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The Agents Causing Inflammation May Be

Inflammation is the body's response to injury or infection that involves redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function. It develops through sequential steps of recognition of the injurious agent by host cells, recruitment of leukocytes and plasma proteins to the site, activation of these cells to destroy and eliminate the agent, controlled termination of the reaction, and repair of damaged tissue. The appearance of escaped plasma determines the type of inflammation as serous, fibrinous, purulent, haemorrhagic, or catarrhal. Granulomatous inflammation involves the formation of granulomas, collections of modified macrophages, and is exemplified by tuberculosis. Healing restores normal structure and function through regeneration of parench

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54 views3 pages

The Agents Causing Inflammation May Be

Inflammation is the body's response to injury or infection that involves redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function. It develops through sequential steps of recognition of the injurious agent by host cells, recruitment of leukocytes and plasma proteins to the site, activation of these cells to destroy and eliminate the agent, controlled termination of the reaction, and repair of damaged tissue. The appearance of escaped plasma determines the type of inflammation as serous, fibrinous, purulent, haemorrhagic, or catarrhal. Granulomatous inflammation involves the formation of granulomas, collections of modified macrophages, and is exemplified by tuberculosis. Healing restores normal structure and function through regeneration of parench

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mido
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Inflammation is defined as the local response of living mammalian tissues to injury due to any agent.

It is a body defense reaction in order to eliminate(removal) or limit (prevent) the spread of injurious
agent, followed by removal of the necrosed cells and tissues to prepare for tissue repair.

The agents causing inflammation may be:

1. Infective agents like bacteria, viruses and their toxins, fungi, parasites.
2. Immunological agents like cell-mediated and antigen antibody reactions.
3. Physical agents like heat, cold, radiation
4. Chemical agents like organic and inorganic poisons.
5-mechanical trauma.

inflammation is a protective response by the body to variety of etiologic agents

inflammation is the visible response to an immune reaction, and activation of


immune response is almost essential before inflammatory response appears.

Signs of Inflammation. The Roman writer Celsus in 1st century A.D. named the famous 4 cardinal signs of
inflammation as:

rubor (redness); calor (heat);


dolor (pain). tumor (swelling);
function laesa (loss of function)
The typical inflammatory reaction develops through a series of sequential steps:

1. The offending agent, which is located in extravascular tissues, is recognized by host cells and
molecules.
2. Leukocytes and plasma proteins are recruited from the circulation to the site where the offending
agent is located.
3. The leukocytes and proteins are activated and work together to destroy and eliminate the
offending substance.
4. The reaction is controlled and terminated.
5. The damaged tissue is repaired.

Type of Exudation
The appearance of escaped plasma determines the morphologic
type of inflammation as under:
i) Serous, when the fluid exudate resembles serum or is watery e.g. pleural effusion in tuberculosis, blister
formation in burns.

ii) Fibrinous, when the fibrin content of the fluid exudate is high e.g. in pneumococcal and rheumatic
pericarditis.

iii) Purulent or suppurative exudate is formation of creamy pus as seen in infection with pyogenic bacteria
e.g. abscess, acute appendicitis.

iv) Haemorrhagic, when there is vascular damage e.g. acute haemorrhagic pneumonia in influenza.
v) Catarrhal, when the surface inflammation of epithelium produces increased secretion of mucous e.g.
common cold.

GRANULOMATOUS INFLAMMATION
Granuloma is defined as a circumscribed, tiny lesion, about 1 mm in diameter, composed predominantly
of collection of modified macrophages called epithelioid cells, and rimmed at the periphery by lymphoid
cells.

TUBERCULOSIS
Tissue response in tuberculosis represents classical example of chronic granulomatous inflammation in
humans.

Healing is the body response to injury in an attempt to restore


normal structure and function. Healing involves 2 distinct
processes:
Regeneration when healing takes place by proliferation of
parenchymal cells and usually results in complete restoration
of the original tissues.
Repair when healing takes place by proliferation of
connective tissue elements resulting in fibrosis and scarring.
At times, both the processes take place simultaneously.

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