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Power transformer transient modeling considering the effects of on-load tap

changer

Conference Paper · October 2017

DOI: 10.1109/ICEPE-ST.2017.8188947

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Power Transformer Transient Modeling Considering

the Effects of On-Load Tap Changer
Asad Ahmad, Wanliang Fang, Jun Liu* Member IEEE, Xudong Hao
Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Power Systems, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
e-mails: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

$EVWUDFW—On-load tap changer (OLTC) is essential in k Turn ratio

regulating the operation status of power transformers employed X ij Reactance coupling relationship between i and j
in modern power systems. While exploring power flow analysis, Subscript’s’ denotes that the variable is system base, and
electromagnetic and electromechanical simulations by using the
subscript’t’ denotes that the variable varies with tap positions.
on-load tap changer, it is found that inaccuracy problem may
occur with the assumption in conventional transformers that tap I. INTRODUCTION
positions only affect the turns ratio parameter; however, the real
Power transformer is the most complex structured element
transformers specifications, such as the resistances and
inductances of windings, also fluctuate with different tap
of power network while studying the load flow and transient
positions. In this paper, a novel inductance matrix model for phenomenon. Highly efficient power could not be possible to
both single and three phase transformer is proposed, which transmit without smart transformers in power grid because
illustrates that winding resistances and inductances are also power transformer is the only component which transforms
varying with the tap positions. Case studies are performed to the AC voltage magnitude from one to another level without
assess the performance of the proposed transformer model in interference. The representation of transformer parameters is
case of symmetrical and un-symmetrical faults. The novel model very tangled because of core designs and some also are
is developed using PSCAD/EMTDC software, and the nonlinear and frequency dependent. Winding resistance,
simulation results are compared with traditional transformers. mutual and self inductance, skin and proximity effects in
It can be concluded that the parameters of the proposed
transformer become more sensitive on the voltage and current
windings, magnetic core saturation, hysteresis and eddy
during various transient processes. Thus it's vital to provide an current losses in core are the tangible features betting on
applicable attention to the analysis and simulation with the frequency may have to be properly delineated by a
usage of this more accurate mathematical transformer model, transformer model [3]. Varied intricacy models are reinforced
which permits us to obtain the more precise behavior of power to know the transient behaviour of transformers. Transformer
systems without any risk. accouter with on-load tap changers to perform the voltage
regulation according to load while not interrupting the load
,QGH[7HUPV-- On-load tap changer; Transformer; Inductance current [4]. Therefore the OLTC is also one of the influential
matrix model; Symmetrical and un-symmetrical faults; elements of power transformer.
PSCAD/EMTDC. According to the records of electricity boards, declared that
numerous amounts of defalcations of transformers are caused
NOMENCLATURE because of malfunction of OLTC’s in power transformers. A
Ni Number of turns of winding i (i =1,2) lot of contributions have been made to reduce the failures of
Permeance of leakage magnetic path of winding OLTC’s and transient interaction phenomena’s between the
Gmi high voltage equipment and transmission line by introducing
i (i =1,2)
Permeance of mutual magnetic path of windings 1 various high frequency transformers models which
Gm12 cooperates to reduce these convulsions. Transformer model is
and 2
Resistance of winding i (i =1,2) one of the feeble elements of advance transient simulation
ri
software because of its convoluted construction which
u Voltage of winding i (i =1,2) includes the windings and core. Most of the proposed designs
i Current of winding i (i =1,2) of varying complications have been executed in simulation
Li Self-inductance of winding i (i =1,2) environments to study the expected behaviour of proposed
Lsi Leakage inductance of winding i (i =1,2) transformer models but mostly designers don’t have the
Mutual inductance of windings 1 and 2 applicable attentions regarding the internal variations of
M
V transformer windings.
Impedance correction coefficient

