Chapter: 2.

Functions and Graphs

Function:
A function is a rule that assigns to each element in a set A exactly one ele-
ment, called , in a set B.

We usually consider functions for which the sets A and B are sets of real
numbers. The set A is called the domain of the function. The number is
the value of at .The range of is the set of all possible values of as
varies through-out the domain.

A symbol that represents an arbitrary number in the domain of a function

is called an independent variable. A symbol that represents a number in the
range of is called a dependent variable.
Function behaves as a machine

If is in the domain of the function then when enters the machine, it’s
accepted as an input and the machine produces an output according to
the rule of the function. Thus, we can think of the
Domain: as the set of all permissible inputs and
Range: as the set of all possible outputs.

Transformations:
Definition: It is a method of obtaining a new function from the old function OR When
the graph of a function changes appearance or location is called transformation.
a) Vertical transformation: It is transformation that shifts the graph of a function
up or down relative to the original graph. This happens when constant is added
 to a y-coordinate of the function. If we add positive constant graph will shift up
and if we add negative constant graph will shift down.
Consider the function and the it’s graph

Now new functions are defined as and

And graph of
b) Horizontal Transformation: It is transformation that shifts the graph left or right
relative to the original graph. This occurs when we add or subtract constant from

Consider the function and the it’s graph

New functions are defined as and

c) Reflection: It is a transformation in which mirror image of the graph is produced

about an axis. Here we consider the reflection about and .
The graph of function is reflected about the if each Y-coordinate is
multiplied by -1.
And the graph of a function is reflected about if x-coordinate is multiplied
by -1.
Consider the function and it’s graph
New functions are by

and graph of

In general,

Vertical shift up by units

Vertical shift down by units
Horizontal shift left by units
Horizontal shift right by units
Reflection about
 Reflection about

d) Vertical Stretching and Compressing:

It is transformation that Stretch or compress vertically relative to the original
graph. This happens when constant is multiplied to the function. If we multiply
constant graph will stretch vertically by a factor if we multiply constant
graph will compress vertically by a factor

e) Horizontal Stretching and Compressing:

f) It is transformation that Stretch or compress horizontally relative to the original
graph. This happens when constant is multiplied to the variable. If we multiply
constant graph will compress horizontally by a factor if we multiply
constant graph will stretch horizontally by a factor
 In general,
Vertical stretch by units
Vertical compress by units

Horizontal stretch by units

Horizontal compress by units

g) Obtain the following graphs by applying appropriate transformations and explain. Hence
determine the domain and range.

(i) – (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)

(i)

Soln:
Basic function is Reflection on X-axis gives shift this graph one unit up
gives
 Domin::
Range:

(ii)
Soln:
Basic function is shift this graph one unit left gives

Domin::
Range:
(iii)
Soln:

Basic function is shift this graph two units right gives

shift this graph one unit down gives

Domin:
Range:

(iv)
Soln:
Basic function is shift this graph three units left gives

Domin:
Range:

v)
Soln:
 Basic function is Reflection on Y-axis gives now Reflecting this graph on X-
axis gives

Domin:
Range:

linear model:

Q1. Biologists have noticed that the chirping rate of crickets of a certain
species is related to temperature and the relationship appears to be
nearly linear. A cricket produces 113 chirps per minute at and 173
chirps per minute at . (i) Find linear equation that models the
temperature T as a function of the no. of chirps per minute N. (ii) what
is the slope of the graph? What does it represent? (iii) If the crickets are
chirping at 150 chirps per minute, estimate the temperature.

soln :

T-temperature, N-no of chirps, by seeing the question (i) we can judge

which is dependent and independent variables

Here T is dependent on N

Linear equation is T= m N + C
By putting m and C value we get linear model for estimating
temperature for given number of chirps.

given data is when N=113 T =70, when N=173 T=80

so linear equations are 70=113m+C and 80=173m+C

by solving these two equations we get m=0.166 and C=51.16

then linear model is (i) T=(0.166)N+51.6

ii) slope is m=0.166 means increase of 0.166 cricket chirps per minute
corresponds to an increase of 10F.

(iii) by using the model

when

Q2. A town has a population 1000 people at time . In each of the

following cases; write a formula for the population P , of the town as a
function of year t . (i)The population increases by 50 people a year.
(ii)The population increases by 5% a year.

Soln :

i)Initial population is 1000 ie at t=0 P=1000 and population is function

of t

Every year population increases by 50 (given) then it is slope of the

model

Formula or model for the population P is

ii) population increases by 5% a year, ie increasing factor is 5% then it is

a exponential function
 -----1

at t=0 P=1000 ie

at t=1 P=1050 substitute in eqn 1 we get

Formula for the population at any time t increases by 5% a year is

Exponential model:

Q3. An isotope of sodium, 24Na, has a half life of 15 hours. A sample of

this isotope has mass 2g. (i) Find the amount remaining after 60 hours.
(ii) Find the amount remaining after t hours. (iii) Estimate the amount
remaining after 4 days.

Soln :
24
Na, has a half life of 15 hours ie Substance is decaying so function is
exponential function having decay factor. -----1

At

At t=15 hours substituting in eqn 1 we get

(ii) So the amount remaining after t hours is

(i) the amount remaining after 60 hours is

(iii) the amount remaining after 4 days=96 hours is

Trigonometric model:

Q4. On Feb 10, 1990, high tide in Boston was at midnight. The water
level at high tide was 9.9 feet; at low tide, it was 0.1 feet. Assuming the
next high tide is at exactly 12 noon and that the height of the water is
given by a sine or cosine curve, find a formula for the water level in
Boston as a function of time.

Soln :

Let y be the water level in feet and let t be the time measured in
hours from midnight.

The oscillations have amplitude= =

high tide in Boston was at midnight and next high tide is at exactly 12
noon

therefore period t =12 hours

since water is highest at midnight, when t=0. The oscillations are best
represented by cosine function.

We can say height above average=

Since the average water level was =

We shift the cosine up by adding 5 so