KS2

Science
Stud y
KS2
Science
Book
S tudy Book

Jon Goulding and Jennifer Smith

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 Contents
Working Scientifically
Asking Scientific Questions and Planning Enquiries ................................................. 4
Collecting and Recording Data ............................................................................... 6
Making Conclusions ............................................................................................... 8
Using Evidence and Improving Enquiries ...............................................................10
Practice Questions .................................................................................................11

Plants and Habitats

Grouping Living Things .........................................................................................12
Parts of Plants .......................................................................................................14
Life Cycles ............................................................................................................. 16
Reproduction ......................................................................................................... 18
Changing Environments ........................................................................................ 20
Practice Questions ................................................................................................ 22
Review Questions (Working Scientifically) ............................................................. 23

Animals, Including Humans

Food Chains ...........................................................................................................24
Digestion ................................................................................................................26
Skeleton and Muscles ............................................................................................. 28
Heart and Blood Vessels ......................................................................................... 30
Healthy Living ........................................................................................................ 32
Practice Questions ................................................................................................. 34
Review Questions (Plants and Habitats) ................................................................. 35

Evolution and Inheritance

Adaptation and Variation ....................................................................................... 36
Evidence for Evolution ........................................................................................... 38
Practice Questions ..................................................................................................40
Review Questions (Animals, Including Humans) .....................................................41

States of Matter
Solids, Liquids and Gases ........................................................................................ 42
The Water Cycle ..................................................................................................... 44
Practice Questions .................................................................................................. 46
Review Questions (Evolution and Inheritance) ........................................................ 47

Properties and Changes of Materials

Properties and Uses of Materials ............................................................................. 48
Reversible Changes ................................................................................................. 50

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 Irreversible Changes ............................................................................................ 52
Practice Questions ................................................................................................ 54
Review Questions (States of Matter) .................................................................... 55

Rocks and Earth and Space

Rocks and Soil .......................................................................................................56
The Solar System ...................................................................................................58
Day and Night ......................................................................................................60
Practice Questions .................................................................................................62
Review Questions (Properties and Changes of Material) ........................................63

Light
Light and Dark ...................................................................................................... 64
How Light Travels ................................................................................................. 66
Shadows ............................................................................................................... 68
Practice Questions ................................................................................................ 70
Review Questions (Rocks and Earth and Space) ..................................................... 71

Forces and Magnets

Contact Forces .......................................................................................................72
Magnets and Gravity ..............................................................................................74
Levers, Pulleys and Gears ....................................................................................... 76
Practice Questions .................................................................................................. 78
Review Questions (Light) ....................................................................................... 79

Sound
Making Sounds ...................................................................................................... 80
Pitch and Volume ................................................................................................... 82
Practice Questions ................................................................................................. 84
Review Questions (Forces and Magnets) ................................................................ 85

Electricity
Making Circuits .......................................................................................................86
Breaking Circuits ...................................................................................................... 88
Cells in Circuits ........................................................................................................ 90
Practice Questions .................................................................................................. 92
Review Questions (Sound) ...................................................................................... 93
Review Questions (Electricity) .................................................................................. 94
Mixed Questions ..................................................................................................... 95
Answers ................................................................................................................ 101
Glossary ................................................................................................................ 108
Index .................................................................................................................... 112

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 Working Scientifically

Asking Scienti fic Que stions and Planning Enquiries

• Ask relevant questions
• Plan and set up scientific enquiries
• Recognise and control variables, and ensure a fair test

Asking the Question Key Point

Most enquiries in science start with a question that is
Questions are good
designed to help something be even better understood.
starting points for
Finding the answer is the aim of the enquiry.
an enquiry.
For example, if a scientist already knows that germination
of a seed is the start of most plant growth, this knowledge
could lead to the following question:

Tip
This is a
Can a seed great starting Is water
Be specific in
grow when it point, but the required for
question can be questions and use
is dry? improved. germination?
scientific words.

Careful thought is needed about exactly what the question is

asking. The enquiry could investigate everything a seed might
need in order to grow, but that would be a much larger task.
It is also important to use correct vocabulary – plants grow but
seeds germinate.

Planning a Scientific Enquiry

The next step is to plan how to investigate the question.
This is known as the method of the enquiry – what will be
done to try to find the answer to the question.
The equipment to be used will need thinking about, as Tip
well as how to measure the outcomes. For example, seeds,
Make sure you
water and a dish to put them in will be needed, and the
plan to use
outcome could be measured by observing the seeds.
equipment that is
The seeds could be placed on cotton wool in a dish. Some readily available,
cress seeds (which germinate relatively quickly) could be and that you know
placed on wet cotton wool, and others on dry cotton wool. how to use it.

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 Controlling Variables
When planning the method of enquiry, consideration
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must be given to the things that could affect the outcome.
These are known as variables. Tip
Could any of these play a part in the seed germination Always ask
enquiry? yourself, ‘What
is the aim of the
enquiry?’ This
will help you to
control the correct
variables.
Temperature? Amount of water? Size of dish? Type of seed?

Creating a Fair Test

In a fair test, only the variable being tested is changed.

Example
To make sure that the seed germination is a fair test:
• each dish should be placed in the same location at
the same time
• the dishes should be exactly the same size
• the type and amount of cotton wool should be
the same
• the type and number of cress seeds should also be
the same.
The only variable which changes is the presence of
water. The cotton wool in one dish should be dry and
in the other dish, wet.

Quick Test
1. What does a scientific enquiry begin with? Key Words
2. Which step in planning an enquiry deals with how it • Method
will be done? • Variables
3. What is meant by the term ‘fair test’? • Fair test

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 Working Scientifically

Collecting and Recording Data

• Make systematic and careful observations
• Take accurate measurements using appropriate equipment
and methods
• Use standard units when recording data

Taking Measurements
Always consider exactly what should be measured. This
will help in choosing the correct equipment and the correct
unit of measure.
If measuring how much some
plant shoots grow in a certain
number of days following
germination, a ruler is needed
to measure in centimetres or
millimetres. It is also useful to
provide more information, for Key Point
example how many seeds germinated.
Sometimes,
If measuring the change in temperature of the contents
measurement
of a beaker of snow when left in the classroom for a day,
is not needed
careful observation, a thermometer and a clock or watch
but careful
will be required.
observation is, for
If measuring temperature example, when
change over time, for looking for signs
example, when testing the of germination in
insulating properties of a cress seeds.
material, a thermometer and
stopwatch, or a data logger,
are needed.
The correct units should be chosen and used when Tip
measuring, for example: Whatever
measuring
temperature: ºC length or distance: mm, cm or m
equipment you
time: seconds, minutes and hours are using, it is vital
that you read the
scale carefully. Be
Accuracy in observations and measurement should be
accurate.
ensured.

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 Observing and Recording Data
Once data has been collected, a little more thought is
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needed before any answer is given to the question posed
by the enquiry.
Repetition helps check the reliability of data. To be more
certain about data, the investigation should be repeated Tip
(more than once ideally) in case there were other factors
Repeating an
affecting the investigation.
investigation with
Recording of observations and measurements should be several samples
systematic and in a simple form. Using a table helps to will help to rule
keep data clear and organised. out other factors
This table shows how the temperature of the contents of a which could affect
beaker, initially full of snow, changed over the course of a day the data.
in the classroom.

Time 9 am 10 am 11 am 12 pm 1 pm 2 pm 3 pm
Temp (ºC) –2.0 4.0 9.0 12.0 14.0 15.0 15.5
It was essential that the temperature was measured
every hour.
Here is a table showing the amount of water that
evaporated in 24 hours from beakers in different locations
around the home.
Location Bedroom Airing Fridge Freezer Kitchen
cupboard
Amount (ml) 15 32 2 0 18
Careful measurements of the amount of water remaining in
each beaker were taken at the end of the 24-hour period,
allowing a calculation of how much water had evaporated.

Quick Test
1. For the evaporation enquiry above, name two
variables that must be kept the same.
2. Using the table above, in which location did most
evaporation occur?
3. Why should an enquiry be repeated with several Key Words
samples? • Reliability of data

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 Working Scientifically

Makin g Con clu sion s

• Present findings from enquiries
• Report on findings from enquiries
• Draw conclusions from data

Presenting Findings
Key Point
Using tables to record data can help to:
A scientific
• keep data organised enquiry should
• spot patterns in the data. aim to answer
Look at the first table on page 7. If the original question the question
was How does the temperature of the contents of a beaker, posed and draw
initially filled with snow, change during a day in the a conclusion from
classroom? then it can be seen that the temperature rises the findings of
throughout the day. This can also be shown as a graph: the enquiry. The
18
Temperature change in the beaker during the day conclusion sums
16 up what has been
14
12
found.
Temperature °C

10
8
6
4
2
0
–2
9 am 10 am 11 am 12 pm 1 pm 2 pm 3 pm
–4
Time

This line graph really helps to show the change in Tip

temperature over time.
Make sure you
From the second table on page 7, it is possible to work out
choose the right
where the water evaporated most, but this can be made
kind of chart to
more visual by use of a bar chart. If the original question
show your data.
was, How does evaporation of water differ in different
If you are showing
indoor locations? it can be seen from the table, and more
change over time,
clearly from the bar chart, that more water evaporates in
use a line graph.
the airing cupboard than in the other locations.
Evaporation in different locations
40
evaporated (ml)

30
Water

20
10
0
Bedroom Airing Fridge Freezer Kitchen
cupboard
Location

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 Reporting Findings and Drawing
Conclusions St udy
It is one thing to record and present data from an enquiry,
but quite another to then draw useful conclusions. Tip
A simple conclusion from the snow enquiry would be that the When looking at
temperature of the snow rises in the classroom. This is true, your data, ask
but could have been guessed without going to the effort of yourself, ‘So
putting the snow in a beaker and recording the temperature what?’ Think
each hour. When looking at the data, the question of how carefully about
the temperature changes needs to be answered. what the data
Looking at the line on the graph, it can be seen that it starts shows you.
quite steep before becoming less steep. This helps in drawing
the simple conclusion that temperature rises as time passes.
However, it also allows the conclusion that the temperature in
the beaker rises quickly to begin with before slowing down.
Reporting all of this requires the data to be presented
(using the line graph) alongside a written conclusion. The
conclusion could simply state:
The temperature in the beaker placed in the classroom
rises at a decreasing speed as time passes. (This is just
a more formal way of saying that the temperature rises
more slowly as time goes on.)

Looking at the data from the evaporation enquiry, an

assumption has to be made when drawing the conclusion
– the freezer is clearly the coldest place in the house and,
in most homes, an airing cupboard will be the warmest.
The simple conclusion for this enquiry is that:
The warmer the location, the more evaporation occurs.

As with all scientific enquiries though, conclusions often lead

to further questions, as can be seen in the next section.

Quick Test
1. Why is a chart such as a graph or bar chart useful
for presenting data?
2. How would you present data showing change Key Word
over time?
• Conclusion
3. What is the purpose of the conclusion to an enquiry?

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 Working Scientifically

Usin g Eviden ce and Improving Enquiries

• Use evidence to answer questions
• Identify evidence that has been used to support or refute
ideas or arguments

Identifying and Using Evidence

The question asked earlier for the germination enquiry
was: Is water required for germination? If the seeds with
water germinated, and those without water did not, this
can be used as evidence that water is required for the Tip
germination of cress seeds.
Always question
It is important to identify and refer to the evidence being used
your results – ask
to answer the enquiry question. However, there also needs to
yourself whether
be confidence in the evidence. The enquiry could be repeated,
everything done
and evidence can be discussed in terms of the percentage
was as reliable and
of seeds germinating, and amount of water used. When
accurate as it could
answering the question, it is important to ask whether this
have been.
evidence is good enough to be able to give a confident answer.

Improving the Enquiry

When looking at evidence also think of ways to improve
the enquiry. Consider if anything could have been done
differently, such as using different equipment or making
the test more reliable. It may be that the enquiry is then
repeated with any changes made. Evidence from an
enquiry can also be used to lead to further questions and
enquiries to deepen scientific knowledge. For example:

Does temperature play a part? Do all seeds behave

in the same way? What are the best conditions for
germination? Would soil make any difference?

Quick Test
1. Why is it important to be confident in the
evidence used? Key Word
2. Why might an enquiry sometimes need to be
• Evidence
done again?

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 Working Scientifically

Practice Question s
Challenge 1

1 What equipment would you need to measure the temperature of water?

1 mark

2 What is the ‘method’ of an enquiry?

1 mark

3 Why might you record data in a table?

1 mark

Challenge 2

1 You are asked to measure how quickly boiling water cools in different-
shaped containers. What equipment would you need?

1 mark

2 How would you ensure this is a fair test?

3 marks

Challenge 3

1 The table below shows the size of bean plants after being left to grow in
different places for two weeks.
Plant location Window sill Dark cupboard
Growth (cm) 34 10
Assuming all variables were the same apart from the location, what can
you conclude from this data?

2 marks

2 How could the reliability of the data above be improved?

1 mark

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 Plants and Habitats

Grouping Living Thing s

• Recognise that living things can be grouped in
different ways
• Describe how living things are classified into groups
• Give reasons for classifying plants and animals based on
specific characteristics
• Explore and use classification keys to help group, identify
and name living things Tip
When classifying
Grouping Living Things in Different Ways
living things, always
All living things can be put into one of three main groups: look for the most
• animals (key feature: cannot produce their own food) obvious clues first,
• plants (key feature: produce their own food) such as: plant or
• micro-organisms (key feature: very small). animal; body covering
(feathers, scales,
Animals can be grouped into: damp skin, fur or
• vertebrates, which have a backbone hair); number of legs.
• invertebrates, which have no backbone.
Vertebrates are then grouped as follows:
Group Characteristics Example
Mammals • Have body hair (or fur) • Babies born live, and drink milk
• Use lungs to breathe • Body temperature steady

Birds • Have feathers • Lay eggs

• Use lungs to breathe • Body temperature steady
Reptiles • Have dry scales • Lay eggs
• Use lungs to breathe • Body temperature changes
Amphibians • Have damp skin • Lay soft eggs in water
• Use gills then lungs • Body temperature changes
Fish • Have scales • Lay soft eggs in water
• Use gills to breathe • Body temperature changes
There are several groups of invertebrates. These include:
• worms • spiders – 2 body parts, 8 legs
• snails and slugs • insects – 3 body parts, 6 legs.
Scientists divide plants into two big groups. They are:
• flowering plants, including deciduous trees, grasses, shrubs, cereals
• non-flowering plants, such as coniferous trees, mosses, ferns and algae.
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 Using Classification
Classification of living things helps scientists understand
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different animals and plants. It also helps them to identify
newly discovered and unknown species because they can
make comparisons with the features of known species. Working
Using the information on page 12 it is possible to find out Scientifically
where an animal belongs.
Look at different
• If it has scales, it could be a fish or a reptile. Taking plants or animals
a closer look might reveal that it has gills to breathe and make a
through. It is therefore most likely that it is a fish. classification key.
• If it has three body parts and six legs, it will be an insect. Ask yourself what
the key features
Creating and Using a Key are and how they
compare to features
A classification key can be created by asking questions about
of other plants or
the key features being observed. Imagine an animal with
animals.
scales. A very simple branched key for investigating what
type of animal it could be might look something like this:
Does it have gills?
yes no
Key Point
fish reptile
Deciduous trees,
e.g. oak, have
Quick Test flowers (blossom)
1. Using the information on page 12 to help you, for at least part
complete the branched key below. of the year. They
lose their leaves in
Does it have scales?
autumn.
yes no
Coniferous trees,
Does it have gills? Does it have feathers? e.g. pine, have
yes no yes no cones (no flowers)
b) Does it have and have leaves
a) reptile
damp skin? throughout the
yes no year.
c) d)
2. What characteristics can help to distinguish between
spiders and insects?
3. What is the main difference between a vertebrate Key Word
and an invertebrate? • Classification

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 Plants and Habitats

Part s of Plant s
• Explore the requirements of plants for life and growth
• Describe the functions of different parts of flowering plants
• Explain how water is transported within plants

Requirements for Life and Growth

Key Point
Before a seed can germinate it needs water, which usually
comes from soil. Germination also requires food, which is All living things
contained within the seed. need water, food
During germination, most plants will start to grow a shoot and air. Plants are
and a root. like humans – if
they don’t have
The shoot will grow (even through soil) towards a source nutrients, they
of light and air. won’t be as
The root will grow into the soil in search of water and healthy. If they
nutrients. don’t have space
Following germination, a healthy plant quickly requires: to grow, it makes
life very difficult
Light: Plants need light to make food.
for them.
The leaves of a plant use light, water
and carbon dioxide from the air to
make the food they need to grow.
Water: Water is vital to life. Plants use
water to help them make food. They Key Point
take water in through their roots.
Different plants
Air: Plants use their leaves to take need different
carbon dioxide from the air. The amounts of
leaves use the carbon dioxide with light, water and
water and light to make their food. nutrients. A cactus,
for example, can
Nutrients: Like humans and other
store lots of water.
animals, plants need nutrients such
Large trees need
as minerals to help them stay healthy.
large amounts of
They get these from water in the soil
water and have
through their roots.
extensive roots.
Room: It is important for a plant to
have room to grow. If it gets too
crowded, a plant will find it difficult to
get enough water and light.

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 Plant Part Functions
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Flowers Stem
Flowers are The stem is needed
needed for for support and for Working
reproduction. nutrition. It holds Scientifically
Colour and scent the plant up so it
attract insects. can get light, and it Observe the
Pollen and eggs transports water and effects of water on
are produced by nutrients from the plant growth by
the flowers and roots to the leaves taking a number of
these are needed and flowers. samples of a plant
to produce seeds. and giving each
In trees, the stem is
sample a different
Leaves known as the trunk.
amount of water.
Leaves are needed Remember to keep
for nutrition all other variables
because they Roots the same.
make food for Roots support the plant, acting as an
the plant using anchor to prevent it blowing away.
sunlight and The roots are also vital for nutrition.
carbon dioxide Thousands of tiny root hairs absorb
from the air (soak up) water and minerals from the
in a special soil. The water and minerals then travel
process called up through the plant.
photosynthesis.

Water Transport in Plants

Water absorbed by the roots travels up inside the stem of
the plant. From the stem, the water can enter the leaves
and flowers, helping the plant to grow and be healthy by
delivering essential minerals to where they are needed.

