWER:  
True; sample answer: The graph of y = cos x is a horizontal translation of the graph of y = sin x. Therefore, a cosine
function can be written from any sine function using the same amplitude and period by applying the necessary phase
shift.

42. The period of f (x) = cos 8x is equal to four times the period of g(x) = cos 2x.
ANSWER:  

False; sample answer: The period of f (x) is  the period of g(x).

43. CHALLENGE   How many zeros does y = cos 1500x have on the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 ?

 
ANSWER:  
3000

44. PROOF   Prove the phase shift formula.

ANSWER:  
Sample answer: Consider y = a sin (bx + c), where a , b, and c ≠ 0. To find a zero of the function, find the value of
x for which a sin (bx + c) = 0. Since sin 0 = 0, solving bx + c = 0 will yield a zero of the function.

          

Therefore, y = 0 when . The value of is the phase shift.

When c > 0: The graph of y = a sin (bx + c) is the graph of y = a sin x, shifted  units to the left. When c < 0: The

graph of y = a sin (bx + c) is the graph of y = a sin x, shifted units to the right.

45. Writing in Math  The Power Tower ride in Sandusky, Ohio, is shown below. Along the side of each tower is a 

string of lights that send a continuous pulse of light up and down each tower at a constant rate. Explain why the
distance d of this light from the ground over time t cannot be represented by a sinusoidal function.

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ANSWER:  
Sample answer: Although the pulse of light can be represented as a function with a period, it is not a sinusoidal
function because the distance the pulse of light is from the ground changes at a constant rate. As a result, the graph
 When c > 0: The graph of y = a sin (bx + c) is the graph of y = a sin x, shifted  units to the left. When c < 0: The

4-4 graph
Graphing
of y = a Sine
sin (bxand Cosine
+ c) is Functions
the graph of y = a sin x, shifted units to the right.

45. Writing in Math  The Power Tower ride in Sandusky, Ohio, is shown below. Along the side of each tower is a 

string of lights that send a continuous pulse of light up and down each tower at a constant rate. Explain why the
distance d of this light from the ground over time t cannot be represented by a sinusoidal function.

ANSWER:  
Sample answer: Although the pulse of light can be represented as a function with a period, it is not a sinusoidal
function because the distance the pulse of light is from the ground changes at a constant rate. As a result, the graph
of this function would resemble the graph below.

The given point lies on the terminal side of an angle θ  in standard position. Find the values of the six
trigonometric functions of θ.
46. (−4, 4)
ANSWER:  

47. (8, −2)
ANSWER:  

48. (−5, −9)
ANSWER:  

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49. (4, 5)
ANSWER:  
4-4 Graphing Sine and Cosine Functions

48. (−5, −9)
ANSWER:  

49. (4, 5)
ANSWER:  

sin θ = , cos θ = , tan θ = , csc θ = , sec θ = , cot θ =

Write each degree measure in radians as a multiple of π and each radian measure in degrees.
50. 25°
ANSWER:  

51. −420°
ANSWER:  

52. 

ANSWER:  
−45°

53. 

ANSWER:  
480°

54. SCIENCE  Radiocarbon dating is a method of estimating the age of an organic material by calculating the amount
of carbon-14 present in the material. The age of a material can be calculated using A = t , where A is the
age of the object in years, t is the half-life of carbon-14 or 5700 years, and R is the ratio of the amount of carbon-14
in the sample to the amount of carbon-14 in living tissue.
a. A sample of organic material contains 0.000076 gram of carbon-14. A living sample of the same material contains
0.00038 gram. About how old is the sample?
b. A specific sample is at least 20,000 years old. What is the maximum percent of carbon-14 remaining in the
sample?
ANSWER:  
a. about
eSolutions 13,238
Manual years
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b. about 8.8%

State the number of possible real zeros and turning points of each function. Then determine all of the
 53. 

4-4 ANSWER:  
Graphing Sine and Cosine Functions
480°

54. SCIENCE  Radiocarbon dating is a method of estimating the age of an organic material by calculating the amount
of carbon-14 present in the material. The age of a material can be calculated using A = t , where A is the
age of the object in years, t is the half-life of carbon-14 or 5700 years, and R is the ratio of the amount of carbon-14
in the sample to the amount of carbon-14 in living tissue.
a. A sample of organic material contains 0.000076 gram of carbon-14. A living sample of the same material contains
0.00038 gram. About how old is the sample?
b. A specific sample is at least 20,000 years old. What is the maximum percent of carbon-14 remaining in the
sample?
ANSWER:  
a. about 13,238 years old
b. about 8.8%

State the number of possible real zeros and turning points of each function. Then determine all of the
real zeros by factoring.
55. f (x) = x3 + 2x2 – 8x
ANSWER:  
3 real zeros and 2 turning points; −4, 0, and 2

56. f (x) = x4 – 10x2 + 9

ANSWER:  
4 real zeros and 3 turning points; −3, −1, 1, and 3

57. f (x) = x5 + 2x4 – 4x3 – 8x2

ANSWER:  
5 real zeros and 4 turning points; −2, 0, and 2

58. f (x) = x4 − 1
ANSWER:  
4 real zeros and 3 turning points; −1 and 1

Determine whether f has an inverse function. If it does, find the inverse function and state any
restrictions on its domain.
59. f (x) = −x – 2
ANSWER:  
–1
yes; f (x) = –x – 2

60. f (x) =

ANSWER:  
–1
yes; f (x) =  – 4

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61. f (x) = (x – 3) – 7
ANSWER:  
 59. f (x) = −x – 2
ANSWER:  
4-4 yes;
Graphing
–1 Sine
f (x) = –x – 2 and Cosine Functions

60. f (x) =

ANSWER:  
–1
yes; f (x) =  – 4

61. f (x) = (x – 3)2 – 7

ANSWER:  
no

62. f (x) =

ANSWER:  
no

63. SAT/ACT  If x + y = 90° and x and y are both nonnegative angles, what is equal to ?
A0
B

C1
D 1.5
E Cannot be determined from the information given.
ANSWER:  
C

64. REVIEW  If tan x =  in the figure below, what are sin x and cos x?

F sin x =  and cos x =

G sin x =  and cos x =

H sin x =  and cos x =

J sin x =  and cos x =

ANSWER:  
G

65. Identify the equation represented by the graph.

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 J sin x =  and cos x =

4-4 ANSWER:  
Graphing Sine and Cosine Functions
G

65. Identify the equation represented by the graph.

Ay =  sin 4x

By =  sin 2x
C y = 2 sin 2x
D y = 4 sin x

ANSWER:  
C

66. REVIEW  If cos θ =  and the terminal side of the angle is in Quadrant IV, what is the exact value of sinθ ?

ANSWER:  
H

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