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Figure We See That R (X-R) + (R'+ M) - 2 (R-Z) (R'+O) Cosb

The rolling-ball viscometer consists of a sphere rolling inside an inclined tube filled with fluid. The viscosity of the fluid is determined by observing the terminal velocity of the rolling ball. An equation is derived relating the pressure drop along the tube to the viscosity, based on approximating the flow between the sphere and tube as slit flow. The equation accounts for the volumetric flow rate across tube sections being equal to the flow rate of the rolling ball. Integrating the pressure drop equation provides a final relationship between the viscosity, pressure drop, densities of the sphere and fluid, and gravitational acceleration.

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Arsal Maqbool
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61 views4 pages

Figure We See That R (X-R) + (R'+ M) - 2 (R-Z) (R'+O) Cosb

The rolling-ball viscometer consists of a sphere rolling inside an inclined tube filled with fluid. The viscosity of the fluid is determined by observing the terminal velocity of the rolling ball. An equation is derived relating the pressure drop along the tube to the viscosity, based on approximating the flow between the sphere and tube as slit flow. The equation accounts for the volumetric flow rate across tube sections being equal to the flow rate of the rolling ball. Integrating the pressure drop equation provides a final relationship between the viscosity, pressure drop, densities of the sphere and fluid, and gravitational acceleration.

Uploaded by

Arsal Maqbool
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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2D.

1 Rolling-ball viscometer
The rolling-ball viscometer consists of an inclined tube
containing a spnere wnose diameter is Dut sligniiy smarter “inan
'ice internal diameter of the tube. The fluid viscosity is determined
by observing the speed with which the ball rolls down the tube,

when
the terminal velocity of the rolling ball.
The flow between the sphere and the cylinder can be
treated locally as slit flow (see Problem 2B.3) and hence the only
hydro- dynamic result we need is

dp _ 12a(r,)
2 (”J
dz w

figure we see that

2
R = (X- r)2 +(r’+ ‹m)2 -2(R—z)(r’+o)cosB

2 2
where r’ = . Solving for w we get

2
a — —r’ +(£ — r)cos 8 +X J $— sin 28

The second term under the square-root sign will be very small for the
tightly fitting sphere-cylinder system and will hence be neglected.

terms

a= (/t — r) cos 8 +

2 2
2
= (k — r) cos8 + "

2 2
=(x — r) (cos 8 + 1) + “
2 2
= 2(x— Cos 2 8+ R
2 21 R — r
r)
2
The omission of the term containing $z/R) and the higher-order
terms is possible, since the greatest contribution to the viscous drag
occurs at the plane z = 0, and hence less accuracy is required for
regions of larger z. Note that the above result gives correctly w = 0 at z
= 0, 8—- x, and w = 2(ñ — r) at z = 0, 8 —- 0.
Next we assert that dp/dz will be independent of 8, which is
probably a good approximation. Then according to (*) (r, must
have the form

{v,) = B( z)o 2 ( )

Next, the volume rate of flow across any plane z will be


3
Q = /”)(n )a(8,z)Rd8 —— /tB(z)t [a (8,z) t d8
3
= 8XB(z)(x —
3
t” cos 2 12 8 + d8= 8XB(z)(R — r) /( a )
r) 3
rzt

in which o = (R— 2 z2 ) / 2(ñ— r).


The volume rate of flow Q at all cross-sections will be the
2
same, and its value will be, to a very good approximation Q = xR • .
where r 0 is the translational speed of the rolling ball. Equating the
two expressions for Q gives

" 4z(Jt — r)3 J(a)

Combining (*), (':F*), and ("*) we get

dp 3 xyflr 0
dz 2(x — r)3 /(a )

The total pressure drop across the slit is then


into which we have to insert dz|da. Virtually no error is introduced
by making the upper limit infinite. From the definition of o

z2 = —4(fl — r)2 o 2 + 4x(fl — r)o

The first term on the right is smaller than the second, at least for
small z. Then dz — ( )da / , and the pressure drop expression
becomes (with § 2 = n)

3’2

-4 2(A — r)3 ’0 /(y 2 ) d) = 3*A*o


) 5/2
2(X-

where

4 2
2J' = 0. 531
3

The pressure drop multiplied by the tube cross-section


must, according to an overall force balance, be equal to the net force
acting cm the sphere by gravity and buoyancy

where p, and p are the densities of the sphere and fluid respectively.
Combining the last three results gives the equation for the viscosity
5/2
(pt —p)gsinjS
'
9
2D.2 Drainage of liquids
n. The unsteady mass balance is

(pdW)=(p »,)wa)| — p(»,)wa)|,+

Divide by pWAz and take the limit as Az —+ 0, to get Eq. 2D.2-1.


h. Then use Eq. 2.2-22 to get Eq. 2D.2-1:

b6 pg 863 pg62 #6
8f 3y 8z p 8z

which is a first-order partial differential equation.


c. First let A = pgf , so that the equation in (b) becomes:

Inspection of the equation suggests that A = , which can be seen


to satisfy the differential equation exactly. Therefore Eq. 2D.2-3
follows at once. This equation has a reasonable form, since for long
times the boundary layer is thin, whereas for short times the
boundary layer is thlCk.

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