Quick Test
1. List five things that a plant needs to grow healthily.
2. Which parts of a plant start to grow during
germination?
3. Why are the leaves of a plant important? Key Words
4. What are the two main roles played by the stem of • Nutrients
a plant? • Germination

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 Plants and Habitats

Lif e Cy cle s
• Describe the differences in the life cycles of a mammal, an
amphibian, an insect and a bird
• Describe the changes as humans develop to old age

Life Cycles of Animals

The life cycle of an animal is the journey from the start Key Point
of its life to the end of its life or to the point at which the Remember that
animal has babies and new life is formed. all living things
eventually die; life
Eggs Insect life cycle cycles ensure new
• Eggs are laid by life replaces plants
Adult
the insect (e.g. a and animals that
Larvae
butterfly (Caterpillar) butterfly). have died.
• Larva hatches from the
eggs.
Adult emerges Pupa • Larva then becomes a
(Chrysalis)
pupa and changes into
an adult insect.
Egg Mass Amphibian life cycle
• Eggs are laid in water.
Adult frog • Tadpoles begin to
Tadpole develop in the eggs.
• Tadpoles hatch and
continue to grow in
Froglet Tadpole with legs the water until they
are adults. Working
Egg Bird life cycle Scientifically
• Eggs are laid, usually in Observe (and
Embryo
a nest. use research as
Adult
chicken • The baby bird necessary) the
develops in the egg differences and
before hatching. similarities of
Hatching • The chick continues to different animals at
Chick
grow to adulthood. different stages of
their life cycle.

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 Mammal Life Cycles
In the mammal life cycle, a fertilised egg develops into an
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embryo and then a foetus (a baby) inside the body of a
female.

Foetus Baby Child

Old age Adult Adolescent

Puberty
During adolescence (approximately 10 to 18 years old),
puberty causes the bodies of boys and girls to change.
• Hairs start to grow on boys’ bodies and faces, and their
testicles start to produce sperm.
• Girls develop breasts and wider hips and hair starts to
grow on their bodies. Their ovaries begin to release an
egg once every month. This is known as a period.

Quick Test
1. What is the name of the process during which the
bodies of adolescent boys and girls change?
2. What is the difference between the way mammals
reproduce and the way birds, reptiles and fish
reproduce? Key Words
3. What is the common name given to the larvae • Life cycle
of a butterfly? • Puberty

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 Plants and Habitats

Reprod uc tion
• Explore the part that flowers play in the life cycle of
flowering plants
• Describe the process of reproduction in some plants
and animals

Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Key Point
The flower of a plant contains its reproductive organs – the
The male part of
parts it uses during reproduction – to make new flowering
the flower (stamen)
plants. New plants are made by sexual reproduction.
contains pollen on
the anther, which
Pollination Stigma
Stamen Anther
is held up by the
A flower’s Filament
Style
Carpel filament.
colourful petals Petal Ovary The female part
and the scent Ovule (carpel) has a
Sepal
of sweet nectar sticky stigma to
attract insects catch pollen, a style
such as bees, Receptacle which holds up
which feed on the nectar. the stigma, and an
Pollen from the flower’s anther sticks to the insect and is ovary containing
then carried to another flower where it sticks to the stigma. ovules.
This process is called pollination.

Fertilisation
Working
When a grain of pollen joins with an egg in the carpel of Scientifically
another flower, fertilisation takes place and a seed starts to
Take cuttings from
form in the ovary.
different plants
and put them
Seed Dispersal in soil. Do any
When a seed forms, the petals of the flower die and the of them start to
ovary becomes a fruit containing the seeds. Some fruits grow? Consider
are easily recognisable (such as fruits we eat) but for some the conditions
plants, such as garden flowers, the fruit does not look like and variables –
edible fruit at all. The fruit of the plant is important for temperature,
seed dispersal. This is when the seeds are carried away amount of soil,
from the parent plant (by animals, wind, exploding pods or amount of light and
water) to give them room to grow into new plants. amount of water.

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 There are three common methods of seed dispersal:
Animal dispersal Wind Explosion St udy
dispersal dispersal

Key Point
Animals are
produced as a result
of a process called
Some fruits stick Animals and birds Light, feathery Some fruits are
sexual reproduction.
to animals and the eat some fruits, fruits help seeds pods which dry
seeds are carried such as berries, be blown away by and then burst The baby is made,
away. and excrete them the wind. open, scattering grows a little and is
in a new place. the seeds.
then born before it
grows to an adult
Asexual Reproduction in Plants and eventually dies.
Some plants can reproduce without pollen or an egg. This
is known as asexual reproduction. Small pieces cut from a
plant (known as cuttings) can grow in the right conditions Key Words
(usually requiring at least water and light).
• Sexual
Reproduction in Animals reproduction
• Stamen
Sexual reproduction occurs in most animals. In this process: • Carpel
• the egg from the mother plus the sperm from the father • Pollination
• Egg
combine and the egg is fertilised.
• Fertilisation
• the fertilised egg grows into a foetus and eventually a
• Ovary
baby is born.
• Asexual
This process is common to most animals, although in some, reproduction
the embryo grows in an egg outside the mother. In humans • Sperm
and other mammals, the baby grows inside the mother.

Quick Test Stigma Carpel Filament Ovule Sepal Stamen Petal Style Anther Ovary

Complete the
diagram.

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 Plants and Habitats

Ch an gin g Environment s
• Recognise that environments can change and that this can
sometimes pose dangers to living things

Natural Changes
The environment, and specific habitats, change naturally
over time, particularly as seasons change. Key Point
For example, a lake, river or pond will have different
Pollution occurs
plants in and around it at different times of the year.
when something
These will attract different insects, birds and other animals,
that should not
depending on the season.
be there enters
Change in climate over longer periods of time can also the environment
cause environmental change. or a habitat. This
can include smoke
Human Impact from factory
chimneys, sewage
Not all change is natural. Human activity can also cause
entering rivers and
environmental change. For example:
chemicals dumped
• building of homes, factories and roads in rivers or oceans
• chopping down trees to make space for farmland or or put on land to
building. help crops grow.
Such activity can destroy habitats and lead to
deforestation, often leaving animals and plants without
shelter or food. As the human population has increased,
more damage has been done. Pollution is another major
problem because it can poison animals and have a long-
term effect on air and water quality and on the climate.
Litter not only looks untidy, but can also cause serious
harm to plant and animal life. Plastic waste can remain in
the environment for hundreds of years.

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 Protecting the Environment
There are many ways in which humans can help protect
St udy
the environment, including:
• recycling, which changes waste Working
materials into new products Scientifically
• reusing plastics, which reduces
Conduct a survey
the amount of plastic waste
of the wildlife
entering the environment
(plants and
• reducing the amount of plastic
animals) you can
and other materials used in
see in two different
packaging products
locations (e.g. your
• creating a suitable habitat for animals and plants, which garden or a local
can help to protect them park and a town
• supporting nature reserves, which help to protect centre).
habitats, and educate people about the need to look
after them What are the
• creating a garden pond, which provides a small nature differences?
reserve in a garden and gives pond animals a safe place What causes these
to live and reproduce differences?
• growing plants, which can attract more insects and birds
to an area
• creating environmentally friendly housing, which can
reduce the impact of building work on habitats
• using renewable energy sources such as wind power
and solar energy (using energy from the sun), which can
reduce pollution
• planting trees, which can help offset the effects of
deforestation and pollution.

Quick Test
1. Give two examples of human activity that damages
the environment.
2. How can environmental damage impact animal and
plant habitats?
3. Give two examples of how habitat creation can help Key Word
plant and animal life. • Habitats

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 Plants and Habitats

Practice Question s
Challenge 1

1 An animal with a backbone is called a and

an animal without a backbone is called an .
2 marks

2 Explain a simple way to distinguish between an insect and a spider.

1 mark

3 Which part of a plant absorbs water from the soil?

1 mark

Challenge 2

1 Write these stages of human life in order from youngest to oldest.

old age adult embryo adolescent child
1 mark

2 In pollination, pollen from the sticks to

the .
2 marks

3 Why are minerals important to a plant?

1 mark

Challenge 3

1 Name a common feature in the life cycle of an insect, bird, reptile and
amphibian that does not occur in humans.

1 mark

2 Explain the role of the leaves of a plant.

1 mark

3 Give two different ways in which the seeds of a plant can be dispersed.

2 marks

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 Working Scientifically

Re vie w Question s

1 What is the purpose of a scientific enquiry?

1 mark

WS 2 If an enquiry is trying to find the best temperature for germination of

seeds, what variable must be changed?
1 mark

WS 3 Explain your answer to question 2.

1 mark

4 What unit of measure would you use for the above enquiry?
1 mark

5 An enquiry to find which surface has the least friction (which surface
allows a ball to roll the furthest) tests four different surfaces, with a
different size of ball used for each. Explain whether this is a fair test.

1 mark

6 Why should a scientific enquiry be repeated?

1 mark

WS 7 Look at the graph below.

Temperature change in the shed during the day
18
16
14
12
Temperature °C

10
8
6
4
2
0
–2
–4 9 am 10 am 11 am 12 pm 1 pm 2 pm 3 pm
Time

a) By how much did the temperature in the shed rise during the first hour?
1 mark

b) The rate of warming was slower after 12 pm than before. How can you
tell this from the line on the graph?
1 mark

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 Animals, Including Humans

Foo d Ch ain s
• Recognise that animals, including humans, need nutrition
and cannot make their own food
• Identify producers and consumers; predators and prey
• Understand and interpret food chains

Producers and Consumers

Unlike plants, which are producers (make their own food), Key Point
animals get all their nutrition by eating plants or other
Consumers
animals. All animals are consumers because they have
consume (eat) their
to eat (consume) other living things. It is important that
food and producers
animals eat enough of the right foods to stay healthy.
produce (make)
their food.
A Food Chain
When one living thing eats another, a food chain begins.
Almost all food chains begin with a green plant (a
producer) and finish with animals (consumers).
Key Point
A very small
number of food
chains start with
micro-organisms,
Producer Consumers which produce
nutrition through
Humans are Consumers chemical reactions.
Humans need to consume a variety of different foods to
get all the nutrients they need to stay healthy. They are
part of many food chains because they are omnivores (eat
both plants and animals).
Tip
Food Webs Remember that
the arrows in a
Most animals need to eat more than one type of food.
food chain show
Food webs help to show how producers and consumers
what each plant
are linked and which animals eat the same foods.
or animal is eaten
by, not what
something eats.

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 St udy

Working
Scientifically
Food webs help to
show relationships
between plants
and animals in the
same habitat. Can
Predators and Prey you draw a food
web that includes
Animals that kill and eat other animals are called predators you? Think about
and the animals they eat are called prey. the foods you eat
and what other
Example living things might
be connected.
Some animals are both predators and prey in the same
food web.
Prey Predator

Key Point
Most animals eat
more than one
type of food and
some can be both
predators and prey.

Key Words
Quick Test • Producers
• Consumers
1. What is a plant known as in a food chain? • Food chain
2. What do the arrows in a food chain/web show? • Omnivores
3. Complete the sentence: An animal that kills and eats • Food webs
another animal is called a . • Predators
4. Why do animals need to eat other living things? • Prey

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 Animals, Including Humans

Digestion
• Identify the parts of the digestive system in humans and
describe their functions
• Identify different types of teeth and their functions in humans

Digestion
Digestion is all about breaking down food into substances
the body can use. To do this, food passes through the
digestive system, a series of body parts and organs that Key Point
have different roles. Breaking down
food = Digestion
The Digestive System
The digestive system provides the body with the nutrients
and water it needs to function, grow, repair itself and stay
healthy.
Step 1 – Mouth Step 2 – Tongue and Teeth
Food and water enter the The tongue and teeth help
body through the mouth, to chew (break up) and
which contains the tongue swallow food and water.
and the teeth.

Step 3 – Oesophagus Step 4 – Stomach

Swallowed food is Food is churned up
transported down a pipe and mixed with other
called the oesophagus and substances (acids and
into the stomach. enzymes) to help
break it down even
more.
Step 5 – Small Intestine
Food continues to
be broken down into
nutrients which are small
enough to be absorbed Step 6 – Large Intestine
(taken into) into the Water is absorbed into the
bloodstream and used by body, and undigested food
the body. is eliminated.
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 Teeth
The teeth are an important part of the digestive system.
St udy
They crush, tear and slice up food, breaking it into smaller
pieces which can be digested more easily. Humans have Key Point
four different types of teeth: canines, incisors, molars Humans do not
and premolars. develop premolars
Tooth Appearance Function (job) until their
permanent (adult)
Canines Tearing and teeth erupt.
ripping tough
food like meat
Incisors Cutting and
slicing food Working
like fruits and Scientifically
vegetables Look at some
Molars Grinding and images of different
crushing all types animals' teeth.
of food How are they
different from
Premolars Grinding and yours? Why do you
crushing all types think this is?
of food
Humans need all these different types of teeth to chew
and break up a wide range of foods.
Humans will develop two sets of teeth over a lifetime. The
20 milk (baby) teeth are replaced by around 32 permanent
(adult) teeth. This starts to happen around the age of 5.
Key Words
• Digestive
system
Quick Test • Oesophagus
• Stomach
1. What is the process of breaking down food called? • Intestine
2. Which organ is responsible for the absorption of • Absorbed
nutrients? • Canines
3. How many types of teeth do humans have? • Incisors
4. What is the function of the incisors? • Molars
5. How many teeth does an adult have? • Premolars

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 Animals, Including Humans

Skele ton an d Mu scles

• Know that humans and some other animals have skeletons
and muscles
• Understand that the skeleton and muscles provide the body
with movement, protection and support

The Skeleton
Key Point
Humans, and lots of other animals, have a structure of
bones inside them called a skeleton. Some animals,
such as snails,
The skeleton has three main jobs: worms, jellyfish
1. supporting the rest of the body and keeping things and octopuses,
in place do not have a
2. protecting important organs skeleton.
3. helping with movement.

Skull (Cranium) Ribs

The main job of the The ribs form a ribcage
skull is to protect which protects organs
the brain. such as the heart
and lungs.

Spine (Vertebrae) Pelvis

The spine provides The pelvis supports
support and protects the upper body and
the spinal cord. protects pelvic organs.

Kneecap (Patella) Thigh Bone (Femur)

The kneecap supports The thigh bone
the movement of the supports the weight
legs and protects of the upper body and
the joint. aids movement.

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 The skeleton is not one solid piece. At the joints, the bones
are held together by ligaments which, along with the
muscles, enable the body to bend and move.
St udy
Muscles Key Point
Muscles help the body to move by providing the forces Muscles work in
(pushes and pulls) needed to move the bones at the joints. pairs: when one
Muscles are attached to the bones by tendons. They work muscle in a pair
in pairs by pulling on the bones to make them move. contracts the other
When one muscle in a pair contracts (pulls), it gets shorter, relaxes to allow
and the other muscle relaxes (gets longer). The main movement.
muscles in the arm are the biceps and the triceps.

Tendon Bicep is Bicep is Working

relaxed contracted Scientifically
Pick up a bottle
of water in one
hand and hold
your muscles with
your other hand.
Feel the muscles as
Tricep is you lift and lower
Tricep is
relaxed the bottle. Can you
contracted
feel them contract
and relax?

Key Words
Quick Test • Skeleton
• Skull
1. Complete the sentence: The combination of bones • Ribs
inside a human is called a . • Spine
2. What is the main job of the rib bones? • Pelvis
3. Other than protecting the organs, name one other • Kneecap
job of the skeleton. • Thigh bone
4. True or false? Muscles work in pairs. • Ligaments
5. Complete the sentence: When one muscle contracts • Muscles
the other . • Tendons

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 Animals, Including Humans

He ar t an d Blood Ve sse ls
• Identify the main parts of the human circulatory system
• Describe how nutrients and water are transported within
animals including humans

The Circulatory System

The circulatory system transports things like oxygen,
nutrients and water around the body and helps eliminate
(get rid of) waste like carbon dioxide.
It is made up of three main parts:
1. blood
2. blood vessels
3. heart.
Key Point
Blood and Blood
Vessels The three main
blood vessels
Blood carries important (arteries, capillaries
materials around the and veins)
body and keeps it healthy transport blood,
by protecting it against which contains
disease and infection. essential substances
Blood is transported like oxygen and
around the body in nutrients, around
blood vessels. the body.
There are three different kinds of blood vessel:
• Arteries: transport oxygenated blood, containing
nutrients and water from the heart to the body. They
also transport blood from the heart to the lungs to
collect oxygen.
• Capillaries: tiny blood vessels which allow substances
like oxygen, carbon dioxide, water and nutrients to
move into and out of the bloodstream.
• Veins: transport deoxygenated blood, carbon dioxide
and other waste from the body back to the heart.

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 The Heart
The heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood around
St udy
the body. It is located in the chest between the lungs and
is connected to the blood vessels.
Blood to the lungs
(pulmonary artery)
Blood to the
body (aorta)
Tip
Blood from the
Blood from the lungs (pulmonary vein) You can check
body (vena cava)
your heart rate
(how fast the
Atrium
heart is beating)
Valves (prevent
blood from flowing
by checking your
backwards) pulse. It is possible
Ventricle to find your pulse
on your wrist and
your neck. You can
count how many
The muscles of the heart contract (tighten) and pump times the heart
blood through arteries to the lungs to collect oxygen and beats in a minute.
remove carbon dioxide.
Oxygenated blood is transported back to the heart where
it is pumped through the arteries, to the body, delivering
oxygen and nutrients.
Deoxygenated blood that has been around the body and Key Words
is carrying waste is transported back to the heart through • Circulatory
the veins. system
Muscles need more nutrients and oxygen when they are • Oxygen
active, and they also produce more waste (carbon dioxide) • Carbon dioxide
which needs to be eliminated. So, when the body is active • Blood
or exercising, the heart beats faster. • Blood vessels
• Heart
Quick Test • Arteries
• Oxygenated
1. What is the job of the circulatory system? • Capillaries
2. Complete the sentence: The circulatory system is • Veins
made up of blood, blood vessels and the . • Deoxygenated
3. Which blood vessels allow oxygen and nutrients to • Lungs
pass into the bloodstream? • Atrium
4. True or false? Oxygenated blood is transported • Valves
in veins. • Ventricle
5. Where is the heart located? • Pulse

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 Animals, Including Humans

He althy Living
• Recognise the impact of diet, exercise, drugs and lifestyle on
how the body functions

A Healthy Diet
To stay healthy and get all the nutrients the body needs,
humans need to eat a balanced diet which includes fats,
protein, carbohydrates, vitamins/minerals and fibre. It is
also very important to drink plenty of water as this helps
the body to use the nutrients and get rid of waste.