‹,(((


 Aim of this paper is to representing the summary of transient C. Fault Analysis of ThreePhase Model
single phase double winding transformer and three phase Transformer is one the exorbitant element of power grid.
three winding transformer models in a power system Usually transformers are highly assured but maloperations
equipped with on-load tap changers on transformers high normally occur in protection devices. In order to study such
voltage sides considering the influence of taps and its effects condition, in case of fault directly shot the power transformer
on winding resistance and inductance with respects to on-load another three phase model is designed having symmetrical
tap changer. Also the fault analysis results and comparison of and un-symmetrical faults just before the designed
proposed and traditional model is discussed in detail. transformer model.
II. DELINEATION OF TRANSFORMER MODELS IN
POWER SYSTEM
A. Single Phase Model
Dynamic impacts of tap changer on power system have
completely different behaviors on voltage and current within
the event of variation of tap positions. These changes in
voltage and current conjointly turn out the consequences on
power transformer winding X/R ratio and inductance values.
Single phase step down transformer model 70 MVA 132/33
kV is integrated in a power network as shown in figure to
understand the impacts of tap changer on single phase Figure 3. Three Phase Grid Interconnected Scheme In case of Fault
transformer as shown in Fig. 1. III.TRANSIENT MODELING OF SINGLE AND THREE PHASE
TRANSFORMER
A. Inductance Matrix Model for Single Phase Double
Winding Transformer
In previous paper single phase double winding
transformer model was represented with deviations as the tap
changes. In this paper, single phase double winding
transformer is simulated using the mathematical model which
provides us more accurate results to implement this model.
The magnetic circuit diagram of a single phase double
Figure 1. Single Phase Grid Interconnected Scheme winding transformer, in which the arrows denote the
B. Three Phase Model reference direction for voltage, current and magnetic flux [1],
[2].
Challenges in power network having the three phase I
transformer with tap changer are totally different from single i1 i2

phase transformer models. To grasp the impact of tap changer

on three phase three winding transformer another grid has u1 I1s I2s u2
been connected to it having the 13kV generation supply
voltage. This model is shown below in Fig. 2.

Figure 4. Magnetic Circuit Diagram of Single Phase Double Winding

Transformer

The self-inductance of winding 1 and 2 calculated as

N1 (1)
L1 Gm1 N12  Gm12 N12 Ls1  Gm12 N1 N 2 Ls1  kM
N2
M
L2 Ls 2  (2)
k
Therefore, the voltage equations can be reformulated as
Figure 2. Three Phase Grid Interconnected Scheme ­ di1 di
°°u1 1 1  ( Ls1  kM )
ri M 2
®
dt dt (3)
°u M di2 di
r2i2  ( Ls 2  ) M 1
°̄ 2 k dt dt
This work was supported in part by National Natural Science Foundation
of China under grant 51507126.


B. Inductance Matrix Model for Three Phase Three maximum values of voltage and current but having the certain
Winding Transformer differences in values.
The three-phase transformer can still be regarded as the
multi-branch resistance and inductance coupling circuit, but
the mutual inductance between the three phase windings due
to the common magnetic circuit should be considered. This
means the coupling problem existing between different
windings of different phases. Conceptually, from a single
phase transformer to three-phase transformer, each winding
in single-phase transformer should change to three windings
respectively in iron core winding I  II  III of three-phase
transformer [2],[3],[4]. The short circuit reactance is
calculated as

ª X ss13 X ms 13 X ms 13 º
« s »
X 11' X 13s « X m13 X ss13 X ms 13 »
« X ms 13 X ms 13 X ss13 »¼
¬ (4)

Describes the influence caused by datum conversion after

Figure 5. Voltage comparison of traditional and proposed three phase model
transformer connect system and the tap joint. The method of
forming matrix LMC
1
is same with single phase transformer and
three winding transformer but each element is a 3 u 3 same
value matrix and it is shown by Equation (5).

ª I 3u3 k12* I 3u3 k13* I 3u3 º

1«
LMC
1
k I 2
k12* I 3u3 k12*k13* I 3u3 »»
V « 12* 3u3
«¬ k13* I 3u3 k12*k13* I 3u3 2
k13* I 3u3 »¼
(5)

Where, the expression of V is same as it of the single-phase

transformer. The inverse inductance matrix of the double
winding transformer is shown by Equation (6).
LM1 LMP
1
u LMC
1
(6)
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION OF PSCAD MODELS
This transformer model is equipped with on-load tap
changers (OLTC) which permits the voltage regulation by
Figure 6. Current comparison of traditional and proposed three phase model
varying the turn ratio under load conditions. So, in this
transformer model a special feature is designed to allow the V. SYMMETRICAL AND UN-SYMMETRICAL FAULTS
user online control of input data, as well as the ability to ANALYSIS OF THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER CONSIDERING THE
record and display output data in runtime mode. Tap changer INFLUENCE OF TAP POSITIONS
is designed to have 9 taps with a default position. When the The performance dependability of transformers and their
tap position of the transformer is changed from 1 to 9 in OLTCs is therefore extremely important and must be kept at
runtime mode its three phase voltage and current magnitude a high level throughout their entire lifetime. A power
continuously vary as compare to traditional model according transformer is usually affected by internal and external faults.
to the values of on load tap changer without interruption of Among the numerous faults, about 70% of advance
load which also influences its resistance and inductance as transformers breakdowns is because of internal winding faults
shown below in waveform every step of waveform represent and this is often probably extend because of transformer
the tap position is changed which proves that the assumption loading to their ultimate capability is becoming normal
of considering the constant original impedance parameter in routine [4]. Most of the work already done to protect the
traditional models is not correct. Also there is a comparison transformer from internal factors affecting transformer but
between the traditional and proposed model every tap very less research work have been published regarding the
position shows a certain difference in values from tap 1 to 9. external factors directly affecting the transformers. In
At position 9 it is observed both models are having the addition to fault conditions within the transformer,