Key Point
Having a healthy
diet is all about
Fats and oils provide Carbohydrates provide Protein enables growth balance. Eating a
energy, e.g. milk, butter, energy, e.g. bread, pasta, and repair, e.g. meat, variety of foods will
cheese, avocado potatoes, cereals, rice eggs, fish, lentils, beans
make sure the body
has all the nutrients
it needs.

Vitamins and minerals keep Fibre keeps the digestive system

cells healthy, e.g. fruits and moving, e.g. wholegrains, berries, Key Point
vegetables sweetcorn, broccoli, nuts and seeds
Exercise and
Some types of fats, like unsaturated fats, are better for
being active can
the body than others. Eating too much saturated fat and
also help you to
processed sugar (a form of carbohydrate) can be damaging
feel happier and
to the body so should be eaten in moderation.
more confident
Keeping Active and can be an
excellent way
Exercise and being active has many health benefits, including: of meeting new
• keeping the heart and lungs strong and healthy friends.
• improving fitness and muscle strength
• developing co-ordination
• preventing the body from storing too much energy
as fat.

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 Exercise uses the energy provided by food. If energy from
food is not used, it is stored in the body as fat. Storing too
much fat can lead to
St udy
a condition known as
obesity, which can cause
many health problems Working
including high blood Scientifically
pressure, diabetes and When humans
heart disease. are active their
There are lots of fun ways to stay active.
hearts beat faster.
Try checking your
Avoiding Damage
pulse when you are
Some activities like drinking alcohol, smoking and using sitting down. Set a
drugs can be bad for the body. timer for a minute
and see how many
Activity Damage to the body times your heart
Smoking Bad for the heart and lungs and can beats. Then try
cause heart attacks, cancer, blocked the same thing
arteries and breathing problems. after doing some
(Cigarettes contain a drug called exercise. What do
nicotine which is highly addictive.) you notice?

Drinking alcohol Bad for the liver, heart and stomach.

It can affect memory and also
increase blood pressure.
Taking drugs Drugs can be very addictive and
dangerous. They can damage the
body in many different ways including
causing damage to the brain.

Quick Test Key Words

1. What do foods like bread, pasta and potatoes • Fats
provide for the body? • Protein
2. Complete the sentence: Eating a variety of foods, in • Carbohydrates
the right amounts, is known as a . • Vitamins
3. Other than eating the right foods, what else can • Minerals
humans do to stay healthy? • Fibre
4. Name an activity that can damage the body. • Drugs

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 Animals, Including Humans

Practice Question s
Challenge 1

1 Circle the correct underlined words to complete the sentence.

In a food chain, plants are known as producers/consumers and animals
are known as producers/consumers.
2 marks

2 What are the organs responsible for breaking down food known as?
Circle one.
the circulatory system the digestive system the skeleton 1 mark

3 Match the parts of the body to their functions.

Skeleton Pumps blood around the body
Muscles Supports the body and protects organs
Heart Work in pairs to help the body move
3 marks

Challenge 2

1 In the food chain below, label the predator and the prey.

Grass · Rabbit · Fox

2 marks

2 In the digestive system, what is the role of the stomach?

1 mark

3 Which two types of teeth are responsible for crushing and grinding
up food?

2 marks

Challenge 3

1 Describe how humans can keep their bodies healthy. Include at least
two things they should do and one thing they should avoid.

3 marks

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 Plants and Habitats

Re vie w Question s

1 Why is the flower of a flowering plant usually brightly coloured?

1 mark

2 How do plants get water to their leaves?

1 mark

3 Why do plants need light?

1 mark

4 What two things join together during fertilisation in a plant?

2 marks

5 Name two vertebrates and two invertebrates.

Vertebrates:
Invertebrates: 4 marks

6 In an insect life cycle, what does the larva change into?

1 mark

7 How does the birth of a bird differ from the birth of a mammal?
1 mark

8 Complete the sentence: In sexual reproduction, an from

the woman is fertilised by a from the man. 2 marks

9 Give two examples of pollution.

2 marks

10 How can a nature reserve benefit plants and animals?

2 marks

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 Evolution and Inheritance

Ad aptation an d Variation
• Recognise that living things produce offspring of the same
kind which are not identical to their parents
• Identify how plants and animals are adapted to their
environments and understand that adaptations can lead to
variations

Similarities and Variations

All living things produce offspring (young). Most of the Key Point
time, children look like their biological parents because
Children are similar
they inherit physical characteristics such as height, hair
to their parents but
colour and eye colour.
not identical; this is
While children might look similar to their parents, they are called variation.
not identical. Each child will inherit and develop different
characteristics. Although siblings (brothers and sisters)
might look alike, they are all slightly different (except for
identical twins). This is called variation. Working
Variations are the differences between plants and animals Scientifically
of the same species. They come from adaptations. Look at the litter
of puppies (left).
The puppies all
have the same
parents, but
each puppy is
slightly different.
Make a list of
the similarities
and differences
between the
puppies. Can
Adaptations you predict
what different
Adaptations are special characteristics which help a plant or characteristics
animal to survive in a specific environment. They can either the parents might
be inherited from parents or come from mutations. have had?

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 Examples of Adaptations in Animals
St udy

Polar bear: Camel: Key Point

• Webbed feet for • Thick coat of hair Not all changes
swimming and walking for camouflage and and adaptations
on snow protection from the Sun are beneficial.
• Thick layer of fat for • Wide soft feet for When living
insulation and warmth walking on hot sand things develop
• Special transparent fur • Hump of fat to store food characteristics
for camouflage and water that are unhelpful,
• Black skin to absorb heat • Long thick eyelashes to they are unlikely
from the Sun. protect eyes from sand. to survive and
reproduce.
Humans can adapt to almost any environment by building
the right kinds of homes and wearing the right clothes.

Examples of Adaptations in Plants

Key Point
Cacti live in hot environments with little
water. Their adaptations include long Most plants
roots to find water; waxy skin to help and animals
retain water; and small, needle-like have adapted.
leaves to help reduce water loss. Adaptations can
help living things to
survive in different
Waterlilies have adapted to
environments.
living in water by having large
flat leaves, long flexible stems
and bowl-shaped flowers.

Key Words
Quick Test
• Offspring
1. True or false? Most offspring will look like their parents. • Inherit
2. Name a characteristic that might be inherited. • Characteristics
3. What are the differences in the characteristics of • Variation
plants and animals of the same species known as? • Adaptations
4. What is it called when a plant or animal has changed • Environment
to suit its environment? • Mutations

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 Evolution and Inheritance

Evidence for Evolution

• Recognise that living things have changed over time and that
fossils provide information about what lived on Earth millions
of years ago

Evolution
Evolution is the theory of how living things have adapted and
changed over long periods of time or over many generations.
Plants and animals alive today are not the same as they
were millions of years ago – they have made lots of small
changes and adaptations.
The way something evolves depends on its environment and
what it needs to do to survive. Different animals can evolve Key Point
from the same ancestor, adapting different characteristics
over many generations to suit different environments. Even humans
have evolved over
How Evolution Happens millions of years.
1. Living things with useful adaptations survive and
reproduce.
2. Offspring inherit these adaptations and develop some of
their own through mutation.
3. This process continues and, over many generations,
adaptations become more focused to the needs of the
environment.
Natural selection plays an important role in evolution. The
peppered moth is a good example of this.
1. At first, peppered moths were mostly a pale, whitish
colour.
2. Pollution from factories made tree trunks darker which
meant birds could see the paler moths on the trees. Key Point
3. The birds ate the paler moths. Evolution is the
4. The darker moths were camouflaged and survived, theory of how
producing offspring with the same darker colour. living things have
changed and
adapted over long
periods of time or
many generations.

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 St udy

On the lighter bark, the Against the darker bark,

paler moth can barely be the paler moth can easily
seen. It is camouflaged. be seen.

Only the darker moths that were able to camouflage

survived to pass on these characteristics, so most new Key Point
peppered moths were a darker colour. Evolution
happens because
Fossils environments are
Fossils are the remains or impressions of plants or animals always changing
imprinted in rocks. They can be compared to things that and living things
are alive now to show how living things have changed face different
over millions of years. challenges in order
to survive.

Prehistoric Fossil
lizard ferns Working
skeleton Scientifically
These are fossils of
plants and animals
(left) that lived
It is possible to tell when a fossil was formed and how old long ago. Can you
it is from the layer of rock that it is found in. Deeper layers see any differences
of rock contain older fossils. or similarities to
plants and animals
Scientists can date fossils and put them in order to see the that are alive
small changes that have happened to a plant or animal over today?
time. This provides evidence for the theory of evolution.

Quick Test
Key Words
1. What is the name of the theory of how living things
have changed over time? • Evolution
2. Complete the sentence: When a living thing has • Generations
changed over time, we say it has . • Ancestor
3. What can scientists study to compare living things • Natural selection
with plants and animals from millions of years ago? • Fossils

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 Evolution and Inheritance

Practice Question s
Challenge 1

1 Use the words provided to complete the sentence.

offspring inherit

Most look like their parents because they some

of their physical characteristics.
2 marks

2 Match these plants and animals to their adaptations.

Cactus Webbed feet for swimming
Duck Needle-like leaves to prevent water loss
Bat Large ears to help navigate in the dark
3 marks

3 True or false? Evolution happens because living things adapt and change
to suit their environment. 1 mark

Challenge 2

1 What characteristics might you inherit from your parents? Name two.

2 marks

2 Polar bears are highly adapted to their environment.

WS a) What might happen if a polar bear wasn’t adapted to its environment?
1 mark

b) Name two ways that the polar bear has adapted.

2 marks

3 How do fossils help scientists see how living things have evolved?

2 marks

Challenge 3

1 Giraffes have extremely long necks and eat leaves from very tall trees.
Describe how and why giraffes might have developed such a long neck.
Use your knowledge of adaptations and evolution to help you.

4 marks

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 Animals, Including Humans

Re vie w Question s

1 In a food web, is a caterpillar a producer or a consumer? 1 mark

2 True or false? An animal can be both a predator and prey. 1 mark

3 Tick the organs and body parts that are a part of the digestive system.
Tongue and teeth Oesophagus Heart
Muscles Small intestine Brain 3 marks

4 Circle the correct underlined word to complete the sentence.

The canine/incisor teeth are responsible for tearing and ripping food. 1 mark

5 How many sets of teeth do humans have in a lifetime? 1 mark

6 Name the three main parts of the circulatory system.

3 marks

7 Match the blood vessels to their function.

Capillaries Transport blood containing oxygen from the heart to
the body.
Arteries Allow oxygen and nutrients to pass from the blood to
the body.
Veins Transport blood containing carbon dioxide to the heart. 3 marks

8 Sunflower oil, cheese and butter all provide the body with the
same nutrient.
a) Which type of food are they? 1 mark

b) What do they provide the body with? 1 mark

9 Name two benefits of exercise on the body.

2 marks

10 Name two things that can damage the body.

2 marks

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 States of Matter

Solid s, Liquid s an d Ga ses

• Compare and group materials as solid, liquid or gas
• Observe changes of state and measure or research
temperatures at which they happen

Three Groups for all Materials

All materials fall into one of three groups known as states
of matter. Each group has different properties.
Solids • A solid holds its shape, Key Point
and its volume without
support. Air is made up of
• The shape of a solid several different
does not change unless gases. Most gases
it is broken, cut or
squashed into a different
are invisible.
shape.
Liquids • A liquid forms a pool,
not a pile.
• Liquids flow downwards.
• A liquid takes the shape
of the container it is
in. Its volume stays the
same if it is moved into Working
a larger container. Scientifically
Look at some
Gases • A gas changes shape
according to the different materials
container it is in. (e.g. chocolate,
• The volume of a gas water, ice) and
expands to fill larger
observe what
containers or can be
compressed to fill happens to them
smaller containers. when they are
• Most gases are invisible. heated and cooled.
Try to explain what
you observe.
Changes of State
Some materials change from one state to another when
they are heated or cooled. The main processes for this are
condensation, freezing, melting and evaporation.

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 Condensation Freezing
When gases are cooled,
they turn into liquid.
When liquids are cooled
enough, they freeze
St udy
and turn into a solid.

Key Point
Warm air (gas) inside Different materials
a building or car cools When water (liquid) is change state
cooling
(condenses) into water placed in a freezer, it at different
droplets (liquid) on the cools and becomes ice
temperatures.
cool glass of a window. (a solid).
Most metals are
solid at room
temperature,
cooling heating
although mercury
is liquid. Water
Evaporation Melting is liquid at room
When a liquid is heated, heating When solids are heated, temperature. It
it turns into a gas. they can turn into liquid. freezes at 0 º C.

Heat from the Sun dries When a solid such as an

puddles because the ice lolly (mostly water)
liquid water evaporates is heated, it melts.
into a gas (water vapour).

Gas condenses into liquid when it is cooled. Liquid freezes

into a solid when it is cooled. A solid melts into liquid when
heated. Liquid evaporates to gas when it is heated. Water
freezes at 0 ºC, becoming a solid (ice). It boils at 100 º C, the
temperature at which water evaporates most rapidly. Iron
remains solid until it reaches its melting point of 1536 º C.

Quick Test
Key Words
1. At what temperature does water change from liquid
to solid? • Solid
2. What is the process known as when a liquid turns • Liquid
into a gas? • Gas
3. Write the name of one material in each box below. • Condensation
• Freezing
• Melting
Solid Liquid Gas • Evaporation

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 States of Matter

The Wate r Cy cle

• Identify the role played by evaporation and condensation in
the water cycle
• Associate the rate of evaporation with temperature

The processes of evaporation and condensation play an

important role in the Earth’s weather patterns and in the
water cycle that is so important for life on Earth.

Evaporation Condensation
Oceans, lakes, As the water vapour rises, it starts
rivers and other to cool and condense, forming Key Point
bodies of water clouds. Clouds consist of millions Water on Earth
are essential to the of droplets of water. is in a cycle
weather on Earth. and much of it
Evaporation plays changes state
a major role. As between liquid
the Sun heats the and gas during the
surface of bodies water cycle.
of water, the water
from the surface
becomes a gas
(water vapour) and
rises into the sky.

When the water droplets in the clouds become too big and
heavy for the air to hold them, they fall as precipitation
(which takes many forms, including rain, snow and hail)
and finds its way back into rivers, lakes and oceans. This
cycle is continuous – water is constantly going round in the
water cycle.
Without evaporation and condensation, this process could
not happen.

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 Evaporation and Temperature
Evaporation can speed up or slow down depending on
St udy
temperature. When the temperature is cool, the rate of
evaporation is slower.
A puddle of
water will take Working
longer to Scientifically
evaporate on a Observe the rate
cold day than it of evaporation
will on a warm at different
day. temperatures
by placing open
containers with
water (all the
The rate of evaporation is faster when the temperature same size and all
is higher. with the same
Washing hung volume of water)
on a washing line in locations
will dry quicker with different
on a warm day temperatures.
than it would Record any changes
on a cool day over a period of
because water a few days and
evaporates from explain what you
the wet washing have found.
at a faster
rate when it is
warmer.

Quick Test
1. Name three types of precipitation.
2. What is the process called when water vapour rises
from a body of water?
3. What would you notice about a puddle on a cool day
and a puddle in the same place on a warm day? Key Word
4. How do clouds form? • Precipitation

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 States of matter

Practice Question s
Challenge 1

1 What are the three states of matter?

3 marks

2 Match each material below to its state of matter.

Wood Orange juice Oxygen

Gas Liquid Solid

3 marks

3 Why does washing on a line dry faster on a warm day than on a

cool day?
1 mark

Challenge 2

1 Complete the labels on the water cycle diagram below.

3 marks

Challenge 3

1 Explain what happens when water vapour from the ocean cools in the air.
1 mark

2 Explain what happens to a liquid during the process of evaporation.

1 mark

3 What will happen to the volume of a gas if it is released from a small

bottle into a large box?
1 mark

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 Evolution and Inheritance

Re vie w Question s

1 Why do most animal babies look like their parents?

1 mark

2 True or false? All offspring from the same parents will inherit all of the
same characteristics? 1 mark

3 What are differences between a group of the same species known

as? Circle one.
adaptations inheritances variations evolutions 1 mark

4 Bruce is tall, has blonde hair and enjoys singing and playing football.
Which of these characteristics could he have inherited from his parents?
2 marks

5 Why do living things need to adapt to their environments?

1 mark

6 Give one example of how a camel is adapted to living in the desert.

1 mark

7 True or false? Humans have never evolved. 1 mark

8 Is it possible for different animals to evolve from one ancestor? 1 mark

9 What makes animals evolve differently?

2 marks

10 What can scientists look at that show how plants and animals used
to look millions of years ago? 1 mark

11 Is it possible to tell when a fossil was formed? How?

2 marks

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Collins KS2 Science_RG_p044-063.indd 47 06/07/19 5:03 PM

 Properties and Changes of Materials

Proper tie s an d Use s of Material s

• Compare and group materials on the basis of their properties
• Give reasons for the particular uses of everyday materials

Materials can be grouped according to their properties.

This is important because it helps people make decisions
about which material is best for a particular job.
Tip
Hardness: some materials are hard and some are soft. Remember –
many materials
• Hard materials are difficult to break, bend or scratch and
have more than
are used if something needs to be really tough.
one property.
• Soft materials are used when flexibility and softness is
This needs to be
important.
considered when
deciding whether a
material is suitable
for a purpose.

Solubility: some materials dissolve in water.

• Soluble materials dissolve and are useful for food and
medical products. Working
• Insoluble materials will not dissolve and are needed if Scientifically
products are to be used with water.
Create an enquiry
to work out which
materials are
best for a certain
job, for example,
insulating an ice
Transparency: some materials are see-through. cube to reduce the
• Transparent (see-through) materials are needed for a rate of melting.
range of purposes. Consider the
• When transparency is not needed, opaque materials equipment you will
(which cannot be seen through) are used. need and how it
will be a fair test.

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 Conductivity of heat: some materials let
heat flow through. St udy
• A thermal conductor lets heat travel
through it and is used when heat
needs transporting to another place. Key Point
Metals are good conductors of heat.
Heat always travels
A metal saucepan conducts heat to
from warmer
the food inside it. A metal radiator
materials to colder
conducts heat from the hot water
materials as it tries
inside it to the air on the outside.
to balance each
• Heat cannot pass through a thermal
material at the
insulator, which is used for keeping
same temperature.
heat in or out. Wood is not a good
Heat from inside a
conductor of heat, and so a wooden
radiator will travel
spoon insulates against heat when
through the metal
stirring hot liquids. Many fabrics are
to the cooler air
good insulators and help prevent heat
outside the radiator.
from our body being lost on a cold day.

Conductors of electricity: some

materials let electricty flow through.
• An electricity conductor lets electricty
flow through it and is used when
electricity needs to be transported Tip
from one place to another. Metals,
such as copper wires, are excellent Water conducts
conductors of electricity. electricity. Never
• An electricity insulator prevents touch electrical
the flow of electricity and is used items with
to prevent accidental contact with wet hands.
electricty. Plastic coating around
wires and cables is a good insulator.

Quick Test
Key Words
1. Why is diamond sometimes used for tool blades?
2. Why should you avoid touching electrical items with • Soluble
wet hands? • Insoluble
3. Match each material to a use and explain your choice. • Transparent
glass wood copper foam • Opaque
• Conductor
car seat pan handle greenhouse electrical wire • Insulator

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Collins KS2 Science_RG_p044-063.indd 49 06/07/19 5:03 PM

 Properties and Changes of Materials

Re ve rsible Ch an ge s
• Demonstrate that dissolving, mixing and changes of state are
reversible
• Know that some materials will dissolve in liquid to form a
solution
• Describe how to recover a substance from a solution
• Use knowledge of solids, liquids and gases to decide how
mixtures might be separated

When different materials are mixed together they can usually

be separated again. Some materials change when they are Tip
mixed, but sometimes these changes are reversible. There are Make sure you
four main processes for separating mixtures. choose the
right method of
Filtering and Sieving separation for the
The process of mixing solids mixture you have:
and liquids can be reversed sieving, filtering,
by filtering. When a mixture evaporation or
is poured through a filter, the condensation, or
liquid passes through but the a combination of
solids do not. This process is these.
usually used for separating solids from water (often with
several layers of different filters). Filters (such as filter
paper) contain many small holes. Key Point
Sieving separates larger solids Filters and sieves
from smaller solids. It is often have different sizes
used to separate objects such as of ‘holes’. Very fine
stones from soil, or lumps from holes trap more
flour when baking. The smaller solids.
solids pass through the sieve.

Evaporation and Condensation Working

Scientifically
Some solids dissolve in a liquid to form a
solution (e.g. salt water is a salt solution – Investigate the
salt dissolved in water). Sugar dissolves in solubility of
water too – sweet drinks can contain lots different materials
of sugar, but you cannot see it. by placing them
in water. Do they
dissolve?
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 Dissolving is a reversible change.
For example, evaporating a salt
solution by gently heating it will
St udy
leave behind the solid (salt) as the
water turns to water vapour.
If the water from the solution is
Working
Scientifically
also needed, it must be cooled as
it evaporates. The condensation Separate a mixture
can then be collected. of stones, sand,
salt and water.
Changes of State are Consider how
Reversible Changes the materials are
mixed. More than
All changes of state can be reversed. one method of
For example, when chocolate gets separation will be
warm it melts, but it will set hard required. Can you
when it cools again. explain how and
why you are using
The water cycle is a very good each method?
example of changes of state being
reversible. Water evaporates into water vapour before
condensing back into liquid water.

Quick Test
1. What process can be used to separate solids from
a liquid?
2. How could you separate solids of different sizes Key Words
mixed together? • Dissolve
3. What is a salt solution? • Solution

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 Properties and Changes of Materials

Irrever sib le Ch an ge s
• Explain that some changes result in the formation of new
materials and by-products, and that this kind of change is
not usually reversible
• Understand that this includes burning and the action of acid
on bicarbonate of soda

Some changes are reversible: But other changes are

irreversible. This means that: Key Point
• mixing different-sized • they cannot be undone Irreversible
solids such as stones and • a new material is formed change is very
sand (for example, bread when important. During
• dissolving flour and water are mixed these changes,
• changing states of matter. and heated). new materials are
produced with
Irreversible Changes different properties.
Sometimes heat
Burning fuel Making bread Rusting metal
and light energy is
also given out.

Once burned, Once mixed Once it has

the wood has and baked, the rusted, that part
gone forever. It ingredients are of the metal no
becomes ash. permanently longer exists as
changed. pure metal.

When some materials are heated, they burn. This causes the
material to change. For example, burning wood or charcoal
eventually changes it into ash. The ash cannot be changed
back into the wood or charcoal. Burning can be very useful
though – when a fuel, such as wood, or even oil, is burned,
heat and light are given off which can be used for cooking,
lighting and providing the energy for transport.
Heating and firing clay, after it has been shaped into
cups and plates, is another irreversible change. The heat
causes the clay to dry out and harden and, once this has
happened, it cannot change back to wet, soft clay again.

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Collins KS2 Science_RG_p044-063.indd 52 06/07/19 5:03 PM

 Heating food during cooking can also cause irreversible
change. The heat provides energy for the change to take
place. A boiled egg cannot be changed back into a raw egg.
St udy
When some ingredients are mixed together (for example,
flour, eggs and milk for pancakes), they cannot be
separated. Cooking (providing heat energy) helps this Working
change to become completely irreversible. A pancake Scientifically
would not be very nice if it turned back into flour, raw Investigate what
eggs and milk. happens when
Another way irreversible change vinegar and
happens is when a reaction occurs. bicarbonate of
For example, when iron (a metal) soda are mixed.
is exposed to oxygen and water Use a bowl and
for long enough something known record observations
as oxidation occurs, which causes for different
rust to form. The rust is a new amounts of the
material and this is an irreversible two materials
change – the part of the metal mixed together.
that rusted is gone forever. What proportion
of vinegar and
Other chemical reactions are
bicarbonate of soda
useful. Mixing bicarbonate of soda
creates the most
(baking soda) with vinegar or milk
fizzing? (You might
causes a reaction – the mixture
want to record the
will bubble as carbon dioxide
length of time the
gas is produced. This change is
mixture fizzes for.)
irreversible – the carbon dioxide
cannot be changed back into
vinegar and baking soda. This
reaction can be used to help
baked products rise.

Quick Test
1. What happens when iron is exposed to the air and
water?
2. Bicarbonate of soda and vinegar when
mixed together.
3. Irreversible change means that Key Word
. • Reaction

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 Properties and Changes of Materials

Practice Question s
Challenge 1

1 Which material would be most suitable for a scarf? Circle one.

fabric wood metal plastic 1 mark

2 What process could be used to separate two solids such as stones and soil?
1 mark

3 True or false? Melting of chocolate is a reversible change. 1 mark

Challenge 2

1 What happens to iron if it is exposed to oxygen and moisture for too long?
1 mark

2 Why is it important that washing powder is soluble?

1 mark

3 Give an example of how burning is a useful irreversible change.

1 mark

Challenge 3

WS 1 On a class trip, the children collect some samples of water from a river. They
can see that the water is not clean because it has lots of small particles in it.
They used the equipment shown below. Explain the method of their enquiry.

filter

3 marks

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Collins KS2 Science_RG_p044-063.indd 54 06/07/19 5:03 PM

 States of Matter

Re vie w Question s

1 Which of the following materials are liquid? sugar oil oxygen water

2 marks

2 In which states of matter do materials change shape depending on

their container?

2 marks

3 What happens to a liquid when it is frozen?

1 mark

4 Water vapour cools and turns back into liquid droplets of water.
What process is this?
1 mark

5 Name three different solids.

3 marks

6 Name three different liquids.

3 marks

7 True or false? Precipitation is when water vapour rises from a body of

water as it warms.
1 mark

8 True or false? On a warm, dry day a puddle evaporates more quickly than
on a wet day.
1 mark

9 What is the process called when a material changes from a solid to a liquid?
1 mark

10 Rain, snow and hail are forms of what?

1 mark

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 Rocks and Earth and Space

Ro ck s an d Soil
• Compare and group rocks and recognise that soil is made
from rocks and organic matter
• Describe how fossils are formed

Rocks
There are three different types of rock, which are all Key Point
formed in different ways. There are three
Sedimentary rock, e.g. limestone, main types of rock
sandstone, chalk and coal: which have many
different varieties.
• Made from lots of small pieces of
Each variety can
materials.
look very different
• Formed when plant and animal
and have different
remains, sand, mud and other small
properties. The
rocks get compressed (squashed
different properties
together) over time.
of each rock make
them useful for
different jobs.
Igneous rock, e.g. basalt, granite and
pumice:
• Made from melted rocks and
minerals.
• Formed when magma cools. Key Point
Permeable
materials allow
water to pass
Metamorphic rock, e.g. marble, slate through them;
and anthracite: impermeable
materials do not.
• Made from igneous or
sedimentary rock.
• Formed when rock is heated to high
temperatures and compressed under
great pressure.

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 Properties of Rocks
Some rocks, like granite and marble, are tough and strong St udy
and are useful for building.
Other rocks, like chalk and sandstone, are softer, and break Working
apart more easily. Chalk can be used as a writing tool Scientifically
because it is so soft.
Have a look
Some softer rocks, like limestone, are permeable, while around your home
other harder ones like slate are impermeable. Impermeable and garden or
rocks can be used for roofs. neighbourhood.
Can you find any
Fossils different types of
Fossils are mostly found in sedimentary rock. rock? See if you can
group the rocks in
How Fossils are Formed different ways. For
example, are they
1. A plant or animal dies.
hard or soft, rough or
2. It sinks to the ground and slowly gets covered in mud
smooth, permeable
and sand.
or impermeable?
3. Over time, the mud and sand are compressed and a
layer of rock is formed.
4. Eventually, a cast (print) of the plant or animal is left in
the rock. Key Point
Soil Soil is made of four
things and is very
Soil is a mixture of four main things: important to life
1. particles of rock, like sand or clay as it allows plants
2. organic material (decayed plants and animals) including fruit,
3. water 4. air. vegetables and other
The properties and texture of soil change depending on crops to grow.
the amount of sand or clay it contains. Soil is heavier and
stickier when it contains more clay and water.
Key Words
Quick Test
• Sedimentary
1. What word describes rocks that allow water to pass • Igneous
through them called? • Metamorphic
2. What is made when the remains of a plant or • Permeable
animal are imprinted in rock? • Impermeable
• Particles
3. Complete the sentence: Soil is made of four things: • Organic material
organic material, water, air and .

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 Rocks and Earth and Space

The Solar Sy stem

• Describe the shape and movements of the Sun, Moon, Earth
and other planets within the solar system

The Solar System

Our solar system Tip
has eight planets.
You can use an
The Sun is not a acronym or rhyme
planet but a star to help you to
at the centre of remember the
the solar system. It planets, e.g. My
gives heat and light Very Easy Method
to the planets. Just Speeds Up
All eight planets and the Sun are roughly spherical in shape Naming. Can you
(like a ball). come up with an
The planets always stay in the same order from the Sun: acronym or rhyme
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and of your own to
Neptune. help you?

Many other things are moving around in the solar system

such as moons, comets, dwarf planets, like Pluto, and
asteroids.

Orbiting Planets Key Point

The Sun is There are eight
much bigger spherical planets in
than the our solar system,
planets and which all orbit
has a greater the Sun.
gravitational
pull.
Gravity from
the Sun
keeps the planets, including the Earth, in orbit. This means
that they move around the Sun in an elliptical path.
The Earth takes approximately 365 days (one year) to orbit
the Sun fully.

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 All the planets take a different amount of time to orbit
the Sun; the further a planet is from the Sun, the longer it
will take.
St udy
The Moon
Working
Like many other planets, the Scientifically
Earth has a moon.
Which planet do
• The Moon orbits the Earth. you think will
• The Moon is a small celestial orbit the Sun
body (natural body of rock) the quickest?
and not a planet. Write down your
prediction and then
• The Earth’s gravity keeps
use books (a local
the Moon in orbit.
library will have
• It takes approximately 28 days for the Moon to orbit lots) or the internet
the Earth. to check if you
• The Moon looks bright but does not produce light; it were correct.
just reflects the light from the Sun.
The Moon, like the Earth and the planets, is spherical, but
when it is in different positions around the Earth, it can Key Point
look different. This happens because, as the Moon orbits
the Earth, the Sun’s rays illuminate different parts of the All the planets
Moon and it looks as if the Moon is changing shape. orbit the Sun, and
the Moon orbits
the Earth.

Key Words
• Planets
• Sun
Quick Test • Star
• Gravitational
1. How many planets are there in our solar system? pull
2. What shape are the Sun, Moon and planets? • Gravity
3. Fill in the gaps in the sentence: The Moon • Orbit
the Earth and the Earth orbits the . • Moon
4. True or false? The Moon produces light. • Reflects

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 Rocks and Earth and Space

Day an d Night
• Understand that day and night and the apparent movement
of the Sun across the sky are a result of the Earth’s rotation

Day and Night

Key Point
While the Earth is orbiting the Sun, it is also rotating
around an imaginary line between the North and South At the equator,
Poles called an axis. It takes around 24 hours (one day) for the Earth rotates at
the Earth to make a full turn on its axis. around 1000 miles
per hour!
AXIS

Working
Scientifically
See the effect of
day and night for
yourself. Resources:
torch; ball; sticker
and a dark room.
1. Put the sticker on
the ball.
When one side of the Earth is facing the Sun, it receives 2. Position the torch
warmth and light (day time). On the other side of the to shine the light on
Earth, it is darker and cooler (night time). The Earth is the ball.
always rotating, gradually changing which places are 3. Slowly turn the
experiencing day and night. The amount of time a place ball clockwise. What
spends in the light and dark changes throughout the happens to the
year. Day times are longer in the summer and shorter in sticker as you rotate
the winter. the object? Draw
The axis of the Earth is slightly tilted (not vertical), which a diagram to show
has an impact on the seasons and the amount of daylight. what you found.

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 Sunrise and Sunset
During the day, the Sun appears to move across the sky,
St udy
rising in the East and setting in the West. In fact, the Sun is
not moving at all. It appears to move because the Earth is
continuously rotating.
West East
• At sunrise, some parts
of the Earth are rotating
towards the Sun. This
makes it look like the Sun
is rising into the sky.
• Throughout the day, the
Earth continues to rotate;
at midday, the Sun is at the
highest point in the sky.
Sunset Sunrise
• At sunset, these parts are
rotating away from the
Sun, and it appears that
sundial
the Sun is going down. Key Point
Before modern watches and Shadows are
clocks were invented, people longest at sunrise
used to use the position and sunset and
of the Sun in the sky and shortest at midday.
lengths of shadows to tell
what time of day it was.
Instruments called sundials Key Point
were also made, and people could tell the time by the
length and position of the shadows created on these dials. The Sun does
not move; the
Earth rotates,
Quick Test
which changes the
1. What imaginary line runs between the North and position of the Sun
South Poles? in the sky.
2. Complete this sentence: Day and night happen
because the Earth is .
3. True or false? Day time and night time are always
12 hours each.
Key Words
4. Why does the Sun appear to move across the sky? • Rotating
5. What is one way that people measured time before • Axis
clocks were invented? • Equator

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 Rocks and Earth and Space

Practice Question s
Challenge 1

1 Which of the following is a property of some types of rock? Tick one.

sedimentary permeable
igneous metamorphic
1 mark

2 Are there eight or nine planets in our solar system?

1 mark

3 True or false? The Sun orbits the planets in the solar system.
1 mark

Challenge 2

1 Order the stages of fossil formation by numbering them 1–4.

A shape or imprint of the plant or animal is formed in the rock.
A plant or animal dies.
The layers become compressed and form rock over and around
the plant or animal.
Over time, the plant or animal gets covered by sand and mud.
4 marks

2 Name three planets from our solar system.

3 marks

3 Describe the way the Moon moves around the Earth.

2 marks

Challenge 3

1 At school, some younger children are talking about how the Sun moves
across the sky. Explain what happens and why it looks like the Sun
is moving.

3 marks

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 Properties and Changes of Materials

Re vie w Question s

1 Which of the following materials are hard?

foam diamond cotton iron
2 marks

2 Why can it be dangerous to touch an electrical device or switch with

wet hands?
1 mark

3 What happens to sugar when it is added to water?

1 mark

4 Complete this sentence:

If a material does not dissolve it is said to be . 1 mark

5 What equipment could be used to separate a mix of large and small

gravel pieces? 1 mark

6 Which of the following are soluble in water?

salt sand sugar steel
2 marks

7 True or false? Wood is a good thermal insulator. 1 mark

8 True or false? Dissolving salt in water is an irreversible change. 1 mark

9 How is the process of evaporation of water reversed?

1 mark

10 How could salt be separated from a salt solution?

1 mark

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Collins KS2 Science_RG_p044-063.indd 63 06/07/19 5:03 PM

 Light

Light an d Dark
• Recognise that light is needed to be able to see and
understand that darkness is the absence of light
• Understand that some light, such as sunlight, can be
dangerous to the eye
• Notice that light is reflected from surfaces

Light and Dark

Light is a form of energy. It is needed to be able to see; Key Point
when it is dark, it is difficult to see. Darkness happens Some plants
when there is little or no light. and animals can
produce light, such
Sources of Light as fireflies, jellyfish
A light source is something that makes light. Light sources and some types of
can be either natural or artificial. mushrooms.

Natural:
Sun Lightning Fire

Working
Scientifically
Have a look
around your home.
What light sources
can you find? Are
Artificial:
there more natural
Torch Lamp Glow sticks
or artificial sources
of light?

Key Point
Artificial light sources need a supply of energy. This usually
comes from batteries or mains electricity (electricity Light comes from
provided through electrical sockets), although some lots of different
sources, such as glow sticks and fireworks, get their energy sources and is
from chemical reactions. needed to be able
to see.

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 The Sun
The Sun is the most powerful source of natural light. It is
St udy
vital to life on Earth.
Light from the Sun is so Tip
powerful that it can be
dangerous and can damage To protect your
the eye. It is important to eyes, follow
protect the eyes from the Sun these three steps:
and to never look directly at it. 1. Never look
directly at the Sun.
Wearing sunglasses or a 2. Do not shine
sunhat and staying in the lights directly into
shade are simple and effective the eye.
ways to protect the eyes. 3. Wear sunhats
and sunglasses in
Light Reflects bright sunlight.
• Light can be reflected off the surfaces of the objects
around it.
• Light reflected from an object allows us to see.
• Light reflects from a surface at the same angle that Key Point
it hits it. Light can be
Smooth, bright, lightly-coloured and shiny materials and reflected and will
objects, like mirrors, reflect almost all the light that falls on reflect from the
to them. Some special fabrics also reflect a lot of light and objects it falls on.
can be used to make clothing that can be seen more easily
in the dark.
Dull, dark and rough materials do not reflect the light as
well, and absorb some of the light energy.