abnormal conditions due to external factors result in stresses
on the transformer e.g. Overloading, System faults,
Overvoltage, and Under-frequency operation. So the main
focus of this paper is to enlighten the one of the external
factor “System faults” causing the damage to transformer
directly [5],[6]. For analyzing the faults in proposed power
system fault logic is designed to having 10 positions every
position represents a different fault.
A. Symmetrical Faults
Ideally when the symmetrical faults occurs, symmetrical
fault current of abnormally high magnitude flows through the
network equal in magnitude and displaced 120º from each
other and the voltage at fault point is reduced to zero. But
practically here it is observed that voltage is not reduced to
zero in between the time interval 0.500 to 0.560. When a
Figure 8. Single Line to ground fault at default position of OLTC
symmetrical fault occurs at any point in a system, the
short-circuit current is limited by the impedance of the system C. Double Line to Ground Fault (L — L —G)
upto the point of fault. During the interval of fault current is Consider the double line-to-ground fault involving B–C
abnormally high because the value of resistance is reduced lines and earth. Fault dial positions 4, 5 and 6 are having the
abruptly and displaced by 120º as shown in Fig.7. Phase AB to ground, Phase AC to ground and Phase BC to
ground. Here just the position 6 is discussed because other
two positions of fault dial also having the same effect [8], [9].
When the fault occur at Phase BC to ground so ideally fault
conditions are I A 0 and VB Vc 0 . During the interval of
fault current of Phase BC is abnormally high because the
value of resistance is reduced abruptly and current of Phase A
is almost equal to zero while the voltage of faulty phases is
not reduced to zero as compare to healthy phase A as shown
in Fig.9.

Figure 7. Symmetrical Fault at default position of On-Load Tap Changer

B. Single Line to Ground Fault (L —G)
Consider single line to ground fault occur just before the
three phase three winding transformer. Fault dial positions 1,
2 and 3 are having the Phase A to ground, Phase B to ground
and Phase C to ground. At any of these positions the effects
of this fault can be known. Here the fault at position 1 which
is Phase A to ground is only discussed because the other
Figure 9. Double Line to ground fault at default position of OLTC
phases also have the same effect of this type of fault. When
the fault occur at Phase A so ideally fault conditions are VA 0 D. Line to Line Fault (L — L)
and I B IC 0 . During the interval of fault current of Phase A Consider a line-to-line fault between the Phase A and
Phase B. A fault dial position 8 is having the fault between
is abnormally high and current of Phase B and Phase C is
the Phase AB. Here just the position 8 is discussed because
almost equal to zero. The voltage of the faulty phase is
other two positions of fault dial also having the same effect
reduced but not equal to zero as shown in Fig.8.
[7]. When the fault occur at Phase AB to ground so ideally
fault conditions are I A  I B 0 , Ic 0 and VA VB . During the
interval of fault current of Phase A and B is abnormally high
but the current summation of both phases is equal to zero and
current of Phase C is approximately equal to zero while the


voltage of the both faulty phases is disturb but not purely VII. CONCLUSION
equal to each other as shown in Fig.10.
In conclusion, it can be summarized that the conventional
transformer in power grid transient stability and steady state
analysis, is commonly modeled as consistent impedance
connected to a non-standard turn ratio. It is found that the
genuine parameters of transformers, such as the resistance
and inductances of transformer winding also have variations
with alternation of tap positions. Case studies on this advance
model is also performed, the results have shown which
proves the every step is having the divergence which produce
inaccuracy in power system analysis.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I would like to take this opportunity to express my
gratitude to my parents, supervisors and Xian Jiaotong
University. Their support and encouragement provides me the
opportunity to complete this research work successfully. I
Figure 10. Line to Line fault at default position of OLTC believe this way of guidance is really unique and would be
very helpful for further studies.
Here only the results of default position is shown only but Mr.Kaleem Ahmad & Mr.s Tahira Kaleem (Parents)
when the tap position is changed from 1 to 9 its fault current Prof. Wanliang Fang & Prof. Jun Liu (Supervisors)
and voltage of primary side and secondary is also increased
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Figure 11. Comparison Trend of Proposed and Traditional Model



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