Quick Test
1. True or false? Light is necessary to be able to see.
2. Name two natural sources of light.
3. Name two ways that our eyes can be protected from
Key Words
the Sun.
4. Complete the sentence: Light that is not reflected • Light source
from an object is . • Artificial

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 Light

How Light Travels

• Know that light travels in straight lines
• Understand that objects can be seen because they make or
reflect light which travels into the eye
• Explain how light travels from a source to help us see things

How Light Travels

Light travels in straight
lines. It cannot bend
around corners or go
around objects by itself.
It also travels extremely
quickly; in fact, it is the
fastest known thing in the
universe.
Unlike sound, light does not need a material to travel
through. It can travel in a vacuum. This is important Key Point
because it means that light from the Sun can travel Light travels very
through space to the Earth. quickly in straight
lines and cannot
How Objects are Seen bend around
Sometimes, light produced by a source travels directly to corners.
the eye allowing us to see the object. The light made by a
fire, for example, travels in straight lines into the eye.
Objects that do not produce light themselves can be seen
Key Point
because they reflect light from another source.
Objects are seen
because they
produce or reflect
light that travels to
the eye.

In the diagram, light

travels from the Sun to
the ball; it is reflected and
then travels into the eye.

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 Once light enters the eye, a message is sent to the brain,
and the brain interprets what it is seeing. St udy
Using Reflection
Light travels in straight lines and cannot bend around Key Point
corners or change direction by itself. However, it is possible Mirrors are so
to use reflective objects, like mirrors, to reflect light, smooth and shiny,
changing its direction and making it possible to see things they reflect all
that are normally out of sight. the light that falls
Reflection is useful in everyday life. on them. This is
why objects can
be seen reflected
in them and why
they can be used to
see objects which
would normally be
out of sight.

A periscope
is a piece of Light travels through
the periscope
equipment used to reflecting from mirrors
and reaching the eye. Working
see things that are Scientifically
normally out of
sight. Periscopes
Tree reflects
sunlight
Design and
are used in make your own
submarines to see periscope to
what is happening see around a
above the water. corner. You will
need at least two
mirrors and some
cardboard tubes.
Quick Test
1. In what sort of pathway does light travel?
2. True or false? We see things because we send out
light from our eyes to objects.
3. How do we see the light from a candle? Key Words
4. What can be used to help us see things that are out • Eye
of sight, such as behind us or around a corner? • Brain
5. Give an example of how mirrors are used in • Reflection
everyday life. • Periscope

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 Light

Sh adow s
• Recognise that shadows are formed when an opaque object
blocks light
• Find patterns in the way shadows change in size

Transparent, Translucent and Opaque

Objects made from different materials allow different
amounts of light to pass through them. Objects and
materials can be:
Transparent: allowing all or most light to travel through. It
is possible to see clearly through transparent materials, e.g.
glass, water and air.
Translucent: allowing some light to pass through. It is not
possible to see through translucent objects, e.g. tissue
paper, frosted glass and many fabrics.
Opaque: blocking all light from passing through. It is not
possible to see through opaque objects at all, e.g. wood, Key Point
stone and metal. Opaque materials create shadows when
they block light. Shadows are made
when an opaque
Shadows object blocks light
from a source.
Shadows are dark shapes which are made when an opaque
object blocks light from a source.
A shadow will usually be a similar shape to the object that
made it.

Light source

Object

Shadow

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 Changing Shadows
While the shape of a shadow will usually be similar to the St udy
object that made it, it can be changed and distorted. The
size of a shadow can change depending on the distance of Key Point
the object from the light source or the position of the light
source in relation to the object. When an object is
closer to a source of
Objects which are closer to the light source block more
light, it will make a
light and make bigger shadows.
bigger shadow than
Low morning Sun
when it is further
away because it
blocks more light
from the source.

More light is
blocked by
the tree

Working
Scientifically
A long shadow
is formed Try making your
own shadow
Shadows made in the morning and evening are much
puppets using
longer than shadows made at midday. This is because the
card shapes and
Sun is lower in the sky in the morning and evening so the
lolly sticks. Shine
person or object will be blocking more light and making a
a torch on to the
bigger shadow. At midday, the Sun is overhead so less light
puppet in a dark
is being blocked and the shadow is smaller.
room. How does
the size of the
Quick Test shadow change
1. Which word describes a material or object that when you change
allows most or all light to pass through it called? the distance
2. Which word describes objects or materials that between the torch
create shadows? and the puppet?
3. True or false? A shadow is usually the same shape as
the object that made it.
4. Which will make a bigger shadow: an object that
is close to the light source or an object that is
Key Words
further away?
5. Shadows can change when the light source is closer • Transparent
or further away. How else can the size of a shadow • Translucent
be changed? • Opaque

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 Light

Practice Question s
Challenge 1

1 Use the words provided to complete the sentences.

light see dark

a) To be able to we need .
2 marks

b) When there is no light it is .

1 mark

2 Tick the statement that is untrue.

Light travels in straight lines. Light can bend around objects.
Without light, it is difficult to see. Light can be reflected.
1 mark

Challenge 2

1 Tilly is looking at a video on her computer. Explain how Tilly sees the video.

2 marks

2 Name one natural and one artificial source of light.

2 marks

3 What happens when an opaque object blocks the light from a source?
1 mark

Challenge 3

1 Harry can see a statue from his bedroom window. He notices that he can
only see it during the day and that the shadow it makes changes in size.
a) How is it possible for Harry to see the statue during the day?

3 marks

b) Why can Harry not see the statue at night?

2 marks

c) Why does the statue’s shadow change during the day?

2 marks

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 Rocks and Earth and Space

Re vie w Question s

1 Which type of rock is made when small stones, sand and mud get
compressed together?

1 mark

2 What word describes a rock that does not allow water to pass through it?

1 mark

3 Basalt, granite and pumice are all examples of which type of rock?

1 mark

4 Fossils are most likely to be found in which type of rock?

1 mark

5 Name two things that soil is made from.

1 mark

6 Which type of mud is thick, heavy and sticky and can be rolled into a
sausage shape?

1 mark

7 In our solar system, which is the third planet from the Sun?

1 mark

8 The Sun, the Earth and the Moon are all the same shape.
What shape are they?

1 mark

9 What force keeps the planets in orbit around the Sun?

1 mark

10 True or false? The Moon reflects the light from the Sun.
1 mark

11 What does the Earth do that brings about day and night?

1 mark

12 How can the position of the Sun be used to tell what time of day it is?

2 marks

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 Forces and Magnets

Contac t Force s
• Compare how things move on different surfaces and notice
that some forces need contact between objects
• Identify the effects of air resistance, water resistance and
friction on moving objects

Forces
There are two types of force: pushes and pulls. Forces act
on an object to make it move, accelerate, slow down, stop
and change shape. Most forces are applied by contact. The
unit used to measure forces is the Newton (N).
Pushes Pulls

Key Point
Forces are pushes
and pulls acting
on an object.
They can move,
accelerate, slow
A force can make an object move, speed up, slow down or down, stop and
change shape. change the shape
A force acting in the opposite direction can prevent or of objects.
reduce these effects.
Whenever objects are moving, there are forces acting
against them, including friction, air resistance, water
Working
resistance and gravity.
Scientifically
Friction Friction also
produces heat.
Friction is a force that acts when one surface is moving Try rubbing your
against another. It acts in the opposite direction to slow hands together.
down and stop moving objects. Can you feel them
Rough surfaces such as carpet, sandpaper and tarmac warming up? The
create a lot of friction and slow objects down quickly. heat is generated
Smooth surfaces such as ice, glass and polished materials by the friction of
do not create much friction and do not slow objects down your hands rubbing
as quickly. together.

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 Friction can be very useful in everyday life. The right
combination of surfaces can provide grip, like tyres on the
road, or allow objects to slide, like skis on a snow slope.
St udy
Air and Water Resistance Key Point
Air and water resistance are forces that affect moving
Streamlined
objects. They act in the opposite direction to the moving
objects travel
objects to slow them down.
more quickly and
Air resistance occurs when Air Resistance easily through
something is moving air and water
through the air. For because there is
example, air resistance acts less resistance.
on a parachute to slow Wide and flat
people and objects down objects have more
as they fall. resistance and
Water resistance occurs move more slowly.
when something is
Gravity
moving through water. For
example, water resistance Gravity Direction
boat is
acts on a boat as it is propelled through the water. moving

Wide, flat or rough objects travel more slowly through Water

Upthrust
resistance
air and water because they encounter more resistance.
Streamlined objects are shaped to encounter less resistance
and move more quickly and easily.
• Birds, aeroplanes and race cars are streamlined and can
move quickly and easily through the air.
• Sharks, fish and speedboats are streamlined and move
quickly and easily through the water.
When an object is in water, another force is also acting on
it. This is called upthrust, which helps objects to float and
can make them appear lighter.

Key Words
Quick Test
• Force
1. What are forces? • Contact
2. Which force is usually applied to a shopping trolley? • Newton
3. Name a force that can slow an object down. • Friction
4. Give an example of an object that is streamlined to • Air resistance
lower the air resistance that would slow it down. • Water resistance

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 Forces and Magnets

Magn et s an d Gravity
• Notice that magnetic forces act from a distance and un-
derstand that magnets can attract and repel themselves Working
• Classify materials that are magnetic and non-magnetic Scientifically
• Describe magnets as having two poles and predict If you have a
whether magnets will attract or repel each other magnet at home,
• Explain that unsuppor ted objects fall towards Earth try testing different
because of gravity objects and
materials around
Magnets your house. Which
materials are
Magnets have a magnetic field, an invisible force that magnetic and which
attracts or repels other magnets and some other materials. are not? Make a list.
Magnetic force is strongest at the ends of a magnet, the
north pole and south pole.
Opposite poles attract each other, Key Point
and matching poles repel each other.
A compass works
Magnets also attract other materials, because the
though not all materials: magnetised needle
• magnetic materials: metals such as in the compass is
iron, nickel, steel, cobalt and some attracted to the
minerals like lodestone Earth’s magnetic
• non-magnetic materials: metals North Pole. The
such as aluminium needle acts just like
and gold as well as most other a bar magnet.
non-metals such as wood and
Attractive Repulsive
plastic.

Magnetic Force
Unlike most other forces,
magnets do not need to
touch other materials or
magnets to apply a force
to them. They have a
magnetic field around
them which can affect any
magnetic material within The iron filings are moved by the
magnetic force from the bar magnet.
the field.

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 Gravity
Gravity is the force that pulls objects towards the centre of
St udy
the Earth. Without it, objects would not fall, they would float.
If an object is not supported by something with an equal Key Point
or greater force, it will fall because it is being pulled toward
the ground by gravity. Both magnets and
gravity can act
from a distance
Example and affect objects
without touching
them.
An apple in the
tree is supported
by the branches
and the forces
are balanced.

If an apple
detaches from
the tree, there is
no support and
gravity pulls it to
the ground.

Gravity acts equally all over the Earth and on all objects in
its reach, pulling them towards the Earth’s centre. This is
why people and objects do not fall off the planet.

Quick Test Key Words

1. Name the two ends of a magnet. • Magnets
2. Circle the correct underlined word/s to complete • Magnetic field
the sentence: Magnets do/do not need to touch an • North pole
object to affect it. • South pole
3. Where is the strongest point on a magnet? • Magnetic
4. Is gravity a push or a pull force? • Non-magnetic

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 Forces and Magnets

Le ve rs, Pulley s an d Ge ar s
• Recognise that some mechanisms, including levers, pulleys
and gears, allow a smaller force to have a greater effect

Increasing Force
Some jobs, like lifting and moving heavy objects, need a lot
of force. To make these jobs easier, it is possible to increase
the effect of a smaller force by using simple mechanisms
such as levers, pulleys and gears.
Tip
Levers Bar
A longer handle on
Heavy Object a lever will make a
Levers are very simple job easier.
mechanisms that use a long Pivot
object like a bar, beam or pole
and a pivot.
When a small force, like a push, is applied to the handle of
the lever, a larger force is produced at the other end. This Working
means that very heavy objects can be moved and lifted Scientifically
quite easily.
Think of a job at
Levers are very useful in daily life; they can look very
home which is
different, but all work in the same way. Examples of
hard work, perhaps
everyday levers include wheelbarrows and seesaws.
carrying your toys
upstairs. Design a
Pulleys Wheel
simple mechanism
A pulley is a rope that runs Force
that might help
Rope
over a wheel or system of you to make the
wheels. Pulleys can make jobs job easier. Could
easier because they change the you use a pulley or
direction of the force – it is easier a lever?
to lift a heavy object by pulling
Load
downwards with gravity, than by
pulling upwards against gravity.
When the rope is pulled down at one end, it lifts the object
at the other. With pulleys, it is easier to lift heavy objects,
and it is also possible to lift objects higher.
Examples of everyday pulleys include cranes and pulleys on
ship sails.
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 Gears
Gears are made up of cogs. Cogs are wheels with teeth around
St udy
the edge. The teeth of one cog fit together with the teeth of
other cogs, and when one is turned the others also turn.
Different sized cogs turn at different speeds and need a
different amount of force to turn them, for example, a
small cog, with fewer teeth, rotates faster and needs less
force than a larger cog with more teeth.

Example 1 Each cog turns in the opposite direction

to the cog it is connected to.
On a bicycle, gears can be used to change the speed or
the force (effort) needed to move the bike.

Example 2
In a clock, different-sized gears are used to turn the
hands at different speeds. Key Point
Levers, pulleys
and gears help to
Gears are used in lots of different machines.
make jobs easier
by increasing
the effect of a
smaller force.

Gears do not have to be connected to each other directly,

they can be connected by a chain (like the gears on a bicycle).

Quick Test
1. Which mechanism uses a pivot?
2. Which mechanisms can be used to lift heavy objects Key Words
more easily? • Increase
3. True or false? A lever with a longer handle will help • Mechanisms
make lifting easier. • Levers
4. Circle the correct underlined word to complete the • Pulleys
sentence: Levers, pulleys and gears make jobs easier • Gears
by increasing/decreasing the effect of a smaller force. • Pivot

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 Forces and Magnets

Practice Question s
Challenge 1

1 Tick the statements about forces which are correct.

They are pushes and pulls. They all need contact to have an effect.
They are measured in Newtons. When they are balanced, objects move.

2 marks

2 Use the words from the box to complete the sentences.

friction smooth rough

When two moving objects touch, a force called occurs.

surfaces cause more friction than surfaces.
2 marks

3 True or false? Opposite poles of a magnet will attract each other.

1 mark

Challenge 2

1 Name a force that can act from a distance.

1 mark

2 Kinga is watching the snow fall from the sky. Name two forces
that are acting on the snow as it falls.

2 marks

WS 3 Charlotte is testing some objects from around the classroom to see if

they are magnetic. Put a tick or cross in the table to show the results you
would expect to see.
Object Wooden pencil Steel paperclip Aluminium can Plastic straw
A
Magnetic Load
4 marks
Pivot
Challenge 3
A B
1 Look at the images below. Tick the lever which would make lifting a heavy
Load Load

Pivot
object easiest. Pivot

A B C Load
Load Load
1 mark

Pivot Pivot Pivot

B C
2 Mechanisms like levers,
Load pulleys and gears can
Load
make difficult jobs easier.
Explain why.Pivot Pivot
1 mark

C Load
78
Pivot

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 Light

Re vie w Question s

1 Circle the correct underlined word to complete the sentence.

Light travels in straight/wavy lines. 1 mark

2 What is darkness?
1 mark

3 What is an object that produces light known as?

1 mark

4 Name a natural source of light other than the Sun. 1 mark

5 You should never look directly at the Sun. Describe how else you can
keep your eyes safe from bright sunlight.
2 mark

6 What kind of materials reflect light well?

2 mark

7 When light does not pass through an object and is not reflected by it,
what happens to the light?
1 mark

8 What is a material called that allows most or all light to pass through it?
Tick one.
transparent translucent opaque 1 mark

9 How are shadows formed?

2 mark

10 Complete the sentence: We can see objects that do not produce light
because
. 2 marks

11 When an opaque object is moved closer to a source of light, what will

happen to its shadow? Circle one.
gets smaller changes shape gets bigger no change 1 mark

12 What is the name of the piece of equipment used in submarines to

see above the water? 1 mark

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 Sound

Makin g Soun ds
• Identify how sounds are made
• Know that vibrations travel through a medium to the ear
• Understand that sound gets fainter as distance increases

How Sounds Are Made

Sounds are made when an object vibrates. The energy of
the vibrations makes a sound wave that travels to the ear.
These can be long continuous vibrations like music or short
bursts like a knock at the door.
Working
Scientifically
Place your fingers
gently on the front
of your neck and
talk, sing or hum.
Can you feel the
vibrations? Find
How Sound Travels objects around the
home that make a
Sound can travel through the air and through lots of sound. Try and feel
different materials (media) including solids (e.g. wood, for the vibrations.
glass and metal), liquids (e.g. water) and gases (e.g. air) –
in fact, it travels faster in solids and liquids. Sound travels
in the following way:
• An object vibrates and makes the air or medium around
it vibrate. Key Point
• The vibrations pass along from one particle to another,
through the medium, to the ear. Vibrations make
• The eardrum vibrates, passes a message to the brain, sound.
and the sound is heard.

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 Sound cannot travel without a medium (in a vacuum). A
vacuum is a space where there is nothing at all for sound to
travel through, not even air. Sound cannot be heard if there
St udy
is a vacuum between the object vibrating and our ears.

The bell jar

creates a vacuum
Vibrations travel
so the sound
from the clock
from the clock
through the
cannot travel.
surrounding air.

Key Point
Sounds and Distance Sound gets quieter
When a sound is made, the vibrations/sound energy near as the distance
from the source
the object is high, and the sound is louder. As vibrations
increases.
travel, they lose energy and get smaller, so the sound
becomes fainter (quieter). The further sound travels, the
fainter it gets.

The music is
fainter at the
back because
the vibrations
have travelled
and become The music is
weaker. louder at the
front because
the vibrations
are strong.

Quick Test
1. How is sound made?
2. What is the material which sound passes through
called?
3. Can sound pass through solids? Key Words
4. True or false? Sounds get fainter as distance increases. • Vibrations
5. Finish this statement: Sound cannot travel through • Medium
a . • Vacuum

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 Sound

Pitch an d Volume
• Find patterns between the volume of sound and the size of
vibrations
• Find patterns between the pitch of a sound and the object
producing it

Volume
Key Point
The volume of a sound refers to how loud or quiet it is.
Loud noises are made from bigger vibrations with lots of More energy Ô
energy, and quiet noises are made from smaller vibrations Bigger vibrations Ô
with less energy. Louder sound
Banging hard on a drum
makes a louder sound
because it has more energy
and the vibrations are bigger.
Tapping gently on a drum
provides less energy, makes Working
smaller vibrations and
Scientifically
produces a quieter sound. You can change
the volume of your
High or Low Pitch speaking voice
The pitch of a sound refers to how high or low the sound – you can shout,
is. A faster vibration will produce a higher-pitched sound. talk and whisper.
Try and say the
• High-pitched sounds include whistling, a small bird
same sentence
chirping and a fire alarm.
in each different
• Low-pitched sounds include thunder, a deep voice and a
way. Which one
big bass drum.
needed more effort
(energy)? Which
Changing Pitch was louder?
The pitch of a sound depends on the size, length or
tension of the object making it. Changes to these things
will produce different pitches.

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 The mbira [left], is an African
musical instrument played by
plucking the tines:
St udy
• shorter, thinner tines
produce high-pitched
Key Point
sounds High-pitched
• longer, wider tines produce sounds come from
low-pitched sounds. objects that are
small, short or tight.
Another way to change the Low-pitched
pitch of something is to adjust sounds come from
the tension (how tight it is). objects that are
Guitars are tuned by large, long or loose.
tightening or loosening
the strings. Tighter strings
produce a higher-pitched
sound. Working
Scientifically
High-pitched sounds have high-frequency sound waves Try making your
(faster vibrations). own musical
Low-pitched sounds have low-frequency sound waves instrument. Put
(slower vibrations). elastic bands of
different thicknesses
around an open-
topped box. Pluck
the bands one at
a time. What do
you notice about
the sounds that
are made by each
band? If you make
Quick Test the bands tighter,
does it change
1. True or false? Bigger vibrations with more energy the pitch?
make quieter sounds.
2. Will banging harder on a drum change the pitch or
the volume?
3. Complete the sentence by circling the correct Key Words
underlined words: A mouse squeaking is an example • Volume
of a high-pitched/low-pitched sound. • Pitch
4. True or false? Changing the length of a guitar string • Frequency
will change the pitch.
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 Sound

Practice Question s
Challenge 1

1 How are sounds made?

1 mark

2 Circle the correct underlined word to complete the sentence.

Sound cannot travel through a solid/vacuum.
1 mark

3 True or false? Faster vibrations make a lower-pitched sound.

1 mark

Challenge 2

1 What part of a guitar makes the sound and how does the sound travel to
the ear?

2 marks

2 What does the pitch of a sound depend on?

4 marks

3 Why does plucking the strings of a guitar harder make a louder sound?

2 marks

Challenge 3

1 Oliver loves to watch fireworks but doesn’t like the loud bangs. Should he
stand nearer to or farther away from the display? Explain your answer.

2 marks

2 Oliver decides that he likes the whistles that the fireworks make more
than the bangs. Does he prefer high-pitched or low-pitched sounds?
How do you know?

2 marks

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 Forces and Magnets

Re vie w Question s

1 What unit is force measured in? 1 mark

2 Which force is used to move the following objects or do the activities?

Write the objects/activities in the correct box. Add one more example
to each box.
Shopping trolley Horse and cart Riding a bicycle Putting on socks

Push Pull

4 marks

3 Mo sets a toy car off from the same ramp without pushing. He rolls
it on to three different surfaces: carpet, smooth plastic and rough stone.
WS a) Why does he use the same ramp and not push the car?
1 mark

b) Which surface do you think the car travelled furthest on? Why?
A

2 marks

4 Look at the images of the magnets below. Write underneath each pair
B
whether they would attract
A
or repel each other.

A B C

3 marks

5 Some forces need contact

B C
with objects to affect them. Name a force
other than magnetic that acts on objects without contact.
C 1 mark

6 Give the name of three mechanisms that can increase the effect of
a force.

3 marks

7 Which mechanism uses a wheel and a rope?

1 mark

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 Electricity

Makin g Circuits
• Identify common appliances that run on electricity
• Construct a simple series circuit
• Identify whether or not a lamp will light in a series circuit
• Use recognised symbols when representing a simple circuit in
a diagram

Types of Electricity
Electricity is needed by many of the appliances and
devices we use in everyday life. Some use mains electricity
(electricity provided through electrical sockets) and others
use batteries (also known as cells).
Mains Electricity, e.g. Battery Powered, e.g. mobile
fridge, TV, light blub phone, laptop, electric car
These devices These devices use batteries that
are ‘plugged in’ are either replaced or recharged
(connected) to the by the mains supply; the devices
mains electricity do not need to be ‘plugged in’
supply. when being used.

Electrical Circuits
Electricity travels (flows) from the power source, through
components (e.g. bulbs, buzzers, switches, motors) and
back to the power source. It flows in a circuit. The wires
and components are all good conductors of electricity.
The electricity can flow when the wires connect the
power source to the components and then back from
the components to the power source. This is known as a
circuit.
Key Point
A circuit must be
complete (it must
be connected
together correctly)
for electricity to
flow.

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 The bulb in these circuits will not light because the circuits
are not complete (they are not connected correctly). St udy
Tip
The wires are both
Remember that
A wire is not A wire is not
connected to the connected to the bulb connected to the same end every circuit must
battery to complete to complete the circuit. of the battery – there is no have a power
the circuit. circuit.
source, and that
there will be a
Circuit diagrams component within
the circuit doing a
When drawing circuits, circuit diagrams are usually used
job, for example, a
instead of pictures. This makes it much more simple to bulb that lights up,
show the circuit. Different components have different a motor that drives
symbols, and wires are drawn as lines. something or a
buzzer that sounds.
Symbols Used in a Circuit Diagram
Battery Motor M

Bulb Switch (on position)

Buzzer Switch (off position)

The circuit diagram below shows the same components as

the picture next to it.

Quick Test
1. What are the two main sources of electricity used in
everyday devices and appliances?
2. Complete the sentence: For electricity to flow, a
circuit must be .
3. Name these components from their symbols: Key Words
M
• Components
• Circuit diagrams

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 Electricity

Breakin g Circuits
• Recognise that a switch opens and closes a circuit and associate
this with whether or not a lamp lights in a series circuit
• Recognise common conductors and insulators

Switches
A switch has the purpose of opening and closing a circuit, Key Point
sometimes known as making a complete circuit (when the
switch is closed) or breaking a circuit (when the switch is When a switch is
open). The switch allows the electricity to flow and can closed, it connects
stop that flow. two parts of the
circuit. The closed
switch conducts
electricity from one
part of the circuit to
The electricity can flow around the another.
circuit when the switch is pressed
Switch on (closed) – circuit (closed). When the switch is open,
complete – bulb on.
the circuit is ‘broken’, the electricity
stops flowing and the bulb will
not light.

Switch off (open) – circuit

broken – bulb off.

The circuit in the diagrams below has two switches. The

motor will only work when both switches are on (closed).

M M M

Circuit incomplete – Circuit incomplete – Circuit complete –

motor not working motor not working motor working

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 Conductors and Insulators
All materials are either conductors or insulators.
St udy
Conductors allow electricity Insulators do not allow
to pass through them. electricity to pass through Working
them. Scientifically
Investigate
different materials
to see which
are insulators
and which are
The copper wires inside an electrical cable conduct the conductors.
electricity. Create a simple
The plastic coatings on circuit containing
each wire and the cable a battery and a
itself are insulators, just light bulb. Insert
as a plastic plug is an different materials
insulator, helping make into the circuit to
electricity in the home as see which conduct
safe as possible. electricity (allowing
the bulb to light)
and which insulate
(preventing the
bulb from lighting).

Quick Test
1. What does a switch do in a circuit?
2. What is the difference between an insulator and a Key Words
conductor of electricity? • Switch
3. Name a conductor and an insulator of electricity. • Conductors
4. Why is a plug usually made of plastic or rubber? • Insulators

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 Electricity

Ce lls in Circuits
• Associate lamp brightness with the number and voltage
of cells
• Compare and give reasons for how components in circuits
function

Changing the Performance of

Components
All components in a circuit (such as bulbs) rely on
electricity. Such components can have their performance
changed by allowing more or less electricity to flow to
them. As you have seen in the previous pages, using a
switch is a simple way to make a component work, or stop
it from working, by allowing or preventing movement of
electricity around the circuit.
However, there are other ways of changing the
performance of components in a circuit.

More powerful battery = brighter bulb

Using a more powerful battery (a higher
Tip
voltage battery) in a circuit can make a Always take
bulb shine brighter. great care when
The circuit diagram simply shows one adding extra
battery and a bulb. batteries or higher
A more powerful battery will also make powered batteries
a buzzer sound louder or a motor run to circuits. Too
faster. much electricity
can damage
More batteries = brighter bulb components and
Adding more batteries into a circuit can stop them working.
also make a bulb shine brighter.
Additional batteries (three in total) are
shown in the circuit diagram.

More batteries = louder buzzer

Adding more batteries will also make
a buzzer sound louder (or a motor
run faster).

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 More bulbs = dimmer light from
each bulb St udy
Adding more bulbs into a circuit
will make each bulb dimmer as they
share the electricity. Key Point
Three bulbs are shown in the circuit
diagram. Adding more
bulbs in a line, one
More components = lower after the other,
performance from each component will make each
Just as adding more bulbs into a bulb dimmer as
circuit will make each bulb dimmer, they share the
adding further components such electricity. It is not
as motors or buzzers will reduce always necessary
their performance as they share the to have a motor
electricity. running at full
In the circuit diagram, the bulb, M speed, or a bulb
the motor and the buzzer will all shining at its full
have lower performance than they brightness and such
would alone, or than they would if things are taken
there were just two components in into consideration
the circuit. when circuits are
designed.

Quick Test
1. What happens to the light from a bulb if a higher-
powered battery is used in a circuit?
2. What other change could be made to a circuit to
have the same effect on the light? Key Words
3. Why should care be taken when using higher • Performance of
powered batteries or extra batteries in a circuit? components

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 Electricity

Practice Question s
Challenge 1

1 Name three appliances or devices that use electricity.

3 marks

2 What component can be used in a circuit to make or break the circuit?

1 mark

3 True or false? Metal is a good conductor of electricity. 1 mark

Challenge 2

WS 1 If a simple circuit has one bulb and one battery, what will be the effect of
adding an extra bulb?
1 mark

2 Place a tick next to the insulators below. Tick two.

wood metal plastic water
2 marks

WS 3 What would happen to the sound from a buzzer if more batteries were
added to the circuit?
1 mark

Challenge 3

1 Look at the circuit diagrams below.

Explain which one represents a circuit in which the bulb is lit.

2 marks

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 Sound

Re vie w Question s

1 Finish this sentence. Sounds are made by objects or materials that

. 1 mark

2 Tick three media that sound can travel through.

air wood vacuum water 3 marks

3 Which part of the ear detects sound? 1 mark

4 Circle the correct underlined word/s to complete the sentence.

Smaller vibrations make fainter/lower-pitched sounds. 1 mark

5 What happens to sound as it travels?

1 mark

6 True or false? The word volume describes how high or low the pitch of
a sound is. 1 mark

7 Smaller, shorter and tighter objects make what kind of sound when
they vibrate?
1 mark

8 True or false? Loosening the skin of a drum will make a

lower-pitched sound. 1 mark

9 Circle the correct underlined word to complete the sentence.

An object that is vibrating faster will make a higher/lower-pitched sound
than one vibrating slowly. 1 mark

10 True or false? Guitarists change the tension (tightness) of the strings to

change the volume of their guitar. 1 mark

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 Electricity

Re vie w Question s

1 Which of the following materials are conductors of electricity?

copper rubber water wood
2 marks

2 Why are electrical wires surrounded by plastic cable?

1 mark

3 Should wires in a circuit usually be connected to the same end of the

battery or different ends?
1 mark

4 Why should you not push a metal object into an electrical socket
or device?
1 mark

5 If too much electricity is passed through a component such as a bulb,

what will happen?
1 mark

6 Adding an extra motor into a circuit already containing a motor will

make both motors turn…
slower faster 1 mark

7 True or false? A circuit must be complete for the components in it to work.

1 mark

8 Why should you not touch an electrical switch with wet hands?
1 mark

9 If a switch in a circuit is open, is the circuit complete? Explain your answer.

2 marks

10 True or false? All electrical circuits must have a source of power.

1 mark

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 Mixe d Question s

1 Indicate whether each member of the food chain below is a producer

or consumer.

3 marks

WS 2 A giant panda gets almost all its nutrition from bamboo. Why could this
be a problem?

1 mark

3 What is the name of the system that transports oxygen and nutrients
around the body? 1 mark

4 What is the difference between the way plants and animals find nutrition?

2 marks

5 What is the job of the stomach in the digestive system?

1 mark

6 State two jobs of the skeleton. 2 marks

7 Which part of the skeleton protects the heart and lungs? 1 mark

8 Describe how the muscles in the arm work together to pick up an object.

2 marks

9 Ella is listening to her favourite song on the radio. Explain how she hears
the song.

3 marks

10 How do fossils provide evidence to support the theory of evolution?

2 marks

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 Mixe d Question s

11 Give two examples of a camel’s adaptations and explain how they help it survive.

2 marks

12 How is metamorphic rock formed?

2 marks

13 True or false? Only animals adapt to their environments. 1 mark

WS 14 Stan uses a force meter to test how much force is needed to pull his cart across
three different surfaces: carpet, a polished wooden floor and a tarmacked road.
He gets three different readings.
Join the readings to the correct surface.
2 Newtons Carpet
5 Newtons Tarmac
7 Newtons Smooth wooden floor 3 marks

15 Karin is watching cars at a race track. He notices that they are a

different shape from his Dad’s car. Why might this be?

2 marks

16 Name two planets that are farther from the Sun than the Earth.

2 marks

17 The planets of our solar system all orbit the Sun. What force keeps the
planets in orbit? Give another example of how this force acts.

3 marks

18 One sunny morning, Eva, Jake and Nia are exploring their shadows on the
playground. They notice that their shadow stays on one side even when they
move or turn around. Explain why their shadows do not change sides when
they turn around.

1 mark

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 Mixe d Question s

19 Why does the Sun appear to move across the sky during the day?

2 marks

20 How does the light from the Sun help us to see?

2 marks

21 Give an example of an artificial source of light. 1 mark

22 The Moon is not a source of light. Explain why it is possible to see the
Moon at night.

2 marks

23 Circle the mechanism which bicycles use to help make it easier to ride
uphill and move faster.
pulleys levers gears 1 mark

24 Look at the picture of the xylophone.

21 a) Which bar is likely to make the highest-pitched

3
4
6
5 sound? 1 mark
7
8 b) What effect will tapping the bars harder have
on the sound it makes?

1 mark

25 Zac’s New Year’s resolution is to keep his body healthy. He is already

eating a balanced diet. What else can he do to keep his body healthy?
1 mark

26 Write the missing names of the planets in our Solar System.

Mercury Mars Jupiter Uranus 4 marks

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 Mixe d Question s

WS 27 If an enquiry is trying to find the amount of water to give a plant for the
best growth over a two-week period, what variable must be changed?
1 mark

WS 28 An enquiry is trying to find the best material for thermal insulation of a

box of ice.
a) Which variables must remain the same?
2 marks

b) Which variable must change?

1 mark

WS 29 Dexter and Uzma repeat a scientific enquiry three times. Why would they
do this?
1 mark

30 The pupils observe dandelion seeds being blown by the wind.

a) Why does this happen?
1 mark

b) Name another way in which seeds move away from the plant from which
they came.
1 mark

31 What is the difference between the way in which birds are born and the
way in which mammals are born?
1 mark

32 What is the main difference between a vertebrate and an invertebrate?

1 mark

33 What happens during the process of pollination?

2 marks

34 Why are leaves and roots so important to plant growth?

2 marks

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 Mixe d Question s

35 Water turns to water vapour, changing from a liquid to a gas.

What is the name of the process described in the sentence above?
1 mark

36 Match each of the processes below to the correct change of state:

melting gas to liquid
condensing liquid to solid
freezing solid to liquid 2 marks

37 Explain what causes ice to melt.

1 mark

38 Which of the following materials are soluble and which are insoluble?
Add an S or I to the box after each material.
wood iron salt sand sugar 2 marks

39 Some changes to materials are reversible and some are non-reversible (irreversible).
Say which type of change each change below is.
Cooking an egg is .
Melting chocolate is .
Dissolving salt is .
Rusting of metal is . 4 marks

40 Which of the following materials are thermal insulators and which are
thermal conductors?
Add a C or an I to the box after each material.
wood plastic metal rubber 3 marks

41 Match each of these methods of separating materials to the mixtures they

would be used to separate.
filtering soil and stones
sieving sugar dissolved in water
evaporating sand in water 2 marks

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 Mixe d Question s

42 Look at the circuit diagram below.

a) What will happen to the bulb when the switch is closed?

1 mark

b) Ali and Jay say the motor will also work when the switch is closed.
Are they correct? Explain your answer.

2 marks

43 Explain why the electrical cable below contains copper wires and is
surrounded by plastic.

2 marks

44 Bailey is making a model house. The house needs a switch on the outside
to turn on two lights in the model.
a) Complete the circuit diagram below so Bailey’s circuit works.

3 marks

b) Bailey decides that the lights need to be brighter. What two things could
be changed to make this happen?

2 marks

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 An swer s
Quick Test Page 5 Quick Test Page 19
1 a question Petal
2 the method
3 Fair test means a test in which only the variable being Stigma
tested is changed, while all other variables remain Anther
Style Stamen
constant.
Carpel Filament
Quick Test Page 7 Ovary
1 the initial amount of snow and the size/shape of Sepal
Ovule
the beaker
2 in the airing cupboard
3 to help make sure the data are reliable
Quick Test Page 21
Quick Test Page 9
1 Example answers: pollution, deforestation, habitat
1 it allows patterns or trends in the data to be seen clearly
destruction, waste, energy generation
2 as a line graph
2 animals and plants can lose their habitats/habitats are
3 The conclusion is a summary of the findings.
destroyed
Quick Test Page 10 3 Habitat creation can help plant and animal life by
1 to help you reach an accurate conclusion providing safe places for animals and plants, and by
2 to increase the reliability of data being used to educate people about habitats.
Practice Questions Page 11 Practice Questions Page 22
Challenge 1 Challenge 1
1 thermometer 1 1 An animal with a backbone is called a vertebrate and an
2 How the enquiry will be done. 1 animal without a backbone is called an invertebrate. 2
3 To help keep it tidy and easy to read. 1 2 a spider has eight legs and an insect has six legs
OR a spider has two body parts and an
Challenge 2 insect has three 1
1 different-shaped containers, thermometer 3 the root 1
(and boiling water), stopwatch/timer, measuring
cylinder 1 Challenge 2
2 Award one mark for each of the following: Keep the 1 embryo – child – adolescent – adult – old age 1
amount of water, the starting temperature of the water 2 In pollination, pollen from the anther sticks to the
and the location the same. Measure the temperature stigma. 2
of each at the same time. The only variable that should 3 Minerals are important because they help to keep a
change is the shape of the container. 3 plant healthy by providing nutrients. 1
Challenge 3 Challenge 3
1 It can be concluded that the plant on the window sill 1 Insects, birds, reptiles and amphibians all lay an egg but
grew taller (1) because it was in the light (1). 2 humans do not. 1
2 By repeating the enquiry with more plant samples. 1 2 The leaves provide the plant with nutrition (food) by
using sunlight to change carbon dioxide from the air
Quick Test Page 13 into food. 1
1 a) fish, b) bird, c) amphibian, d) mammal 3 Any two from: by the wind, by animals (sticking to them
2 Spiders have eight legs, insects have six; spiders have or by being eaten and then left in excrement), by explosion
two body parts, insects have three (seed pods splitting open), carried by water 2
3 Vertebrates have a back bone, invertebrates do not
Review Questions Page 23
Quick Test Page 15 1 to answer a question, or to prove or disprove an idea (a
1 water, light, nutrients, room to grow, air hypothesis), by testing different things 1
2 the root and the shoot 2 the temperature 1
3 they produce food for the plant 3 Different temperatures need investigating,
4 to hold the plant up towards the light, and to transport but all other conditions, e.g. amount of water and type
water to the leaves/food to other parts of the plant of seed, must remain the same. 1
Quick Test Page 17 4 degrees Celsius (ºC) 1
1 puberty 5 The given answer must acknowledge that the test is
2 mammals give birth to live offspring which develop not fair because an additional variable (other than the
outside the body, whereas birds, reptiles and fish lay surface) has been changed (and is not relevant to what
eggs and the offspring develop in the egg before is being tested). 1
hatching 6 to make sure that the data are reliable 1
3 caterpillar 7 a) 6 ºC 1
b) The line does not rise as steeply after 12 pm as it did
before 12 pm. 1

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 An swer s
Quick Test Page 25 3 Plants use light to help them make food in their leaves. 1
1 producer 4 pollen and ovule 2
2 what something is eaten by 5 Any two vertebrates, e.g. human and snake, and any
3 An animal that kills and eats another animal is called a two invertebrates, e.g. spider and jellyfish. 4
predator. 6 a chrysalis or pupa 1
4 Animals eat other living things because they cannot 7 Birds hatch from eggs laid by the female bird. Humans
make their own food. grow inside the body of their mother and are born live. 1
8 In sexual reproduction, an egg from the woman is fertilised
Quick Test Page 27
by a sperm from the man. 2
1 digestion
9 Any two forms of pollution, e.g., plastic pollution/plastic
2 small intestine
waste, air pollution from smoke. 2
3 four
10 by providing plants and animals with a safe place and
4 to cut and slice food
by helping educate people about plants, animals and
5 around 32
habitats 2
Quick Test Page 29
Quick Test Page 37
1 The combination of bones inside a human is called a
1 True
skeleton.
2 hair/eye colour, height, any other physical characteristics
2 to protect the heart and lungs
3 variation
3 support or movement
4 adaptation
4 True
5 When one muscle contracts the other relaxes. Quick Test Page 39
1 evolution
Quick Test Page 31
2 When a living thing has changed over time, we say it
1 to transport oxygen and nutrients around the body and
has evolved.
help to get rid of waste
3 fossils
2 The circulatory system is made up of blood, blood
vessels and the heart. Practice Questions Page 40
3 capillaries Challenge 1
4 False 1 Most offspring look like their parents because they
5 in the chest, between the lungs inherit some of their physical characteristics. 2
2 Cactus = Needle-like leaves to prevent water loss
Quick Test Page 33
Duck = Webbed feet for swimming
1 carbohydrates or energy
Bat = Large ears to help navigate in the dark 3
2 Eating the right foods, in the right amounts, is known as
3 True 1
a balanced diet.
3 exercise/stay active, avoid activities or substances which Challenge 2
damage the body 1 Any two physical characteristics such as hair colour, eye
4 smoking, drinking alcohol or taking drugs colour, height. 2
2 a) it would find it difficult to survive 1
Practice Questions Page 34
b) Any two from: transparent fur, webbed feet, a thick
Challenge 1
layer of fat, black skin 2
1 In a food chain, plants are known as producers and
3 It is possible to tell the age of a fossil from the rocks
animals are known as consumers. 2
they are found in (1). The fossils can then be compared
2 the digestive system 1
to show how plants and animals have changed over
3 Skeleton = Supports the body and protects organs
millions of years (1). 2
Muscles = Work in pairs to help the body move
Heart = Pumps blood around the body 3 Challenge 3
1 Accept answers which suggest that giraffes might
Challenge 2
have developed such long necks to reach the highest
1 Prey – Rabbit Predator – Fox 2
branches on the trees. Giraffes with longer necks
2 to mix, churn and break down food 1
could reach more leaves and have more food. The
3 molars and premolars 2
giraffes with longer necks survived and passed on this
Challenge 3 characteristic to their offspring. Over time their necks
1 Accept any description that includes: eating a got longer and longer. Award 2 marks for mention of
balanced diet and being active, and at least one from giraffes with longer necks can reach more food. Award 3
avoiding smoking, drinking alcohol and taking drugs. marks for also mentioning survival and passing on
Award 1 mark for each activity. 3 characteristics. Award 4 marks for also mentioning long
periods of time or many generations. 4
Review Questions Page 35
1 to attract insects 1 Review Questions page 41
2 Water is absorbed from soil by the roots and 1 consumer 1
transported to the leaves by the stem. 1 2 True 1

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 An swer s
3 Tongue and teeth, Oesophagus, Small intestine 3 5 to survive or make survival easier 1
4 The canine teeth are responsible for tearing and ripping 6 Any one from: fatty hump to store food and water; long
food. 1 eyelashes to protect eyes from sun and sand; soft and
5 two 1 wide feet for walking on hot sand; thick fur to protect
6 heart, blood and blood vessels 3 them from the sun; sandy coloured fur for camouflage 1
7 Capillaries = Allow oxygen and nutrients to pass from 7 False 1
the blood to the body. 8 Yes 1
Arteries = Transport blood containing oxygen from the 9 different habitats and mutations 2
heart to the body. 10 fossils 1
Veins = Transport blood containing carbon dioxide to 11 Yes, by dating the layer of rock it was found in. 2
the heart. 3
Quick Test Page 49
8 a) fats 1
1 because diamond is very hard and will not wear out
b) energy 1
quickly
9 Any two from: uses energy from food and reduces fat
2 You will get an electric shock because water conducts
storage, keeps heart and lungs strong and healthy,
electricity.
improves coordination, improves muscle strength 2
3 glass – greenhouse (allows sunlight and heat through);
10 Any two from: smoking cigarettes, drinking alcohol,
wood – pan handle (thermal insulator so allows a
taking drugs 2
hot pan to be picked up); copper – electrical wire
Quick Test Page 43 (conducts electricity in a circuit); foam – car seat (soft so
1 0ºC comfortable to sit on)
2 evaporation
Quick Test Page 51
3 Examples: solid – metal, ice; liquid – water, juice; gas –
1 filtering
oxygen, carbon dioxide
2 sieving
Quick Test Page 45 3 water with salt dissolved in it
1 e.g. rain, snow and hail
Quick Test Page 53
2 evaporation
1 it rusts
3 on a warm day it will evaporate more quickly
2 Bicarbonate of soda and vinegar react when mixed
4 water vapour condenses as it cools in the sky, turning
together.
back to droplets of liquid water
3 Irreversible change means that the change is
Practice Questions Page 46 permanent/the change cannot be undone/it cannot be
Challenge 1 changed back.
1 solid, liquid and gas 3
Practice Questions Page 54
2 Wood – solid, Orange juice – liquid,
Challenge 1
Oxygen – gas 3
1 fabric 1
3 Evaporation is faster when the temperature is higher. 1
2 sieving 1
Challenge 2 3 True 1
1
Condensation Precipitation Challenge 2
1 it will rust 1
2 Washing powder needs to be soluble so that it can
Evaporation dissolve in the water and then get to all parts of the
washing to clean it. 1
3 When a material is burning, it gives off heat (and light). 1
Challenge 3
3 1 Award 1 mark for each point: pouring water into the
filter paper, water passing through the filter paper into
Challenge 3 the flask, solid particles being left on the filter paper
1 The water vapour condenses and turns back into liquid (being filtered). 3
water, forming clouds. 1
2 The liquid at the surface is heated by the air and turns Review Questions Page 55
into water vapour so the volume of water decreases. 1 1 oil and water 2
3 The volume of the gas will increase to fill the whole box. 2 liquid and gas 2
1 3 it becomes a solid 1
4 condensation 1
Review Questions Page 47 5 Any three solids, e.g. ice, rock, brick, wood, iron,
1 because they inherit physical characteristics 1 concrete 3
2 False 1 6 Any three liquids, e.g. water, oil, fruit juice, milk,
3 variations 1 mercury 3
4 tall, blonde hair 2 7 False 1

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 An swer s
8 True 1 Quick Test Page 65
9 melting 1 1 True
10 precipitation 1 2 Accept any two, e.g. Sun, firefly, lightning, fire
3 Accept two from: don’t look directly at it, wear
Quick Test Page 57
sunglasses and a sunhat, stay in the shade
1 permeable
4 Light that is not reflected from an object is absorbed.
2 a fossil
3 Soil is made of four things: organic material, water, air Quick Test Page 67
and particles of rock. 1 in straight lines
2 False
Quick Test Page 59
3 The light from the candle travels in a straight line from
1 eight
the candle into the eye. The eye sends a signal to the
2 sphere or spherical
brain, and the candle is seen.
3 The Moon orbits the Earth and the Earth orbits the Sun.
4 mirror
4 False
5 Example answers: mirrors in a car, checking your
Quick Test Page 61 reflection, dentist mirror, road bend mirror, periscope
1 axis
Quick Test Page 69
2 Day and night happen because the Earth is rotating.
1 transparent
3 False
2 opaque
4 because the Earth is rotating
3 True
5 by using the position of the Sun in the sky or sundials
4 an object that is closer to the light source
Practice Questions Page 62 5 Shadow sizes can be changed by changing the position
Challenge 1 of the light in relation to the object. If the light is directly
1 permeable 1 above the object, the shadow will be much smaller. For
2 eight 1 example, as the position of the Sun changes, the length
3 False 1 of a shadow changes.
Challenge 2 Practice Questions Page 70
1 1 A plant or animal dies. Challenge 1
2 Over time, the plant or animal gets covered by sand 1 a) To be able to see we need light. 2
and mud. b) When there is no light it is dark. 1
3 The layers become compressed and form rock over 2 Light can bend around objects. 1
and around the plant or animal.
Challenge 2
4 A shape or imprint of the plant or animal is formed in
1 The computer produces light which travels to her eye
the rock. 4
(1). Her eye sends a signal to the brain, and the brain
2 Any three from: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter,
interprets what it is seeing (1). 2
Saturn, Uranus, Neptune 3
2 Any one natural source, e.g. Sun, lightning, fire, firefly,
3 The gravitational force keeps the Moon in orbit (1). It
and any one artificial source, e.g. torch, lightbulb,
takes the Moon around 28 days to orbit the Earth (1). 2
television, computer 2
Challenge 3 3 a shadow is formed 1
1 The Sun appears to move across the sky because the
Challenge 3
Earth is rotating (1). The Sun appears to rise in the
1 a) The light from the Sun reflects off the statue (1) into
morning in the East because the Earth turns towards the
Harry’s eyes (1). The eyes send a signal to the brain,
Sun (1). During the day, the Earth continues to rotate
and the brain interprets what it is seeing (1). 3
and, by sunset, the same point on Earth is rotating away
b) There is little or no light to be reflected off the statue
from the Sun, in the West (1). 3
(1), and the statue does not produce light (1). 2
Review Questions Page 63 c) The shadow will change in size as the Earth rotates
1 diamond and iron 2 and the position of the Sun changes during the day
2 Water conducts electricity so it could result in an electric (1). In the morning, the Sun will shine on the side of
shock. 1 the statue and the shadow will be longer, at midday
3 The sugar dissolves. 1 the Sun will be directly above the statue and the
4 If a material does not dissolve it is said to be insoluble. 1 shadow will be shorter (1). 2
5 a sieve 1
Review Questions page 71
6 salt and sugar 2
1 sedimentary 1
7 True 1
2 impermeable 1
8 False 1
3 igneous 1
9 by condensation/by condensing the water vapour 1
4 sedimentary 1
10 by evaporating the water 1
5 Any two from: water, air, organic material and rock
particles 2

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6 clay 1 8 transparent 1
7 Earth 1 9 Shadows are formed when an opaque object blocks
8 sphere/spherical 1 the light from a source. 1 mark for ‘blocked light’ and 1
9 gravity 1 mark for the correct use of ‘opaque’. 2
10 True 1 10 We can see objects that do not produce light because
11 rotates 1 light is reflected off the objects and into our eyes (1),
12 At different times of the day, the Sun is in different the eyes send a signal to the brain, and the brain sees
positions in the sky (1). In the morning, the Sun is low the object (1). 2
in the sky to the East, at midday the Sun is at its highest 11 gets bigger 1
point in the sky and in the afternoon, the Sun gets lower 12 periscope 1
in the sky to the west (1). 2
Quick Test Page 81
Quick Test Page 73 1 by a material or object vibrating
1 pushes and pulls 2 a medium
2 push 3 Yes
3 friction, air resistance, gravity or water resistance 4 True
4 bird, aeroplane, race car, etc. 5 Sound cannot travel through a vacuum.
Quick Test Page 75 Quick Test Page 83
1 north and south poles 1 False
2 Magnets do not need to touch an object to affect it. 2 volume
3 at the poles 3 A mouse squeaking is an example of a
4 pull high-pitched sound.
4 True
Quick Test Page 77
1 lever Practice Questions Page 84
2 pulley or lever Challenge 1
3 True 1 by objects vibrating 1
4 Levers, pulleys and gears make jobs easier by increasing 2 Sound cannot travel through a vacuum. 1
the effect of a smaller force. 3 False 1
Practice Questions Page 78 Challenge 2
Challenge 1 1 The strings of the guitar vibrate when they are plucked
1 They are pushes and pulls and They are measured in (1). The vibrations travel through the air to the ear (1). 2
Newtons 2 2 Pitch depends on how fast an object vibrates (1) and the
2 When two moving objects touch, a force called friction length (1), thickness (1) and tightness (1) of the object. 4
occurs (1). Rough surfaces cause more friction than 3 Plucking harder provides more energy (1), which makes
smooth surfaces (1). 2 bigger vibrations (1) which make a louder sound. 2
3 True 1
Challenge 3
Challenge 2 1 He should stand farther away because the sound gets
1 magnetism or gravity 1 fainter further from the source. 2
2 gravity and air resistance 2 2 High-pitched sounds. The whistles are a higher-pitched
3 sound than the bangs. 2
Object Wooden Steel Aluminium Plastic Review Questions Page 85
pencil paperclip can straw 1 Newtons 1
Magnetic ✗ ✓ ✗ ✗ 2 Push – Shopping trolley and riding a bicycle. Pull –
Putting on socks and horse and cart. 4
4 3 a) to make sure it is a fair test/to control these variables
1
Challenge 3 b) The smooth plastic surface because it will produce
1 C 1 less friction. 2
2 they increase the effect of a smaller force 1 4 A – Repel, B – Repel, C – Attract 3
Review Questions Page 79 5 gravity 1
1 Light travels in straight lines. 1 6 levers, pulleys and gears 3
2 the absence of light 1 7 pulley 1
3 a light source 1 Quick Test Page 87
4 Example answers: fire, fireflies, lightning 1 1 mains electricity and battery power
5 wearing sunglasses and sunhats; staying in 2 For electricity to flow, a circuit must be complete.
the shade 2 3 buzzer, motor, bulb
6 smooth (1), bright, lightly-coloured and shiny (1) materials 2
7 it is absorbed 1

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Quick Test Page 89 2 If there was little or no bamboo, the panda would have
1 controls the flow of electricity/makes or breaks the no food and would struggle to survive. 1
circuit/allows electricity to flow and be stopped 3 circulatory system 1
2 An insulator prevents electricity passing through, while a 4 Plants can make their own food through photosynthesis,
conductor allows electricity to pass through. they are producers (1). Animals cannot make their own
3 e.g. conductor – metal; insulator – rubber/plastic food. They eat other living things, they are consumers (1). 2
4 to prevent electric shocks as these materials are 5 to mix, churn and break down food 1
insulators 6 Any two from: to protect the organs, support the body
and help with movement 2
Quick Test Page 91
7 ribs/ribcage 1
1 the bulb gives a brighter light
8 The muscles of the arm work in pairs (1). When one
2 adding extra batteries/cells
muscle relaxes the other muscle contracts to lift the
3 too much power could damage/break the components
object (1). 2
in the circuit
9 The radio plays the song and makes a vibration or sound
Practice Questions Page 92 wave (1). The vibrations/sound waves travel through the
Challenge 1 air to the ear (1). The eardrum receives the sound and
1 Any three battery or mains operated electrical sends a signal to the brain and sound is heard (1). 3
appliances or devices. 3 10 Fossils show how plants and animals have changed over
2 a switch 1 millions of years. The fossils can be dated (1) and so it
3 True 1 is possible to look at plants and animals from millions
of years ago and compare them to other fossils and
Challenge 2
modern living things (1). 2
1 Each bulb will be less bright than the single bulb alone. 1
11 Any two from: long eyelashes to protect from the
2 wood, plastic 2
Sun and sand; sandy coloured fur for camouflage;
3 It will get louder. (But if too many batteries are added, it
fatty hump to store food and water; wide soft feet for
could break the buzzer.) 1
walking long distances on hot sand; thick fur to protect
Challenge 3 them from the Sun 2
1 The diagram with the switch closed because this 12 When rock is heated to very high temperatures (1) and
completes the circuit and allows electricity to flow. 2 put under very high pressure (1). 2
13 False 1
Review Questions Page 93
14 2 Newtons = Polished wooden floor;
1 Sounds are made by objects or materials that vibrate. 1
5 Newtons = Tarmac; 7 Newtons = Carpet 3
2 air, wood, water 3
15 To make them more streamlined (1) and to reduce air
3 eardrum 1
resistance (1) to help them travel through the air faster. 2
4 Smaller vibrations make fainter sounds. 1
16 Any two from: Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and
5 it gets quieter/fainter 1
Neptune 2
6 False 1
17 Gravity keeps the planets in orbit (1). Gravity also
7 high-pitched 1
keeps the Moon orbiting the Earth (1) and pulls objects
8 True 1
towards the Earth’s centre (1). 3
9 An object that is vibrating faster will make a higher-
18 The position of their shadows does not change because
pitched sound than one vibrating slowly. 1
the Sun is shining from one side. 1
10 False 1
19 The Sun appears to move across the sky because the
Review Questions Page 94 Earth is rotating. As the Earth rotates, the Sun appears
1 copper and water 2 to move slowly across the sky, rising in the East and
2 to insulate them, preventing the electricity escaping setting in the West. 2
and giving an electric shock 1 20 The light from the Sun reflects off objects in its path
3 different ends 1 into our eyes (1). The eyes send a signal to the brain and
4 because it could conduct electricity and cause an the object is seen (1). 2
electric shock 1 21 Any artificial light source, e.g. a torch, television, mobile
5 it will damage/break the component 1 phone, light bulb. 1
6 slower 1 22 The Moon reflects the light from the Sun into our eyes.
7 True 1 This happens during the day and at night, but it is easier
8 because water conducts electricity and it could result in to see at night. 2
an electric shock 1 23 gears 1
9 No (1). Because electricity cannot pass through the 24 a) 1 1
switch (1). 2 b) it will make the sound louder 1
10 True 1 25 either stay active/exercise or avoid damage by not
smoking, drinking alcohol or taking drugs 1
Mixed Questions 26 Missing planets in order left to right: Venus, Earth,
1 Grass – Producer: Grasshopper – Consumer: Saturn and Neptune 4
Frog – Consumer 3 27 amount of water 1

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28 a) Award 1 mark for 2 correct answers and 2 marks
for 3 correct answers: amount of ice, the box, the
temperature 2
b) the material 1
29 to make their data more reliable 1
30 a) to disperse the seeds so they have room to
germinate and grow 1
b) Either carried by animals/stick to animals/eaten by
animals, explosion or carried by water 1
31 birds hatch from eggs; mammals are
born live 1
32 a vertebrate has a backbone; an invertebrate does not 1
33 1 mark for an acknowledgement that pollen is blown or
carried/moves from one plant to another. 2 marks for
the additional information that pollen moves from the
male part/anther to a female part/stigma. 2
34 1 mark for each:
• roots absorb water [and nutrients] (Also accept that
they anchor the plant in the soil.)
• leaves produce food for the plant 2
35 evaporation 1
36 Award 1 mark for one correct answer, 2 marks for all
three correct:
melting – solid to liquid; condensing – gas to liquid;
freezing – liquid to solid 2
37 Heat warms the ice, turning it to liquid. 1
38 1 mark for two correct answers, 2 marks for all five
correct:
Soluble – salt, sugar
Insoluble – wood, iron, sand 2
39 1 mark for each correct answer:
Cooking an egg is irreversible.
Melting chocolate is reversible.
Dissolving salt is reversible.
Rusting of metal is irreversible. 4
40 1 mark for one, 2 marks for two and 3 marks for all four
correct:
Conductor – metal; Insulators – wood,
plastic, rubber 3
41 1 mark for one, 2 marks for all three correct:
Filtering – sand in water; Sieving – soil and stones;
Evaporating – sugar dissolved in water 2
42 a) the bulb will light 1
b) Yes, they are correct (1). The motor is part of the
circuit and so electricity will flow through it when the
switch is closed (or ‘on’) (1). 2
43 The copper wires conduct electricity (1). The plastic is an
insulator (1) [preventing electricity from getting out]. 2
44 a) 1 mark for each of a switch and two bulbs correctly
drawn and connected. 3
b) Bailey could add extra batteries (1) or use a more
powerful battery (1). 2

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 Glossary
A
Absorbed When energy or liquid is taken into another material.
Adaptation Specific changes to a characteristic of a living thing which help it to survive.
Air resistance A force, which acts against objects moving through the air and slows them down.
Ancestor A person, animal or plant that has descendants.
Arteries Thick, strong blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood around the body.
Artificial Describes objects made by humans which do not occur naturally.
Asexual reproduction Reproduction when part of a plant grows into a new plant. (Can also occur in some animals.)
Atrium Upper chamber or cavity in the heart.
Axis An imaginary line that runs through the Earth, between the magnetic North and South
Poles.
B
Blood A red liquid which transports water, oxygen, carbon dioxide and nutrients around the
body. It is circulated by the heart and blood vessels.
Blood vessels Small tubes connected to the heart that carry blood around the body.
Brain A vital organ which allows animals to think and function; protected by the skull.
C
Canines Sharp, pointed teeth, which can rip and tear tough foods like meat.
Capillaries Tiny blood vessels that allow nutrients and gases to pass into and out of the blood.
Carbohydrates Nutrients which provide energy for the body.
Carbon dioxide A gas produced as a waste product, which is eliminated from the body through the
lungs. Carbon dioxide is also present in the air around us and is used by plants to make
their food.
Carpel The female part of a flower
Characteristics Features or qualities that belong to something, e.g. eye colour, petal colour.
Circuit diagram A drawing that uses symbols to show how components are connected in an electrical
circuit.
Circulatory system The bodily system consisting of the heart, blood vessels and blood, which delivers
oxygen and nutrients to the body and helps eliminate waste such as carbon dioxide.
Classification Sorting plants and animals into groups based on their features.
Component Part of an electrical circuit with a specific job, such as a buzzer, bulb or motor.
Conclusion A summary of the findings of a scientific enquiry.
Condensation The resulting liquid when a gas is cooled and turns into a liquid.
Conductor A material which allows heat (thermal conductor) or electricity (electrical conductor) to
pass through it.
Consumers Living things which need to eat other living things to survive. All animals are consumers.
Contact When any two or more surfaces/objects are touching.
D
Deoxygenated Containing no oxygen.
Digestive system Breaks down food into smaller substances the body can use.
Dissolve A solid dissolves in a liquid when it completely breaks down with no solid particles
remaining. This forms a solution, e.g. salt dissolves in water forming a salt solution.
Drugs Substances which have an effect on the body, e.g. nicotine, alcohol, medicines.
E
Egg The female reproductive cell in an animal or plant.
Equator An imaginary line which runs around the middle of the Earth and separates the northern
and southern hemispheres.
Evaporation The process by which a liquid turns into a gas as it is heated.
Evidence The data or observations from a scientific enquiry.
Evolution The theory of how living things have changed and adapted over millions of years or
many generations.
Eye The organ which receives light and sends a signal to the brain allowing animals to see.
F
Fair test A scientific enquiry in which only the variable being investigated changes.
Fats Nutrients found in foods, such as butter, oils and avocado, which provide the body
with energy.

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 Glossary
Fertilisation The process of a sperm (male reproductive cell in animals) or pollen (male reproductive
cell in plants) joining with an egg (female reproductive cell).
Fibre A nutrient found in foods, such as whole grains, nuts and seeds, which keeps the
digestive system healthy and moving. Fibre isn’t digested easily; it bulks out the waste
helping it to move more easily through the intestines.
Food chain A diagram showing which living things are consumed by others and in which order.
Food web A group of at least two food chains which are linked by some of the same living things.
Force A push or pull which can make an object move, accelerate, slow down, stop or change
shape.
Fossil The remains of a plant or animal, which lived millions of years ago, cast into rock.
Freezing Liquid freezes when it cools to the temperature of its freezing point and becomes a solid.
Frequency When talking about sound, frequency relates to the speed of a vibration which changes
the pitch of a sound. High-frequency produces high-pitched sounds and low-frequency
produces low-pitched sounds.
Friction A force which occurs when one surface is moving against or over another. It always acts
against the moving object.
G
Gas A state of matter which spreads to fill a space.
Gear A mechanism made from a wheel with teeth around the edge which can lock into other
similar mechanisms. Used in bicycles, watches, cars and many other types of machinery.
Generation People who were born and lived at the same time. Parents are part of one generation
and their offspring are part of the next.
Germination The process of a seedling starting to grow, pushing out a root and shoot.
Gravity A force which pulls objects towards the centre of a larger object. It keeps the planets
orbiting the Sun, the Moon orbiting the Earth and pulls objects towards the Earth’s
centre.
H
Habitat The place in which a plant or animal lives.
Heart A muscular organ which is part of the circulatory system and pumps blood through the
blood vessels and around the body.
I
Igneous A type of rock which is formed when melted rock and minerals (magma) cool and
solidify.
Impermeable A material which does not allow water to pass through it.
Incisors Sharp, flat teeth at the front of the mouth which cut and slice food.
Increase To make something bigger.
Inherit When talking about biology or science, inherit means to get a certain characteristic or
set of characteristics from parents.
Insoluble A material that will not dissolve.
Insulator A material which will not allow heat (thermal insulator) or electricity (electrical insulator)
to pass through it.
Intestines The organ in the digestive system that breaks down and absorbs nutrients and water.
Can be split into the large and small intestines.
K
Kneecap A small bone at the knee joint which protects the joint and supports movement.
L
Lever A mechanism consisting of a beam and a pivot which increases the effect of a smaller
force and can make lifting or moving heavy objects easier.
Life cycle The stages of development and decline that a plant or animal goes through during its
life, from fertilisation to death.
Ligaments Short bands which attach the bones of the skeleton at the joints.
Light source An object which produces light.
Liquid A state of matter which can be poured and takes the shape of the container it is in.
Lungs Organs located in the chest which enable animals to breathe.

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 Glossary
M
Magnet An object which produces a magnetic field and can attract or repel other magnets or
magnetic materials.
Magnetic A material or object which is attracted to a magnet.
Magnetic field The area around a magnet in which the magnetic force can act.
Mechanism A simple machine, or part of a machine, which performs an action.
Medium A substance for energy to travel through, e.g. air, water, metal, wood.
Melting The process by which a solid is heated to its freezing point and becomes a liquid.
Metamorphic A type of rock formed when other rocks are heated (not melted) and compressed.
Method How a scientific enquiry is carried out.
Minerals Natural, non-living substances and materials, e.g. metals, diamonds and gems and salts.
Molars Large, wide and flat teeth at the back of the mouth, which crush and grind food.
Moon A moon is a body of natural material like rock which orbits a planet. The Moon refers
only to the moon which orbits planet Earth.
Muscles Bands of strong tissue which can contract and relax to move the body.
Mutation A random change to the DNA of a plant or animal.
N
Natural selection When a living thing survives and reproduces because of a specific adaptation, while
those without the adaptation do not survive.
Newton (N) The unit in which force is measured.
Non-magnetic An object or material which is unaffected by a magnet.
North/south poles The ends of a magnet where the magnetic force is strongest. It can also refer to the top
and bottom of the Earth’s axis, which also have a magnetic field.
Nutrients Substances which can be used by a living thing to live, grow and repair, e.g. protein, fats,
carbohydrates.
O
Oesophagus A tube in the body which transports food and water from the mouth to the stomach.
Offspring An animal’s babies and children.
Omnivore An animal which eats both plants and other animals.
Opaque A material which light cannot pass through.
Orbit To continuously move around in a circular path.
Organic matter/material Material made by the remains of plants or animals.
Ovary Where eggs are made in an animal or plant.
Oxygen A gas in the air which humans and animals need in order to survive.
Oxygenated Something which contains oxygen.
P
Particles Tiny bits of matter, which everything is made from.
Pelvis The large strong bone in the skeleton, which supports the upper body and protects the
pelvic organs.
Performance of components The way in which the amount of electricity flowing through a component affects its
brightness, volume, speed or other factor.
Periscope An instrument that uses mirrors to reflect light and allow someone to see something
which is normally out of sight. Frequently used in submarines to see above the water.
Permeable An object or material which allows water to pass through it.
Pitch How high or low a sound is.
Pivot The part of a lever mechanism which allows the beam or pole to turn or balance.
Planets A large natural object which orbits a star. The planets in our solar system are Mercury,
Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.
Pollination The process of pollen getting from an anther (male part) to the stigma (female part) in a
flowering plant.
Precipitation Rain, snow or hail falling from the sky.
Predator An animal that hunts, kills and eats other animals.
Premolars Large flat teeth, in front of the molars, which crush and grind food. They develop with
the adult teeth.
Prey An animal that is hunted, killed and eaten by another animal.
Producer A green plant that can make its own food.
Protein A nutrient found in food, such as meat and fish, which helps the body to grow and repair.

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 Glossary
Puberty The stage of body changes and development during adolescence (approximately 10–18
years of age in humans).
Pulley A mechanism consisting of a rope running over a wheel or system of wheels.
Pulse A wave of pressure, in an artery, which results from the heart beating and pumping
blood through the body. It can usually be felt on the wrist or neck.
R
Reaction When two materials do not mix, but change into a new material.
Reflect When something is bounced off the surface of an object.
Reflection A reflection can be an image seen in a mirror, or it can mean the action of light, sound or
heat energy being reflected from a surface.
Reliability of data The level of certainty it is possible to have about data.
Ribs/Ribcage Bones that form a cage around the organs in the chest. They protect vital organs
including the heart and lungs.
Rotating Turning around an axis.
S
Sedimentary A type of rock formed when plant and animal remains, sand, mud and stones are
compressed.
Sexual reproduction Reproduction requiring male cells (e.g. sperm or pollen) to fertilise a female cell (the egg)
before a new animal or plant is made.
Skeleton The structure of bones inside some animals.
Skull The part of the skeleton which protects the brain.
Solid A state of matter which maintains its shape.
Soluble A material which will dissolve in a liquid, e.g. water.
Solution When a material dissolves in liquid, the liquid becomes a solution, e.g. when salt
dissolves in water the water becomes a salt solution.
Sperm The male reproductive cell in animals.
Spine The backbone; a part of the skeleton that protects the spinal cord.
Stamen The male part of the flower.
Stars Spheres of hot, burning gas that produce heat and light.
Stomach An organ which is part of the digestive system that churns up food and mixes it with
substances like acids and enzymes.
Sun The star at the centre of our solar system.
Switch A component for controlling the flow of electricity in a circuit, opening (off) or closing
(on) a gap in the circuit.
T
Tendons Bands of fibre which attach the muscles to the bones.
Thigh bone The strong, thick bone in the upper leg which supports the upper body and helps the
body to walk.
Translucent A material that allows some light to pass through it.
Transparent A material that allows all or most light to pass through it.
V
Vacuum A completely empty space containing nothing at all – not even air.
Valves Valves prevent liquids flowing in the wrong direction. The valves in the heart stop the
blood from flowing backwards.
Variable Something which can be changed or kept constant, and that can be measured during a
scientific enquiry.
Variation When living things, of the same kind/species, have different characteristics.
Veins Blood vessels that transport deoxygenated blood around the body.
Ventricles The lower chambers/cavities in the heart.
Vibrations Produced when an object moves back and forth rapidly. Vibrations make sounds.
Vitamins Nutrients found in foods, like fruits and vegetables, which help to keep the cells of the
body healthy.
Volume How loud or quiet a sound is.
W
Water resistance A force created when an object moves through water. It acts in the opposite direction to
the moving object and slows it down.

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 INDE X
A G R
Adaptations 36–37, 38 Gases 42–43 Reflection 67
B Gears 76–77 Reproduction 18–19
Balanced diet 32 Gravity 58–59, 72–73, Resistance 72–73
75–76 Reversible changes 50–51
Blood 30–31
Blood vessels 30–31 H Rocks 56–57
Burning 52 Healthy living 32–33 Rusting 52–53
Heart 30–31 S
C
Changing environments 20–21 I Shadows 61, 68–69
Circuits 86–87, 88–89, Insoluble materials 48 Skeleton 28–29
90–91 Insulator 49, 89 Soil 14–15, 57
Circulatory system 30–31 Invertebrates 12 Solar system 58–59
Classification 13 Irreversible changes 52–53 Solids 42–43, 50–51, 80
Condensation 42, 43, 44, Soluble materials 48
L
50–51 Solution 50–51
Levers 76–77
Conductors 49, 89 Sound 80–81, 82–83
Life cycles 16–17
Consumer 24 States of matter 42
Light 14, 64–65, 66–67,
D 68–69 Sun 58, 60–61, 65, 69
Day 60–61 Liquids 42–43, 50–51 Switches 88
Digestion 26–27 M T
Digestive system 26–27, 32 Magnets 74–75 Teeth 26–27
Dissolving 48, 50–51, 52 Mixtures 50–51 Transparent 48, 68
Drugs 33 Moon 59 V
E Muscles 29, 31 Variables 5
Electricity 49, 86–87, N Variation 36
88–89, 90–91 Natural selection 38 Vertebrates 12
Evaporation 42–43, 44–45, Night 60 Vibrations 80–81, 82–83
50–51 Volume 82
Nutrients 14–15, 30–31
Evolution 38–39
O W
F Water cycle 44–45, 51
Opaque 48, 68
Fair test 5
Fertilisation 18 P
Food chains 24–25 Pitch 82–83
Forces 72–73, 74–75 Planets 58–59
Fossils 39, 57 Plants 12–13, 14–15, 18–19,
Friction 72–73 36–37
Pollination 18
Precipitation 44–45
Producer 24
Puberty 17
Pulleys 76–77
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